...The Rise and Risk of China Introduction Australia has felt the full impact of Chinas “extraordinary economic growth and active diplomacy” (Ikenberry 2011, 23) in East Asia. The power transition of China “becoming a formidable global power” (Ikenberry 2011, 26) is of growing importance to Australia’s economic prosperity and security (Shen 2009, 110). But as relative power begins to shift, the latest defence White Paper released last Friday May 3, stated “the relationship between the United States and China, the region’s and the globe’s two most powerful states, will more than any other single factor determine our strategic environment over coming decades” (Probyn and Wright 2013). Drawing upon the Research Thesis of Yi Shen at the University of NSW, the aim of this essay is to examine the repercussions of the US-China strategic rivalry over Taiwan. In the event of conflict, Australia would be forced to side with the US which “has kept Asia peaceful and Australia secure for many decades” (White 2011, 81). Maintaining a military alliance with the US as well as ongoing economic opportunities with China requires stable relations amongst Asian powers by adopting “the logic of concert” (White 2011, 90). As China becomes an ongoing threat to US primacy in Asia, it is in the best interest of Australia to maintain dual relations by the establishment of a new order that ensures regional stability and security throughout Asia. Clash over Taiwan Australia’s ability to maintain...
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...The rise of China and the impact it will have is the subject of much speculation. In his paper, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Glaser (2011) looks at this issue. Glaser contends that the outcome of China-U.S. relations is not predetermined to be a repetition of the U.S.-Soviet Cold War or even a hegemonic war as per the standard realist’s view, nor does he agree with the liberal view that the current international order will accept China’s rise peacefully. Glaser’s thesis is that major confrontation can be avoided; he argues that the forces that could create a hegemonic conflict between the two powers are weak; that the greatest dangers will be created through “secondary disputes.” Glaser also contends that the US will have to make concessions alliances to China regarding U.S. to avoid a major clash and that the way the two nation’s leaders handle those issues will determine the eventual outcome. To the world China is an unknown actor upon the world stage, a communist regime that until 1980’s was for the greater part a closed country. Today as a growing world power, both economically and militarily China like any nation requires respect, security and economic growth and development for her people. In this endeavor China has created something of a security dilemma as no one really knows what role China will seek, what she will demand from those nations around her, nor the consequences of these desires. John Herz (1950) describes a security dilemma as being when a state...
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...China and Taiwan, while in practice maintaining a fragile "status quo" relationship, periodically grow impatient with the diplomatic patchwork that has kept the island separate from the Communist mainland since 1949. After losing the civil war to Communist Chinese and fleeing to Taiwan in 1949, the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) leaders of the Republic of China regarded the Communist Chinese government as illegitimate, claiming the mainland as rightfully their own. Beijing, in turn, regards Taiwan as a renegade province, and has tried repeatedly to persuade the island to negotiate a return to the fold. The KMT returned to power in 2008 after being in opposition for eight years. During this time President Chen Shui-bian and his Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) had engaged in policy that widely departed from the KMT, invigorating efforts to seek Taiwan's sovereignty. Current President Ma Ying-jeou takes a decidedly more conciliatory approach; shortly after taking office he declared a "diplomatic truce" with China. Since then, Taiwan's relations with the mainland have improved. Share 91 6 ------------------------------------------------- “One China” Principle The two sides sharply disagree on Taiwan's de jure political status. The People's Republic of China asserts that there is only "One China" and Taiwan is an inalienable part of it. Beijing says Taiwan is bound by the consensus reached in 1992 between the representatives of both governments in Hong Kong. Referred to as...
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...Introduction The biggest protest movement was in Taiwan in March, 2014. The Taiwanese government and Chinese government signed a cross strait service trade agreement. The Taiwanese government unilaterally ratified a service trade agreement. This action provoked The Taiwanese people to protest. In this case, the negotiation was with the Taiwanese government, and China government and Taiwanese people. The following will more deeply elaborate about the negotiation process and the tactics that three parties used in negotiation. Cross Strait Service Trade Agreement China and Taiwan signed a treaty in June 2013, named the Cross Strait Service Trade Agreement. This trade agreement is a follow-up treaty by ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement.) Under the terms of this agreement, Taiwan opened sixty-four service sectors and China opened eighty service sector; “service industries would be opened to investment and businessmen would be able to obtain indefinitely renewable visas for the other territory. It would become easier for businesses to set up offices and branches in the other territory and for large stakes in businesses to be sold to the other party’s investors”(Cross-Strait Service, 2014, para.1).Both governments believe this trade agreement will bring a large amount of benefits to their countries. However, the Taiwanese legislature currently ratified this agreement without due process and broke its earlier promise to allow a parliamentary review of the...
