...Biochemistry Task 5- Lipids Student ID# Western Governors University 05/21/2015 Biochemistry Task 5- Lipids A. Fat is stored in the body and used as an energy source when not enough energy is available from food. This process involves dismantling the stored fat in fat cells and releasing the components into the bloodstream. The major storage form of fats in our body are triglycerides, which are made up of three fatty acids bound to glycerol. Adipocytes are primary cells that store fat in the triglyceride form. White adipose cells are used to store energy (O’Malley, M. 2014). 1. Triglycerides are the storage molecules that are broken down and used to produce ATP. The triglycerides break down into two different items, glycerol and fatty acids. The triglycerides are formed when glycerol binds to three fatty acid molecules. The fatty acids each break down into 2 carbon parts. Each part of the carbon makes Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA molecule then enters the Citric Acid Cycle before it moves on to the next step, the electron transport chain. The end result of each of these steps is the production of 12 ATP (Hudon-Miller, 2012). B. 1. Saturated fats do not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Unsaturated fats contain at least on carbon-carbon double bond. The saturated fatty acid chains can stack while the unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked by the double bond. 2. Saturated fats have a high melting point and are solid at room temperature...
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...Task 5: Lipids A. Fatty acids come from various sources within the body. The three primary fat sources are adipose tissue (which is where fat is stored), the liver from glycolysis and fats from the food we eat. Fats are stored in the form of lipids. This covers a multitude of compounds also including hormones and other substances that tend to be hydrophobic. Triglycerides are a type of lipid composed of three bonds between a glycerol and three fatty acids (these can be saturated or unsaturated). When triglycerides are broken down they are first simplified to the singular glycerol and three independent fatty acids. The fatty acids then enter beta-oxidation where they are further broken down into acetyl-CoA which consists of two carbon and one oxygen molecule, amongst other molecules. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle where it generates ATP. ATP production happens during electron transport phosphorylation where NADH and FADH2 from TCA pump hydrogen protons to the intermembrane space then they follow the proton gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase generating ATP from ADP B. Two key differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are the chemical structure as well as shape. All fatty acids maintain four bonds to all carbon atoms. Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms, these tend to come from animal sources but also include cheese and the occasional plant source such as coconut. Each carbon atom has a hydrogen or...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 9/21/2015 A. Lipids in the form of triglycerides are broken down to produce ATP. Before oxidation, lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids then undergo beta oxidation. The fatty acid is activated by Coenzyme A which leads to the breakdown of the fatty acid into 2-carbon fragments called Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA moves on to the citric acid cycle. Electrons and hydrogens are removed from NADH and FADH-2 in the citric acid cycle and are carried to the electron transport system. NADH and FADH-2 also remove the electrons and hydrogens from the fatty acids and send them to the electron transport chain to help form ATP. After the hydrogens and electrons are carried to the electron transport system by NADH and FADH-2, they are used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The hydrogens in the electron transport system also combine with oxygen and form water. (O’mailley, 2014) B. Saturated fatty acids consists of single bonds and are therefore “saturated” with hydrogen. Within the chain, each carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Because of their regular structure, saturated fatty acids can stack easily. Since they can stack easily, they are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms. The double bond in their structure causes it to bend which makes it hard for unsaturated fatty acids to stack. For this reason, unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 March 6, 2016 A. Triglycerides are the main make up of body fat in animals and humans as well as vegetable fat. Triglycerides are made up of glycerol and three fatty acids. Fats or lipids as a whole are not bad for you as they are used for energy, always in moderation, but there are different types of fats that you do need. Your body utilizes saturated fat very fast as opposed to other fats that has to go through different stages to be used. Triglycerides in food are digested and are processed in the liver combining it with a protein and then travel through your blood stream to your cells where they are then used for energy. Glycerol enters into the pathway through the Pyruvate and then onto Acetyl-CoA where it enters the Cori-cycle. From there it is transported to the electron transport chain where the end product is ATP. ATP is the body’s energy. Through beta oxidation fatty acids enters the pathway through the Acetyl-CoA. From here it moves the Cori cycle where they are then broken down into sugars and transported to the electron transport chain where ATP is the end product. Low fat diets are dangerous in that they strip the body of the process of this breakdown. Reduces energy stops the breakdown of fat for use in the digestive system gallbladder and liver. With this reduction the decrease of bile also stops the production of CCK or Cholecystokinin which signals the pancreas to release bile to breakdown the lipids. Simply the product will be...
