...Science Project: Air Pressure (Egg in a Bottle) Introduction Atmospheric pressure is the force that acts on any object by the weight of tiny air molecules. Molecules in the air are invisible but they still have weight and they occupy space. Air Pressure changes with the change in the altitude. As the altitude increases the Air Pressure decreases and the altitude decreases Air Pressure increases. At an higher altitudes we have to breathe more often than at the sea level. If you are on Mt Evans then your ears pop to maintain the pressure. This happens because we have to maintain the outside and inside pressure. Our weather patterns change because of the air pressure. Figure – 1 – Shows the air pressure based on the altitude Figure – 2 – Graph shows Pressure vs Altitude Objective There are various experiments that can be conducted to show Air Pressue. Let us do an Egg in a bottle experiment to show Air Pressure. Doing this experiment we will develop the hypothesis on the effects of air pressure on the egg and how it squeezes it into the bottle. Experiment: Egg in a bottle Things or items required to perform egg in a bottle: 1. Eggs 2. Saucepan and stove to boil the eggs. 3. Wide-mouth bottle and bottle mouth should be smaller than the boiled egg. 4. Vegetable oil. 5. Matches 6. Paper strips to burn Figure – 3 - Items required to perform the Experiment What need to be done with the items listed above? 1. Take the eggs and add water into saucepan and boil...
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...Replication of Air pressure experiment Find an air filled ball that has an air input that will allow you to increase or decrease the air pressure. I used a rubber basketball but a leather basketball would have also worked. The smaller the ball, the harder it is going to be to see the differences in bounce height. Use an air pump and an air pressure gauge to put air in the ball and to measure the air pressure in the ball. Make sure you adjust the air pressure between bounces and measure and record the pressure readings each time. Create a system to measure the height of the ball’s bounces. I used a roll of paper and marked it every six inches with painter’s tape. Use something like a camcorder to record the bounces. I setup the camcorder on a tripod and aimed it at the area where it could film the entire bounce with the measuring paper in the background. Do a test drop and view the results in the camcorder to verify it gets the entire bounce and also that the angle is correct. Record the height of the bounces at the different air pressures. Make sure the surface you are bouncing on is free of anything that may interfere with the ball bouncing. Make sure the area you are doing the experiment in is free of wind and changes in temperature during the experiment. Log the results in some form of table. I used Microsoft Excel and created a graph from the results. Using a notepad and pencil would also have...
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...now available. Test Pressure: the pressure to which the cylinder is subjected to during hydrostatic testing. For a 200 bar cylinder it is 300 bars, for a 232 bar cylinder it is 348 bars. If internal inspection reveals corrosion, it may have to be cleaned by tumbling. The tumbling process involves filling the cylinder approximately half full of an abrasive material such as carbide chips, or aluminum oxide chips, and rotating it for a number of hours. A dual valve for a single cylinder, known as a Y-valve, or an H-valve, allows a diver to mount 2 regulator systems on a single cylinder. The first stage reduces cylinder pressure to an intermediate pressure (or low pressure) of approximately 90-150 psi (6 to 10 bar). The second stage reduces the intermediate (low) pressure to ambient pressure. Because of their tendency to fail in a closed position, upstream valves are rare in modern scuba regulators. In a Balanced Valve regulator the operation of the regulator is independent of the cylinder or applied pressure. (Breathes the same at low tank pressure) The internal valves of scuba regulator first stages are available in 2 basic types, diaphragm and piston. The main valve of a Pilot Valve regulator is opened and closed with air pressure, rather than mechanical leverage. Some regulators may not be capable of delivering high flow rates at low cylinder pressures when two divers are breathing from it at the same time in an emergency air sharing situation. ...
