...Reflux is used to help carry a reaction to completion because the starting reagent has a slow reaction time. The purpose of reflux is to increase the reaction rate by boiling, but not to vaporize the products due to the low boiling points. The mixture of the starting material were heated first under reflux by increasing the rate of reaction through heating with a condenser attached because the temperature can be controlled while the condenser preserves the reagent by chilling the vapors. At the end of reflux, the mixture contained the products of each starting material. The mixture goes through reflux first because simple distillation does not allow enough time for the reaction to reach completion before separation. The solution goes through simple distillation after reflux to separate the products using the boiling points. For 1-propanol, the boiling point is around 97°C. Boiling point for 1-propanol is higher than the product produced, 1-bromopropane, which boils at around 72°C. The distillate should form around 72°C and should drop into the receiver at around 116°C, which creates the desired product of 1-bromopropane. The temperature range of...
Words: 970 - Pages: 4
...Abstract An abstract should be one paragraph of 100-200 words. It summarizes four essential aspects of the experiment or report: the purpose, key findings, main significance, and major conclusions. This information helps readers decide whether they need to read the whole report. Sample Abstract This report presents the separation of a 10%mol ethanol-water mixture with a 28-stage distillation column. Both finite and infinite reflux runs were performed, each at a high supply steam pressure (80 Kpa) to the reboiler and at a low pressure (70 Kpa). Murphree and point efficiencies were calculated for the active stages sampled after steady-state operation had been achieved. The values obtained fluctuated greatly because of inaccuracy associated with determining the ethanol composition. Because of these fluctuations, we did not observe an increase in efficiency as steam pressure increased. We also did not observe an increase in efficiency for infinite runs in comparison with the finite runs. Global efficiencies, calculated for each run, ranged from 56% to 88%. Also for each run, mass and energy balances were performed. The significant heat losses obtained were mostly likely because of the absence of insulation and the presence of air drafts near the column. Energy balances over the condenser and reboiler showed actual heat gains from the environment which is unlikely and probably due to error associated with stream enthalpy estimations. For all runs, heat transfer coefficients...
Words: 325 - Pages: 2
...operating under total reflux, for a binary system (iso-propanol & n- propanol). APPARATUS: * Distillation Column with reboiler * Automatic digital refractometer * Two fluids with different volatilities. PROCEDURE: * Distillation column was filled with the two fluids. * Then we switched on the heater and set the temperature to 126.6 ̊C * And then we allow the system to reach the equilibrium. * The equilibrium was tested by taking out the samples (from reboiler & distillate) at the interval of 10min such that the refractive index hence concentration was made constant. THEORY: Distillation is one of the most common separation techniques used in the chemical and petroleum industries. It is defined as “a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat. Distillation provides the basis for separating numerous substances into valuable components. The components of a mixture are separated based on relative volatilities, which depend on the differences in boiling temperatures of the components making up the mixture. The separation becomes easier as the difference between the relative volatilities increases. The component with the lowest boiling point flows to the top of the column as a vapour, condensed and exits the column as the distillate. A percentage of the condensate is returned to the column as the reflux. The component with...
Words: 1010 - Pages: 5
...gallbladder surgery, a safe procedure that utilizes a long, thin instrument with a video lens at the tip. The laparoscope gives the surgeon a magnified view of the internal organs. Recovery time is minimal and may require only one a short hospital stay. HOME REMEDIES: According to (Trudeau, 2006) Drink 1 gallon of distilled water combined with the juice of 5 organic lemons and 2 cups of raw organic apple cider vinegar every day for two weeks. The second digestion problem I found was Acid reflux According to (web, 2005-2010) at the entrance to your stomach is a valve, which is a ring of muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Normally, the LES closes as soon as food passes through it. If the LES does not close all the way or if it opens too often, acid produced by your stomach can move up into your esophagus. This can cause symptoms such as a burning chest pain called heartburn. If acid reflux symptoms happen more than twice a week, you have acid reflux disease, also known as gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Causes and...