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...! ! ! ! ! ! Western Governors University Biochemistry GRT Task 5: Lipids, The Importance of Fat in the Diet ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Melissa Robinson Student ID: 000389892 mrobi70@wgu.edu June 2015 Fat is often maligned in the media, and is often named “public enemy #1” because of the obesity epidemic that our country has been struggling against for several years. However, fat is an essential component in the human body. Fat must be taken in and used by the body to maintain health. That said, moderation is key. Too much of a good thing, can lead to other health issues, as seen by the obesity level in this country. It is important to strike a balance between healthy consumption of fats that the body needs to function, and the other end of the spectrum, too much fat or no fat at all in the diet. Below is a brief overview of how the body uses fats, known as lipids, in the body and why lipids are essential to the body’s health. A. Energy Stored as Fat Food is often shared with others socially and enjoyed for its taste and aroma. Fatty foods are often considered pleasurable to eat because they provide people with richness of flavor, texture and an overall feeling of satisfaction. However, fat in foods is not just there for pleasure. The body uses fat an energy source. The fat is stored in tissue called “adipose tissue.” A special type of molecule, called a triglyceride, is used by the body to store fat. Triglycerides are used as large, fat storage...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 Brooke Storms ID # 000531395 January 24th, 2016 Triglycerides are made up of three fatty acids and one glyceride. The oxidation of these leads to ATP production, which will be explained in the following paragraphs. There are three main sources of fatty acids, the adipose tissue, the liver (in the form of VDL), and from the intestine (the food we eat). From these sources, it enters the blood stream and is distributed to the tissues. Once in the tissue, β Oxidation occurs. The long chain of fatty acid has a carboxylic group at one end. It is first broken down into two carbon subunits and then it generates Acetyl Co-A, which can then enter the Citric Acid Cycle. The electrons and the hydrogen are removed and carried by NADH and FADH2 to the Electron Transport Chain (O’Malley, 2014). The Citric Acid Cycle is also at work creating NADH and FADH2. The electrons and hydrogens released during this process from both β Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle move on to the Electron Transport Chain. Within this, the hydrogens are moving from a negative to a positive pressure and H20 is created. As it passes through the Electron Transport Chain ADP + organic Phosphate combine to create ATP, the cell’s energy (O’Malley, 2014). A proton gradient is used to make ATP in the mitochondria during aerobic metabolism. The products of the Citric Acid Cycle, namely NADH and FADH2, are on the matrix side of the Electron Transport Chain. They each donate one electron to the...
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...1 Task 5 Biochemistry June 7, 2015 2 Energy can be stored as fat in the liver or in adipose tissue. We also get fatty acids from our diets. Fat is stored in the form of a Triglyceride (TG) or as a Triacylglycerol (TAG) which is made up of a glycerol molecule, a carboxyl group and three fatty chains attached together. Through a process called Beta oxidation, the TAG or TG molecule has its bonds broken and the glycerol separates from the three fatty chains. The chains are broken down into two carbon fragments. Those fragments become Acetyl CoA. Electrons and hydrogen are released from the fatty acid during Beta oxidation and carried by NADH and FADH2 to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC). While in the CAC, more electrons and hydrogens are released and are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the ETC. After the completing the CAC, a lot of NADH and FADH2 have been made and this enters the ETC where they are made into ADP and Pi which through the process of oxidative phosphorylation becomes ATP. (O’Malley, M., 2014) A saturated fatty acid is made up of a chain of carbons saturated with a maximum number of hydrogens and a carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid end of the chain is made up of a carbon double bonded with an oxygen molecule. The carboxylic end is hydrophilic and the tail that is saturated with hydrogens is hydrophobic...