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...constant. Alternatively, a body will need oxygen in the lungs to survive, so as the water pressure increase with depth, the air pressure in our lungs must be increased to match. This means the mass of the gasses will be increased. 2. The relative densities of water, ice and alcohol are 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8, respectively. Does the ice cubes float higher or lower in a mixed alcoholic drinks? What can you say about a cocktail in which the ice cubes lie submerged at the bottom of the glass? A. The ice cubes will sink if there is enough alcohol in the beverage. In 80+ proof (40+%), ice cubes should sink. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid it's in will float. 3. How does the density of air in a deep mine compare with the air density at Earth’s surface? A. As altitude decreases, pressure increases. The mine air WILL be denser than surface air. 4. Why do you suppose that airplane windows are smaller than bus windows? A. Because there is a lot more pressure at a higher altitude and a smaller window is stronger. 5. When steadily flowing gas from a larger-diameter pipe to smaller-diameter pipe, what happens to its speed its pressure and the spacing between its streamlines? A. The speed stays the same because the gas is steadily flowing. B. The pressure increases because pv=nrt, and the volume of the container decreases so the pressure must increase. C. The spacing between the streamlines decreases because the same streamlines...
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...[pic] Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels in the blood fall, the brain stimulates more rapid breathing and deeper breathing. The effect is to draw more air into the lungs, to transport more oxygen to the cells, and lower pH and CO2 levels. Check Your Understanding: Answer the following questions based on your reading of the introduction. 1. Where does...
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...What makes the ball curve: Soccer players can make the ball curve by applying a Force, kicking, to the ball that is not in the center of the ball itself. When the ball is struck on the side by a player the ball spins while it is moving forward. In the case of the picture below, the soccer ball was struck on the right side of the ball and is spinning counter-clockwise. What causes the ball to actually curve in the air is a difference in the pressures on either side of the soccer ball. On the left side of this soccer ball, the air is moving faster, than the right side, relative to the center of the ball. This causes a lower pressure to develop on the left side of the ball, while on the right side there is a higher pressure because the air flow is moving slower relative to the center of the ball. This difference in air pressure causes the ball to curve to the left during its flight path. This curve is known as the Magnus Effect after the physicist Gustav Magnus. The shape of the soccer ball is…round! But in mathematical terms, the soccer ball is usually in the shape of an Archimedean Solid. This solid has 32 faces, 12 are pentagons and 20 are hexagons. On the Apollo 17 mission astronauts played soccer with a 200 pound moon rock. Just imagine playing any sport with something that heavy…ouch! There are many different soccer balls in use today. Each company claims that theirs is the best one out there but in all reality soccer players only like to play with soccer balls...
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...Boyle's Law Examples in Real Life Boyle's Law Explained In 1662, Robert Boyle discovered that when held at a constant temperature, the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportionate. Put simply, when the volume goes up, pressure drops, and vice versa. The mathematic equation is equally as simple: PV=K where P=Pressure, V=Volume, and K is simply a constant. This has become a basic principle in chemistry, now called "Boyle's law" and is included as a special case into the more general ideal gas law. Spray paint uses a real life application of Boyle's law to work its magic. Spray Paint While there are a couple different types of aerosol cans, one being a little more elaborate than the other, they both operate off of the same basic principle: Boyle's law. We'll examine the more elaborate of the two, since it's far more popular. We know that before you spray a can of paint you are supposed to shake it up for a while, listening as a ball bearing rattles around inside. There are two substances inside the can, one being your product (paint for example), and the other being a gas that can be pressurized so much that it retains a liquid state even when it is heated past its boiling point. This liquefied gas will be a substance that has a boiling point far below room temperature. The can is sealed, preventing this gas from boiling and turning into a gaseous state. That is, until you push down the nozzle. The moment the...
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...SIMPLE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS HANS JURGEN PRESS 1. Astronomy Image of the Sun Place a pair of binoculars in an open window in the direct path of the sun’s rays. Stand a mirror in front of one eyepiece so that it throws an image of the sun on to the opposite wall of the room. Adjust the mirror until the image is sharp, and darken the room. You would risk damaging your eyes if you looked directly at the sun through binoculars, but you can view the bright disc on the wall as large and clear as in the movies. Clouds and birds passing over can also be distinguished and. if the binoculars are good even sunspots. These are a few hot areas on the glowing sphere, some so big that many terrestrial globes could fit into them. Because of the earth’s rotation, the sun’s image moves quite quickly across the wall. Do not forget to re-align the binoculars from time to time onto the sun. The moon and stars cannot be observed in this way because the light coming from them is too weak. 2. Sun clock Place a flowerpot with a long stick fixed into the hole at the bottom in a spot, which is sunny, all day. The stick’s shadow moves along the rim of the pot as the sun moves. Each hour by the clock mark the position of the shadow on the pot. If the sun is shining, you can read off the time. Because of the rotation of the earth the sun apparently passes over us in a semi-circle. In the morning and evening its shadow strikes the pot superficially, while; it midday, around 12 o’clock...