Words: 402 - Pages: 2
...correlates the booming epidemic of acid reflux with night-time eating. With reported acid reflux cases growing 500 percent since the 1970’s, Koufman delineates on what may be contributing to the increase of these incidents. Poor diet with the consumption of sugary, fat and processed foods, combined with eating late at night are what scientist believe to be the main culprit of this condition. When we eat a big mean then lay down to sleep, gravity allows the contents of our stomach to rest at the bottom of our esophagus before the food can ever be digested. This condition can lead people to be at higher risks for esophageal cancer, as well as be the basis of acid reflux in nearly 40 percent of Americans. Although this article encompasses some of the authors opinion, the implementation of various factual studies give the article many elements of an informative passage. Language that portrays a clear sense of opinion is when Koufman compares our eating habits (without evidence) to Europeans. “In my experience,” Koufman says, “Europeans have fewer cases of reflux than we do, even though many of them still eat late.” Along with some opinionated sentiments, Koufman validates many of her opinions through research backed by undeniable data. While discussing how acid reflux medication alone does not control the disease, Koufman cites a Danish study in saying: “There has yet to be found any [sustained] reflux prohibiting properties in the use of common anti-reflux medications.” Koufman’s ability...
Words: 435 - Pages: 2
...Unit 6: The Digestive System Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Tatianna Fulton ITT Technical Institute The digestive system is made up of many organs that play a role in the process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which is used for energy, growth, and cell repair. Some of these organs also play a part in creating waste to be eliminated. The beginning of the digestive system starts in your mouth where you chew and breakdown food into pieces small enough to be digested. The throat receives food from the mouth which then goes through the esophagus to get to your stomach. The stomach is where food is held but also secretes acid to continue the process of breaking down food, changing it to a liquid or paste, food then moves to the small intestine where some nutrients from the food is absorbed and helps breakdown food more. The next organ is the large intestine that is responsible for the processing waste so that defecation is easy and suitable to exit through the rectum. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid flows back into your esophagus, the reflux irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD. GERD symptoms include a burning sensation in your chest, sometimes spreads to the throat, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, dry cough, hoarseness or sore throat. If you have to take heartburn meds more than twice a week or experience frequent GERD symptoms, then you need to see a doctor. “When you swallow, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes...
Words: 536 - Pages: 3
...the non-FDA regulated herbal product Aloe Cure, two products advertised as options in the management of gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Advertisement of just about anything is just about everywhere and with the rapid expansion of technology our society is currently immersed in, getting the word out, whether by print, broadcast, or electronic media, has never been easier. In a country where it is estimated that in 2005 133 million people (1 out of every 2) suffered from a chronic condition it is not surprising that the pharmaceutical companies are taking advantage of technology driven advertisement advancements for product promotion (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisement, a type of advertisement directed to the public by a pharmaceutical company on the premise that the health of the general public benefits when patients are better educated, is a common practice in the United States PhARM (2008). Through FDA regulation, pharmaceutical companies can create approved drug advertisements geared towards the public. And while an official regulating body is lacking in the fast growing over-the-counter and herbal pharmaceutical market, the advertisement of these non-FDA regulated products is also very much present. Characterized by heartburn and acid regurgitation, gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), is estimated to affect 25-40% of Americans at some point in their lifespan, with 7-10% suffering from daily...
Words: 1615 - Pages: 7
...Esophageal Cancer The human body consists of millions of living cells. These cells grow, divide and die. This process goes on in our body without us even knowing it is happening. Our body is an amazing creation that scientist still can’t completely explain how and why all things happen. When our bodies are younger our cells divide faster which lends to our bodies growing. As we become older this process slows down and usually only divides to repair or replace old or injured cells. When cells begin to grow out of control this causes abnormal cell growth. The growth of these cells, start to take over other tissues, something that the normal cells can’t do. The growth and taking over the cells is what then begins the start of cancer cells. Depending on where this growth occurs depends on where the cancer begins to grow. The cells turn into cancer cells because the DNA becomes damaged. Usually when DNA is damaged our cells repair the damage, but with cancer these cells can longer be repaired and the cell is not able to die like it normally would. Then the damaged or sick cells start to grow and carry on the damaged DNA. This then begins the process of cancer. It is not fully understood how and why these cells become damaged and cancer sets in. But what we do know is that the damage to the DNA is usually caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by a cause in our environment. Exposure to obvious things like smoking and alcohol are clearly risk...
