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The Linux Command Line
Second Internet Edition

William E. Shotts, Jr.

A LinuxCommand.org Book

Copyright ©2008-2013, William E. Shotts, Jr.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit the link above or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners. This book is part of the LinuxCommand.org project, a site for Linux education and advocacy devoted to helping users of legacy operating systems migrate into the future. You may contact the LinuxCommand.org project at http://linuxcommand.org. This book is also available in printed form, published by No Starch Press and may be purchased wherever fine books are sold. No Starch Press also offers this book in electronic formats for most popular e-readers: http://nostarch.com/tlcl.htm Release History Version 13.07 09.12 09.11 09.10 Date July 6, 2013 December 14, 2009 November 19, 2009 October 3, 2009 Description Second Internet Edition. First Internet Edition. Fourth draft with almost all reviewer feedback incorporated and edited through chapter 37. Third draft with revised table formatting, partial application of reviewers feedback and edited through chapter 18. Second draft incorporating the first editing pass. Completed first draft.

09.08 09.07

August 12, 2009 July 18, 2009

Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................xvi
Why Use The Command Line?.....................................................................................xvi What This Book Is

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