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...I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Study of MDA (malondialdehyde) as abiotic stress marker in CSV-17 variety of Sorghum bicolor” is a record of the work compiled by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Ajit Kumar, S.P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur as a part of my 45 days summer training. Ravi Pareek (B.TECH-BIOTECHNOLOGY) (AUR0821094) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all with due regard to my respective god with whose kindness and blessing we could be able to accomplish the task of training. Mr. Sourabh Pareek, for his kind permission to allow me to undergo my major project at S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur. I am overwhelmed with rejoice to take this opportunity to evince my profound sense of reverence and gratitude to my esteemed supervisor respective Dr. Ajit Kumar, for giving his regular advice and excellent suggestion which have helped us for completing the study. His regular assistance and guidance really helped me to bring formidable task in successful manner. Sincere thanks to Dr. Sonali Jana and Dr. Neha Upreti for their cooperation. I express heartiest and sincere thanks to S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur for providing all necessary facilities without which I could not have completed my study. Ravi Pareek (B.Tech- Biotechnology) ABBREVATIONS:CAT – Catalase CSH - Coordinated Sorghum Hybrid CSV – Coordinated Sorghum Variety DNA - Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid GSH – Glutathione HgCl2 – Mercuric Chloride hrs. -...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 Julie Rhonemus 000484390 July 29, 2015 Fat and Energy Production Fat molecules, known as triglycerides, are stored in adipose tissue in the body. Triglycerides are made up of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules. During beta oxidation the triglycerides are broken down into small units consisting of two carbon atoms and they are generated into acetyl CoA. NADH and FADH2 are created during beta oxidation and funneled into the electron transport chain. The acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle where NADH and FADH2 are also made and transported to the electron transport chain. The NADH and FADH2 from beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle are used to make ATP which is used for energy in the body’s cells. (O’Malley, 2014) Comparison of Fatty Acid Structures There are two types of fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have a long carbon-hydrogen tail that forms a zigzag configuration. This zigzag configuration helps the saturated fatty acids fit together and that is why they are solid at room temperatures. Most saturated fatty acids come from animals, like butter and lard, but coconut oil is also a saturated fatty acid that is plant based. Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids do not have the long carbon-hydrogen tail. Instead the unsaturated fatty acid has a double bonded carbon somewhere along the chain that causes the chain...
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...Pepper Seed DNA Extraction Biochem lab: CHE 452L marisol gomez Pepper Seed DNA Extraction Biochem lab: CHE 452L marisol gomez 2015 2015 INTRODUCTION The jalapeno is a member of the capsicum family, along with many other peppers. The usual methods for characterization of different pepper species are based on their morphological and physiological traits, however this many not always be enough. For peppers, their traits are influenced by things like their genotype or their specific environment. Genomic markers can allow for a more direct comparison of closely related individuals (Ansari and Khan, 2012). In our case we focus on DNA extraction. The two basic parts of a DNA extraction procedure include the breaking of the cell walls to expose the DNA and the use of enzymes to remove contaminants. The DNA is analyzed for purity by taking the absorbance. The pure DNA is then visualized by gel electrophoresis. The DNA extraction of plant seeds is difficult because of their cell wall. The method used to break the cell wall includes grinding the seeds with liquid nitrogen. The addition of DNAzol is used to isolate genomic DNA (Chomczynski et al. 1997). Restriction enzymes are necessary to fragment patterns of the DNA and in turn making it easier to analyze the DNA through gel electrophoresis. BACKGROUND The purpose of our experiment is to extract the DNA from pepper seeds to be able to compare and contrast the similarities in their DNA. The extraction of DNA from a plant...
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...Discussion The aim of the present study was to determine the substrate specificity of AChE and BChE by testing these cholinesterases in the presence of a number of cholinergic compounds. Also to investigate the sensitivity of AChE and BChE to various cholinesterase inhibitors. Referring to the results of this experiment, it demonstrated that AChE had limited substrate specificity, whereas BuChE had extensive substrate specificity. BuChE hydrolysed BuCh faster when compared to Ach. It also hydrolysed other esters such as suxamethonium and neostigmine. It is evident that hypothesis for this research are accepted, and the substrate specificity of both compounds can be determined in cholinergic compound and the sensitivity in various cholinesterase inhibitors. George and Balasubramanian’s (1981) the aryl acylamidases and their relationship to cholinesterases in human serum, erythrocytes and liver study concluded that liver and aryl acylamidase when compared with erythrocyte aryl acylamidase was associated with acetylcholinesterase. Erythrocyte and serum aryl acylamidase illustrated some similarities in their sensitivities to amine compounds like serotonin and choline derivatives, the liver enzyme had no effect to any of these compounds. The liver aryl acylamidase differed from cholinesterase inhibitor. This is evident in other researchers work e.g. Miao et al., 2010. Human serum when compared to horse serum cholinesterase showed the differences in specificity. It showed that...