Words: 1006 - Pages: 5
...Effectiveness of Lifestyle Change in Managing Esophagitis In the less severe cases of esophagitis, also known as gastro esophageal reflux disease, there are certain lifestyle changes that can effectively be used to bring the condition completely under control. In the case where the patient is overweight, losing some weight is highly recommended. This is because excess weight leads to increased pressure inside the belly which in turn causes more stomach acid reflux thus exacerbating the symptoms. In order to control esophagitis, one will also be required to avoid foods that are known to worsen the condition. Some of these foods are onions, garlic, fatty and greasy foods, chocolate, peppermint citrus fruits, tomato products and spicy foods. Some categories of these foods slow down the gastric emptying process while others increase the stomach acid concentration, all of which occasion reflux. In order to prevent or control esophagitis, one also has to avoid the use of alcohol and cigarettes, limit the use of caffeine, staying upright immediately after eating and elevation of the upper body side of the bed a little bit while sleeping. In some instances, putting the recommended esophagitis management related lifestyle changes into practice may be difficult such as in cases where drug abuse or addictions are involved. There may also be implementation challenges in situations where excess weight is in combination with old age such that physical exercise as a way of weight...
Words: 389 - Pages: 2
...9 out of 11 Question 11 ptsSkip to question text. Academic Integrity Statement: By starting and submitting this quiz/exam you the student: • Attest that you are the person listed at the top of the page and you assure that you will complete the quiz/exam with the highest degree of integrity and professionalism. • Will neither provide nor receive quiz/exam question answers from others. • Will not print, save or share this quiz/exam or any questions in the assessment. This assessment is the instructor's intellectual property and possessing any of its content is considered plagiarism and cheating. • Acknowledge that a log is kept of your account usage (e.g. computer IP addresses, login times, time spent on each question, and time of quiz/exam attempt and submission). | No answer text provided. | | I attest that I have read and AGREE to the above statements. | | No answer text provided. | | I attest that I have read and DO NOT AGREE to the above statements. | Flag this Question Question 21 ptsThe most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is | volvulus. | | adhesions. | | intussusception. | | fecal impaction. | Flag this Question Question 31 ptsCombined dysphagia with both solids and liquids is typical of Combined dysphagia with both solids and liquids is typical of | esophageal stricture. | | esophageal tumors. | | achalasia. | | Mallory-Weiss syndrome. | ...
Words: 613 - Pages: 3
...a. Drug action b. Typical side effects c. Route of administration d. Recommended dose e. Individual factors that can alter the drug’s effects and elimination f. Auxiliary labels 1. Vicodin a. used to relieve moderate to severe pain b. nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine c. supplied in tablet form for oral administration d. usual adult dosage is one or two tablets every four to six hours as needed pain, total daily dosage should not exceed 8 tablets e. brain disorder, breathing problems, kidney disease, liver disease, mental abuse, history of drug or alcohol abuse f. 2, 4, 5, 8 2. Zocor a. used to help lower bad cholesterol and fats and raise good cholesterol in the blood b. muscle pain, stomach pain, nausea, yellowing of the skin or eye c. supplied in tablet form for oral use d. usual dosage is once daily e. liver disease, kidney disease, alcohol use f. 2, 4, 5, 8 3. Prinivil a. used in combination with other medication to treat high blood pressure b. cough, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, runny nose c. supplied in tablet form for oral use d. usual dosage is once daily e. heart or kidney disease, diabetes, lupus f. 2, 4, 5, 8 4. Synthroid a. used to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone b. weight loss, tremor, headache, nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps c...