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...Unit 15 Aircraft Propulsion Technology Outcome 1.1 1) T=m(V0 -V1) m= 1000kg/s T=1000(120-100) V0 =120m/s T=20,000N V1 =100 m/s 2) Total thrust =Thrust of core engine + thrust of fan Thrust = Mass airflow x (bypass velocity – aircraft velocity) + Mass airflow x (exhaust velocity – aircraft velocity) Thrust = 300 x (180-120) + 200 x (220-120) = 300 x 60 + 200 x100 = 1800 + 2000 = 38,000N 3) Cross reference to Unit 17 Gas turbine science outcome 2 assignment 2 Q1 4) Cross reference to Unit 17 Gas turbine science outcome 2 assignment 1 Q1 Outcome 3.2 Materials used in gas turbines have gone through many incremental improvements since the first practical turbines were developed in the 1940s. Most recent efforts have led to improved steel alloys for use in turbine vanes, blades, and inlet blocks. material improvements have led to an increase in rotor life and reliability. Progress in gas turbine material development often came in the form of alternative stainless steel or metal alloys that had improved heat characteristics. Different parts of gas turbines use a variety of alloy metals, including varying quantities of cobalt, nickel, and chromium. In turbine compressors, manufacturers vary in their metals and manufacturing methods, but initial blades are often made with stainless steel because it is strong and easy to machine. Materials in other parts of the turbine have been changed more frequently as the...
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...Paula Kain Undertake agreed pressure Area care (HSC2024) Unit 4222-229 Outcome 1 1) The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering and protecting the entire surface of the body. The total surface area of skin is around 3000 square inches or roughly around 19,355 square cm depending on age, height, and body size. The skin, along with its derivatives, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands forms the integumentary system. Besides providing protection to the body the skin has a host of other functions to be performed like regulating body temperature, immune protection, sensations of touch, heat, cold, and pain through the sensory nerve endings, communicating with external openings of numerous other body systems like digestive system, urogenital system, and respiratory system via mucous membranes. The skin is primarily composed of three layers. The skin, which appears to be so thin, is still itself divided into epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer or hypodermis. Each layer has its own function and own importance in maintaining the integrity of skin and thereby the whole body structure. Pressure sores or decubitus ulcers are the result of a constant deficiency of blood to the tissues over a bony area such as a heel which may have been in contact with a bed or a splint over an extended period of time. The surface of the skin can ulcerate which may become infected. Eventually subcutaneous and deeper tissues are damaged. Besides the heel, other areas commonly involved...
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...is such that it maintains a pressure of 900 kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now heated until its temperature rises to 70oC. Calculate the work done during this process. The freely-moving piston can be interpreted as giving a constant pressure process such that P1 = P2 = P = 900 kPa. For a constant pressure process, the concept that the work is the area under the path is particularly simple. That area is a rectangle whose area is P (V2 – V1). We know that P is 900 kPa, and the initial volume is 200 L = 0.2 m3, but we have to find the final volume. Because this is a constant pressure process, the final pressure equals the initial pressure of 900 kPa (0.9 MPa) and we are given that the final state has a temperature of 70oC. From the superheat tables for refrigerant-134a in Table A-13 on page 930, we find that the specific volume at this temperature and pressure is 0.027413 m3/kg. In order to find the volume (V in m3 as opposed to the specific volume, v, from the property tables in m3/kg), we have to know the mass. We can find the mass from the initial volume and the value of the specific volume at the initial state of saturated liquid at 900 kPa. At this pressure, we use the saturation table, A-12, on page 928, to find the specific volume of the saturated liquid, vf = 0.0008580 m3/kg at 900 kPa. We can then find the mass as follows. We can now compute V2 = mv2 and find the work done. W = 5,571 kJ 2 A mass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12oC is contained...
