...1 HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION PART II: 1258 C.E. TO PRESENT SPRING 2012 (21:510:288) M.W. 4:00-5:20 (MW6) CONKLIN HALL 446 Dr. Nükhet Varlık varlik@andromeda.rutgers.edu Office Hours: M. W. 5:20-5:50 pm and by appointment Office: Conklin Hall, 310 TEXTBOOK: o Arthur Goldschmidt Jr., A concise history of the Middle East, Westview Press, 2002. o Marvin E Gettleman & Stuart Schaar, The Middle East and Islamic world reader, New York, 2003. o Additional primary source readings will be posted on Blackboard. o Also see: Internet Islamic History Sourcebook (compiled by Paul Halsall) COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is a survey of the history of the Islamic civilization. In this course, we will study social, economic, and cultural aspects of the history of the Middle and Near East region, from the dramatic arrival of Mongol armies in the mid-thirteenth century up to the present era. The treatment of the subject will be roughly chronological, though social and economic life, culture, and arts will be discussed thoroughly throughout the course. In addition to lectures, the course will heavily draw upon discussion sessions, which will give students a hands-on approach to history. In these sessions, we will discuss in detail various historical problems presented in the text, lectures, and audio-visual materials. 1 2 COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: - name and identify individuals, events, themes, and issues of major...
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...misunderstood by us than that complex religion, culture and geography known as Islam”(Smith 221). Islam has been an established religion for over 1400 years, originating around the beginning of 600 AD (Robinson). Robinson also states that Islam’s religious definition means “voluntary submission to God” and is also commonly known to be defined as peace or submission. The Five Pillars of Islam, which are considered to be the foundations of Muslim life, are the confession of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage (Robinson). By learning what the Five Pillars of Islam are one will be able to gain an understanding of the fundamental beliefs of Islam. Shahada is the first of the Pillars of Islam and it is the Muslim profession of faith that is expressed by two beliefs (Bowker 531). Bowker also defines shahada as an oath that focuses on the two beliefs that Allah is the one and only God and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Farah explains how shahada is “the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath” and is essential to have memorized as a Muslim (135). This means that non-Muslims who are wishing to convert to Islam must be able to properly recite it as one of their requirements for conversion (Farah 135). Farah eventually gets to the point that without knowing this profession of faith one can not be a Muslim and is not a part of the Islam faith (135). The second of the Pillars of Islam is salat, which is the Islamic prayer that is normally performed fives times...
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...LEADERSHIP & THE QURAN LEADERSHIP & ISLAM • Islam is a complete way of life • God’s commands thru the last of the divinely God s revealed books, the Qur’an. • 2 sources of principles and practices are th f i i l d ti the Qur’an and the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) M h d(PBUH) • A leader in Islam is said to be not free to act as h chooses, nor must h submit to the he h he b i h desires of others - he MUST act in accordance to God’s laws d G d l I Introduction Hadiths of the Prophet • “Whenever three of you are traveling, you should Wh h f l h ld elect one as your leader.” (Abu Dawood) • “Everyone of you is a lleader and you shall b E f d d h ll be asked about those you lead (on the Day of Judgment). Judgment) Imam is a leader over the people and shall be asked about them; a man is a leader of the house and shall be asked about his household ; a woman is a leader over her children and she shall be asked about them.” (in Bukhari and Muslim ). Ag Agenda • Ch Characteristics that should not exist h h ld • 9 Qualities of Leadership based on the life Q p of Prophet Muhammad(pbuh) • Model Leaders in Islamic History • Conclusion – the principle of being a Servant-Leader Servant Leader Characteristics that should not exist • Pride and arrogance. P g • Seek recognition and notoriety. • Desire to seek leadership or other benefits. • Considering him/herself perfect or better than others. This can lead to: • jealousy j y • suspicion about others • backbiting g •...