Words: 579 - Pages: 3
...Pharmaceutical Sector of Bangladesh The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is one of the most developed technology sectors within Bangladesh. Manufacturers produce insulin, hormones, and cancer drugs. This sector provides 97% of the total medicinal requirement of the local market. The industry also exports medicines to global markets, including Europe. Pharmaceutical companies are expanding their business with the aim to expand the export market. History Right after liberation war three fourth of the pharmaceutical industries was dominated by multinational companies. The National Drug Policy (NDP) in 1982 and 2005 has major impact in the development and growth of the Bangladesh pharmaceutical industry. Key points of National Drug Policy of 1982 To provide administrative and legislative support for ensuring quality of essential drugs which are relevant to the national health need. To reduce the price of medicine by ensuring the lowest competitive price. To eliminate non-essential medicine from the market To promote production of local drug and raw materials. To develop proper drug monitoring and information system to prevent wasteful misuse and to ensure the proper utilization of the drugs. To ensure GMP and qualified pharmacist in manufacturing companies. Drug Regulatory Authorities in Bangladesh • The Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) • The Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB) Local Market Overview The Bangladesh...
Words: 998 - Pages: 4
...when you swallow. >Feel like foods or liquids are stuck in some part of your throat or chest. CAUSES * Muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right. This can happen if you have: 1. Certain problems with nervous system, such as muscular dystrophy or Parkinson’s disease. 2. Esophageal spasm - the muscles of the esophagus suddenly squeeze. Sometimes this can prevent food from reaching the stomach. 3. Had a stroke or a brain or spinal cord injury. 4. An immune system problem that causes swelling and weakness. * Something is blocking your throat or esophagus. This may happen if you have: * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - stomach acid backs up regularly into your esophagus . - can cause ulcers in the esophagus, which then can form scars. These scars can make your...
Words: 575 - Pages: 3
...To Do List 5/8/12 M.G. Goal 2: Resident will become self reliant with medication Resident will identify pills by color and learn the purpose - Invega- Light pink in color, small oval in size with pal 9 on it. Paliperidone is used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia (a mental illness that causes disturbed or unusual thinking, loss of interest in life, and strong or inappropriate emotions). Paliperidone is in a class of medications called atypical antipsychotics - Levothyroxine- Light blue in color tiny oval in size with LG and M written on it. Levothyroxine, a thyroid hormone, is used to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Without this hormone, the body cannot function properly, resulting in: poor growth; slow speech; lack of energy; weight gain; hair loss; dry, thick skin; and increased sensitivity to cold. - Asprin- Yellow in color, small round in size with a triangle stamped on it. Aspirin is in a group of medications called salicylates. It works by stopping the production of certain natural substances that cause fever, pain, swelling, and blood clots. - Amlodipine- White in color medium round in size with g 1540 and 10 written on it. Amlodipine is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure and chest pain (angina). Amlodipine is in a class of medications called calcium channel blockers. It lowers blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels...
Words: 794 - Pages: 4
...Lifestyle or Medication Information for a better you…. 5/18/2012 HCA/240 Leanna Clark Esophageal cancer (Squamous cell carcinoma & adenocarcinoma): The gastrointestinal disease that I would like to discuss is (Cancer of the esophagus). Although there are often no specific reasons one person may get cancer in the esophagus there are certain risk factors that increase your risk of developing the disease. Most people who are at risk for Cancer of the Esophagus is because of alcohol, tobacco use, poor diets, old age, obesity and acid reflux. I would say that esophageal cancer is a life style change because if you get proper nutrients, and keep checks ups you are more than likely going to be able to prevent this disease or heal quickly. There are two main types of cancer of the esophagus which are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (also known as epidermoid carcinoma.) Adenocarcinoma is most common in the United States. “Squamous cell carcinoma occurs more commonly in people who heavily use tobacco and alcohol or who have previously swallowed some caustic substance, for example lye. The disease is also more common in people who have been diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.” http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cancer_of_the_esophagus/page2_em.htm The most common symptoms of Esophageal Cancer is weight loss, heart burn, being horse for more than two weeks, pain when swallowing, chest pain, back pain and food getting stuck in the esophagus...
Words: 377 - Pages: 2