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...her life. In the 1950s, car passengers who got into accidents had very severe injuries, and those who did survive these accidents typically had horribly mutilated faces, nicknamed by doctors as “steering wheel faces”. Hetrick decided to take action to ensure the safety of other drivers that got into accidents. His idea for the airbag was based off of work he had done on torpedoes, which had an inflatable canvas cover. His idea was patented in 1953, and in this, he stated, “This invention has reference to an inflatable cushion assembly adapted to be mounted in the passenger compartment of a vehicle, and arranged to be inflated responsive to sudden slowing of the forward motion of the vehicle.” Hetrick wanted his technology, consisting of an air accumulator, inflatable cushion, and a release valve, to be placed on the steering wheel, in the glove compartment, and on the instrument panel. Airbags were not used on production vehicles for almost 30 years after Hetrick’s idea was patent due to the practicalities of installing airbags. Car makers became curious about the airbag...
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...is a gas law which combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. This law states: “The ratio between the pressure-volume product divided by the temperature of a system remains constant.” This can be stated mathematically as:  Where: p is the pressure, V is the volume, T is the temperature measured in kelvins, and k is a constant (with units of energy divided by temperature). Reminder: 1atm= 760 torr = 101.3 kPa & Celsius to Kelvin= add 273 and Kelvin to Celsius= subtract 273 For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:  If the problem does not state which unit to give the result in, then make sure that temperature is converted into Kelvin and for the Pressure and Volume just make sure you stay constant and use the same unit on both sides of the equation. Combination of 3 Laws: Boyle's Law states that the pressure-volume product is constant:  In other words as external pressure on a gas increases the volume decreases, and vice versa. Charles's Law shows that the volume is proportional to absolute temperature:  In other words as temperature increases the volume increases, and vice versa. Gay-Lussac's Law says that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature:  In other words as temperature increases the pressure increases, and vice versa. Where P is the pressure, V the volume and T the absolute temperature and of an ideal gas. By combining (1) and either of (2) or (3) we can gain...
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...What makes the ball curve: Soccer players can make the ball curve by applying a Force, kicking, to the ball that is not in the center of the ball itself. When the ball is struck on the side by a player the ball spins while it is moving forward. In the case of the picture below, the soccer ball was struck on the right side of the ball and is spinning counter-clockwise. What causes the ball to actually curve in the air is a difference in the pressures on either side of the soccer ball. On the left side of this soccer ball, the air is moving faster, than the right side, relative to the center of the ball. This causes a lower pressure to develop on the left side of the ball, while on the right side there is a higher pressure because the air flow is moving slower relative to the center of the ball. This difference in air pressure causes the ball to curve to the left during its flight path. This curve is known as the Magnus Effect after the physicist Gustav Magnus. The shape of the soccer ball is…round! But in mathematical terms, the soccer ball is usually in the shape of an Archimedean Solid. This solid has 32 faces, 12 are pentagons and 20 are hexagons. On the Apollo 17 mission astronauts played soccer with a 200 pound moon rock. Just imagine playing any sport with something that heavy…ouch! There are many different soccer balls in use today. Each company claims that theirs is the best one out there but in all reality soccer players only like to play with soccer balls...
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...5—Gases 5.1: Substances That Exist as Gases Air: 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% Other (such as CO2) Ionic compounds do not exist as gases at 25 degrees Celsius as well as 1 atm (due to strong electrostatic forces holding cations/anions together in an ionic solid). The stronger the attractions (intermolecular forces), the less likely the compound can exist as a gas at ordinary temperatures. The characteristics of gases include: assuming the volume/shape of their containers, most compressible of the states of matter, will mix evenly/completely when confined in the same container, lower densities than liquids and solids. 5.2: Pressure of A Gas Gas molecules are constantly in motion, causing them to exert pressure with the surfaces they come in contact with. Pressure is known as the most readily measurable properties of a gas. SI Units of Pressure • Velocity is the change in distance with elapsed time. It uses the unit m/s or cm/s • Velocity = distance moved/elapsed time • Acceleration is the change in velocity with time. It uses the measurements of m/s2 or cm/s2 • Acceleration = change in velocity/elapsed time • Second law of motion is formulated by Newton and this law defines force as mass times acceleration. The SI unit for force is newton (N): 1 N equals 1 kg m/s2 • Pressure is the force applied per unit area. The SI unit for pressure is pascal (Pa): 1 Pa equals 1 N/m2 • Pressure = force/area Atmospheric Pressure • Air’s density decreases rapidly with the increasing...
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