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...Introduction The meaning of life is in the philosophical and religious conceptions of existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness, and borders on many other issues, such as symbolic meaning, value, purpose, ethics, good and evil, existence of one or multiple Gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Relating to religion, life means to know and understand the mystery of God; to love and glorify God by enjoying Him forever, be at the heart of the Divine; to have a pure soul and know oneself, others and the will of heaven. Hinduism In hinduism, life's meanings are defined four goals (aims) of human life which are called the four purusharthas. The four purusharthas are: Dharma, Artha, Kāma and Moksha. In Sanskrit, ‘Dharma’ means one's destiny or purpose. In general, it refers to one's vocation or career. Dharma also means righteousness, duty-conscious, being virtual, living morally and ethically at all times. Artha is prosperity, wealth, money or success in worldly pursuits. In addition to leading a virtuous life that meets specific social and personal obligations, a Hindu should strive for success, in any given activity through lawful means within the bounds of dharma. Kama means the physical, emotional, and intellectual desires of a person. As stated in bhagavad gita, “he who performs his prescribed duties out of desire in the right manner will obtain the fulfilment of all the desires and reach the deathless state”. Moksha, the ultimate...
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...influence of these religions on human behavior. Such map proves to be a significant tool to explain why a particular religion is associated with specific behaviors or actions. Religious beliefs are diverse across the globe. Although majority of people are of the belief in the presence of one supreme God (Monotheism) others believe that there are multiple gods. Another sect believes in no God at all (atheism). Owing to this diversity, setting up a global analytical map of faith proves to be a challenging task. Nevertheless, the three popular monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) are a superb benchmark to set up the analytical map of faith. Three of the world's major religions -Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - were all conceived in the Middle East and are all inseparably connected to each other. Christianity was conceived from inside of the Jewish custom, and Islam created from both Christianity and Judaism. These three monotheistic religions all offer in like manner the conviction...
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...Jesus and Muhammad Judith Julian Axia College Jesus and Muhammad While many view Christianity and Islam as two totally different religions, their founders lived quite similar lives and each revolutionized their religions in a most profound way. The Prophets, Jesus, and Muhammad, led followers on a path of righteous living and even after death, they continue to influence people’s lives across the world. The following chronicles the birth, lives, ministries, deaths, and the impact each of these prophets have made on society, and religion in the world. Sometime near the first year of the Common Era, the angel Gabriel came to a woman named Mary and spoke to her, telling her she would conceive a son and his name would be Jesus. Jesus would come to known as the Messiah, the son of God. Jesus grew up in the small town of Nazareth with his mother and father, Joseph. His father was a carpenter and many times his family traveled to Jerusalem to sell crafts in the marketplace. It was on these trips that Jesus saw the struggles of the Jewish people; he saw the ways the poor people were treated, as well as, the extravagances of the Romans occupying Judea. After witnessing a prophet, John the Baptist telling stories of a new faith and the kingdom of God, he was baptized in the Jordan River. John had many followers and this angered the Roman leaders bringing about his death. This was the beginning of Jesus’ ministry. Jesus taught his people that they needed to give up their material...
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...are expected to fully stop such activities as eating, drinking, smoking and having sexual relations from dawn until sunset. I will examine the historical aspects of Ramadan including how and when Ramadan first appeared in Islam. In addition, I will discuss the practices that are associated with the holy month of Ramandan and the significances of such practices. Finally, I will discuss the festivals that follow the completion of Ramadan. As previously mentioned, Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and all able Muslims who participate are expected to abstain from eating, drinking, smoking and having sexual relations from dawn until sunset. Ramandan is considered an holy month for muslims since it is considered the the month in which the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Mohammed by God through the archangel Gabriel. This is revealed in a passage in the Quran that states “ Ramadan is the month in which the Qur'an was sent down as guidance to humankind..” (Q. 2:183, 185). In addition, the Qur' an states that “fasting has been written down upon you (is mandatory), as it was upon those before you”. According to the earliest hadiths, this refers to holiday, Yom Kippur which is a Jewish custom. Before Arabs converted to Islam they observed a lunar calendar which consisted of a 354 day year. In order to retain their festivals and sacred months in their proper seasons, the Arabs added an extra month every three years. However, this was eliminated...