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...with chronic stress. Methods: Fifty percent ethanolic extract of FI used in this study was standardized on its contents of fumaric acid and its conjugates (0.45% and 0.35% respectively). Stressed Charles Foster rats received unpredictable foot shocks (2 mA, 1 hr, 14 days) through electric grid. FI was given orally as 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) suspension in 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. For comparison, Panax ginseng (PG) extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as standard adaptogen. Incidence of gastric ulceration, changes in weight of adrenal and spleen, behavioral depression, cognitive dysfunction test and suppression of sexual behavior in male rats were used as validated behavioral models. Plasma corticosterone, brain levels of lipid peroxides (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and expression of cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 in circulating white blood cells (WBC)...
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...579 Atomic force microscopy and other scanning probe microscopies Helen G Hansma and Lía Pietrasanta The highlight of the past year is the unfolding and refolding of the muscle protein titin in the atomic force microscope. A related highlight in the intersection between experiment and theory is a recent review of the effects of molecular forces on biochemical kinetics. Other advances in scanning probe microscopy include entropic brushes, molecular sandwiches and applications of atomic force microscopy to gene therapy. Address Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:579–584 http://biomednet.com/elecref/1367593100200579 © Current Biology Ltd ISSN 1367-5931 Abbreviations AFM atomic force microscopy/microscope SFM scanning force microscopy/microscope SICM scanning ion conductance microscopy/microscope SPM scanning probe microscopy/microscope STM scanning tunneling microscopy/microscope A new journal, Probe Microscopy, was launched in 1997 as a forum specifically devoted to the science and technology of SPM. AFM and SFM have been also newsworthy items in Science and Nature in the past year [14••,15•–17•,18••,19]. An introduction to AFM is covered well in a recent issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, which describes and illustrates the design and mode of operation of AFM [4••]. The AFM images sample surfaces by raster-scanning a sharp tip back and forth over the surface. The tip is on...
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...CB28CH03-Tu ARI 3 May 2012 18:6 E R V I E W A D V A N C E Review in Advance first posted online on May 11, 2012. (Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print.) S I N Driving the Cell Cycle Through Metabolism Ling Cai and Benjamin P. Tu Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012.28. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Ecole Polytechnique Federal Lausanne on 06/20/12. For personal use only. Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038; email: benjamin.tu@utsouthwestern.edu Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012. 28:3.1–3.29 The Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology is online at cellbio.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154010 Copyright c 2012 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 1081-0706/12/1110-0001$20.00 Keywords cell growth, cell proliferation, metabolic cycle, growth control, nutrients, yeast Abstract For unicellular organisms, the decision to enter the cell cycle can be viewed most fundamentally as a metabolic problem. A cell must assess its nutritional and metabolic status to ensure it can synthesize sufficient biomass to produce a new daughter cell. The cell must then direct the appropriate metabolic outputs to ensure completion of the division process. Herein, we discuss the changes in metabolism that accompany entry to, and exit from, the cell cycle for the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae...
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...Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1(3): 94-96, 2009 ISSN: 2040-8773 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2009 Submitted Date: August 14, 2009 Acceptance Date: September 02, 2009 Published Date: November 25, 2009 Corresponding Author: A. Abubakar, Department of Human Physiology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 94 Relation of Body Mass Index with Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure in Healthy Female of Lower Socioeconomic Group, in Kaduna Northern Nigeria 1A. Abubakar, 1M.A. M abruok, 2A.B. Gerie, 3A.A. Dikko, 4S. Aliyu, 1T. Yusuf, 3R.A. Magaji, 1M.A. Kabir and 1U.W. Adama 1Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital Shika, Zaria, Nigeria 3Department of Human Physiology, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria 4Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Abstracts: In Nigeria 30 million people suffer from this hypertension which is the main risk factor for stroke, and renal failure. Elevated levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-C are documented as risk factors for atherogenesis. LDL-C in its oxidized or acetylated form has been identified as a major atherogenic particle. Fifty two women between 19-32 years of age attending Primary Health Care center (PH C) in Kaduna and its environment were use in this study. Their height, weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by using their...
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