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...Essay POL372 “Islam and the West” Question 4: Is the apparent conflict between Islam and the West based in religion or in politics? The conflict between the West and the East is a result of a myriad of factors between both civilizations. The tensions that have existed between the Muslim and Christian world have threatened the general stability of world peace and progress. The ideological, religious, and political reasons, all cover the fact that there is a general lack of understanding between both sets of people. Islamists have gained a bad reputation in the west because they are seen as the sworn enemies of Christians, and the same applies to how Muslims view people from the west. On the whole, the war between the West and East has something to do with the world's political order, and this will form the basis of discussion in this paper. The war that exists between West and East is a result of politics and not the religious differences. Political ambitions have always been at the forefront of the existing conflict because different countries have always had diverse ambitions of controlling the rest of the world. A key moment in the history of the East was the deal that was made by the British at the end of the Second World War concerning the people of Palestine. The establishment of Israel in 1948 further escalated tensions and conflicts with the west, and the problems that exist today, almost have nothing to do with religion (Tausch...
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...The use of text within to the visual arts can be traced back as far as the inscribed carvings found on cave walls created by the Indigenous population of Australia approximately 46000 years ago. However, over the past few years, the use of text in art, also known as the art of typography, has become a frequent means of communication for artists in the creation of their works. Text within art can be projected, scrawled, painted, computerised and carved to the point that a work may be created of nothing but language. The art of typography is the technique of arranging type in such a way that makes language visible. It treats fonts as individual entities to be enjoyed by the audience. Some artists deal with language as a character on its own as opposed to a surface to draw upon. These artists place texts in ways that are intended to stimulate the way an audience perceives a work, to evoke emotion or to create a statement. However, others, particularly graphic designers, tend to focus on the decorative powers of text. Regardless of the artist’s intentions, the appearance of text within art can shift our appreciation of their sound and meaning. Artists that explore text in art include: Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Artists such as Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat explore the cultural implications of language in art and the importance of language to identity through...
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...IIUM Journal of Economics and Management 11, no.1 (2003): © 2003 by The International Islamic University Malaysia ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION: CONTRIBUTION OF THE ISLAMIC PRINCIPLE OF MAêLAîAH Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting, Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (e-mail: abdulrahim@iiu.edu.my) ABSTRACT There is a growing concern over the apparently low moral standards of some accountants and an increasing number of academics who suggest that the education system should bear some of the blame. Ethical components in accounting education have been found to be insufficient and there is a lack of emphasis on humanizing accountants. The objective of this paper is firstly to address the importance of ethics in accounting education and evaluate the development of literature in this area. Secondly, the paper argues for the direction of accounting education to focus on religious ethical development and values in developing accounting ethics. The paper argues that the Islamic worldview and ethics perspective can provide some insights into the process of developing a more humanized and ethical accountant. This paper proposes the Islamic legal principle of ma§laúah as an ethical filtering mechanism to be taught as part of the ethical accounting education process. This is aimed at providing awareness to accounting students and...
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...GEO 210 – CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY – 40H “People & the Land: Introduction to Cultural Geography” TNCC – FALL 2012 Instructor: Larry Snider – Phone: (757) 850-4912 E-mail: sniderl@tncc.edu (school); Skimmerva@aol.com (home) Office Hours: 4:30-5:30 p.m. M (Rm 947 Templin Hall), 6-7 p.m. T (Rm 131A Diggs Hall), 5:00-5:30 p.m. W (Rm 947 Templin Hall) and by appointment INTRODUCTION COURSE DESCRIPTION: (from VCCS Master Course file): Focuses on the relationship between culture and geography. Presents a survey of modern demographics, landscape modification, material and non-material culture, language, race and ethnicity, religion, politics, and economic activities. Introduces the student to types and uses of maps. COURSE CONTENT: Cultural geography entails the study of spatial variations among cultural groups and the spatial functioning of society. The course provides an introduction to the manner in which humans have modified the world, emphasizing patterns of migration, livelihoods of man, and environments in which these modifications have taken place and continue to occur. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways population, religion, language, ethnicity and race, political factors, economy, agriculture, industry, the urban setting, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another. The framework of geographic location of significant countries, regions, and physical features is also addressed in order to provide the necessary...
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...Intro to Economic Thought (ECO 105) Robert Ellmann Financial Crises Irina Sterpu __________________________________________________________________________________ OUTLINE Introduction into the topic and its origins The Great Depression 1929-1939 German Hyperinflation 1918-1923 The Great Recession 2008 1973 Oil Crisis European Sovereign Debt Crisis 2009, onward Ruble Crisis 1998 Black Monday 1987 Conclusion References Financial crises – definitions and origin The majority of economists and monetarists define financial crises as a manifestation form of banking crises, with an impact on financial stability and reaching the state of collapse of the financial infrastructure in the absence of central bank‟s intervention. Financial collapse which affects most of the companies generates quickly problems over the banking system as the following consequences: the panic of the clients, inability to distinguish between the efficiency and the difficulty of banks, deposit withdrawals. Jack Reed, an American politician mentions: “The financial crisis is a stark reminder that transparency and disclosure are essential in today's marketplace.” In economic literature, the problems in the banking system are the main sources of the financial crises. All the economic collapses require injections of liquidity or public financial funds, in some cases, private funds from banks and international institutions. Financial crises have usually...
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...interviewed and landed a job of a lifetime. His decision was made under uncertainty because consequences occur in the in the failure and thus depend not only on the decisions makers choice (2008). He would be an assistant to the director of strategic planning of a large investment company, Grand Bahamas Industries. This company is located in the Bahamas, China, Canada, Mexico, and St. Thomas, and all over the United States. The Bahamas Industries an environmental friendly company focuses on helping disaster stricken countries clean up, and help to create jobs for natives. Nik position will take him to the South Pacific a small island name Kava. His major concern was whether he will obtain home sick and miss his family and friends. Nik’s brief introduction of the island during training excited him even more. He would be moving to Kava known as the land of paradise with beautiful beaches, white sand, large palm trees, tropical breeze, and fun in the sun. Current Issues Landing on the small pacific island, he was amaze to find the condition of the island totally different from his expectations Kava was a paradise lost. This island had experienced many natural disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, floods, fires, spills, HIV and the flu epidemic, which hindered the economy’s growth. The environment has suffered miserably and continues to spiral downward. The Island Lost Upon Nix’ arrival to the island he was stricken with amazement. The island was not at all what he expected it...
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...Hindu Religion Hinduism is one of the oldest organized religions in the world. The religion has thousands of diverse religious groupings that evolved in the Indian subcontinent from as far as 1500 BC. The Hindu religion has a variety of traditions, and, therefore, freedom of practices and beliefs are some of the notable feature of this religion. Hinduism includes the following traditionsVaishnavism, Srauta, and Shaivism, among others (Georgis 62). The religion has groupings such as Kapalikas. Hinduism has a variety of philosophies which include a spectrum of prescriptions as well as laws based on dharma and karma among other societal norms. By 21st century, it is reported that the Hindu religion had about a billion followers around the globe, and about eighty percent of Indians practices Hinduism. Hinduism differentiates itself from Christianity and other religions in that; the religion does not have a single founder, a single concept of deity, a central religious authority, a single system of morality, a concept of prophet, or a specific theoretical system. These are some of things that are found in other religions. Early history of Hinduism is a subject to numerous debates, and this is because of various reasons. First, the term Hinduism is a modern term but the sources of Hindu traditions are exceedingly ancient. Secondly, the religion embraces many traditions. Thirdly, there is no definite start point for Hinduism, and the traditions associated with...
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...Science and Religion J. Wright Informal Logic November 5, 2012 Science and Religion The million dollar question for decades has been “Does God really exists?” This is a topic that has been debated over for centuries. How can one really know if God does exist? What is the proof, if there is any? Could the possibility between science and religion give us that proof? These are all question that have been asked over and over, again and again, and time after time. Definitely, no greater issue is argued for, or argued against than the probability of the existence or non-existence of a supreme being. So where does science and religion fit into this puzzle? Did the universe just evolve over time, as science says it has? Or, did a powerful being just drop everything into motion, as religion states? Since traveling the theistic road of fideism and the non-theistic paths of naturalism and positivism (Alexander, 2008), individuals just keep repeating “does science and religion have conflicting contradictions towards our universe?” Science and religion have two very distinctive ways when approaching knowledge and natural occurring events. Science is more in relation to mathematics, and religion follows life experiences. As for understanding knowledge and natural occurring events, science leans more towards the descriptive side and religion would be more prescriptive (John, 2008). Science concentrates on how the world ought to be, like the way religion precedes...
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