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...The Problem of Taiwan The future of Taiwan may provide the Prime Minister with a most testing challenge, writes Hamish McDonald. When, three weeks from now, China celebrates the lunar new year and enters the Year of the Monkey, its leaders will see plenty of mischief already afoot in two of the country's fringe territories. In Taiwan, President Chen Shui-bian's plan to hold a referendum simultaneously with his re-election bid on March 20 is a dangerous tweak at the Beijing dragon's nose, even though the plebiscite only asks the island's 23 million people their predictable opinion about the Chinese ballistic missiles aimed at them. In Hong Kong, the heightened political awareness shown in last July's half-million-strong march against a new security law will almost certainly carry through into elections for the territory's Legislative Council in August, and will increase pressure for constitutional reform to let the successor to Chinese-appointed "chief executive" Tung Chee-hwa be chosen by popular vote when his term ends in 2007. Both developments call for determined diplomacy by the many foreign countries with a strong interest in supporting democratic trends in these two Chinese outposts, in the face of intense hostility by Beijing to any outside "interference" in what it asserts to be purely domestic issues. No country would be more awkwardly caught in the middle of conflicting security and economic interests than Australia if the simmering Taiwan dispute actually...
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...Business………………………………………...4 1) The Case of Toyota Motor Corporation………………….….……..5 2) The Case of Taiwan………………………………..…………….…….…….8 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………..…………………..…9 4. References……………………………………………………………………………..….10 Introduction For every business, internal factors, such as the company’s culture, vision, and its own products are extremely important for their success. However, the external factors are also so important that every business should pay special attention to them. A model has been invented to describe those external factors that influence business activities. This model is called the “PESTLE Analysis”, which is formally known as “PEST”, and was first invented by Francis Joseph Aguilar, in his book “Scanning the Business Environment”. PESTLE Analysis is a model to analyze external factors that may have impact on business activities. P stands for Political, E,S,T,L,E, stand for Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Ecological.(Francis, 1967) In this model, the first factor, the political factor, can impact most aspects of our society, whether for individuals or organizations, in developing countries or developed countries. The reality is that any strict policies, tense political situations, or even a little transformation may cause the business to suffer a lot, and even go bankrupt. Such as the sovereignty dispute of South China Sea in 2013-2014, the anti-foreign riot in Vietnam in 2013, and the controversial election in Indonesia...
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...Islands have brought China and Japan into a bitter dispute for many decades. With regard to the real question of who owns sovereignty over the islands, the two claimants can not come to terms on several critical issues, such as whether the islands were terra nullius when Japan claimed sovereignty in 1895, whether Japan returned the islands to China after the Japanese defeat in WWII, and how their maritime boundary in the East China Sea should be demarcated according to international law. There is no ready solution to the longstanding stalemate, but the pending dispute could be shelved and managed from escalating into a military conflict. INTRODUCTION The Diaoyu Islands in Chinese or Senkaku in Japanese are a tiny group of islands, 6.3 km² in total, in the East China Sea. The islands consist of eight tiny insular formations, of which only two are over 1 km² (the Diaoyu/Uotsuri Island is the biggest one with 4.3 km²), five are completely barren, and none are currently inhabited or have had any kind of reported human economic activity. Notwithstanding these unfriendly natural features, the islands have brought China and Japan into a bitter dispute since 1960’s because of their strategic importance in terms of security and economy, as well as their significant political implications. The Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands are located approximately midway between the island of Taiwan and the Japanese Ryukyu Islands, around 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles...
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...South China Sea Oil Dispute International Business Law – BUL 6850 South China Sea Oil Dispute Introduction The South China Sea dispute is a territorial wrangle among certain Asian countries. The rivalry dates back to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 (Roberts & Buszynski, 2015). The interest by these countries is the suspected oil potential of the region and fishing grounds. China claims the majority of the area covering hundreds of miles east and south of its southern province of Hainan. Other countries involved in the dispute include Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei, all part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (See Appendix 1). The United States (U.S.) is an interested entity in the dispute based on the enormous number of commercial goods that pass through the sea each year (Dutton, 2014). This study will utilize the outcome of historical resolutions taken to resolve the dispute and analyze the conflict. Conducting a thorough analysis of this dispute is significant because it will set a good precedence for other existing global territorial disputes. In addition, finding a working solution for the dispute will benefit the ASEAN member countries through stability and other interested entities, such as the U.S., who rely on the South China Sea for trade. This paper will propose an International mediation alternative to the South China Sea oil dispute that will promote joint utilization of the natural resources within the territorial...
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...Can China rise without creating military tension with America and its neighbours in the Asia Pacific Area? Having a powerful and strong neighbour can be both a good thing and a worrying one at the same time. China, the East Asia Giant, is a powerful neighbour whose influence on the international platform today can no longer be underestimated. Its backyard, which namely is the Asia Pacific Area, is composed of by great forces such as Japan, South Korea, India etc., which are all allies of the U.S.A, and small or medium sized countries such as Malaysia and Vietnam etc., as well as a politically sensitive region -- Taiwan, which is regarded as a ‘lost territory’ by Beijing. It is this kind of unique layout of powers in the Asia Pacific Area that raised the concern that the current balance of big powers will be broken inevitably on China’s way of seeking regional hegemony and small or medium-sized countries worry they might be victims of conflicts between great forces. It’s believed that as China continues to grow up it will not tolerate America staying in its backyard and it will try to retrieve its ‘lost territory’, while others believe the current stability of the area will not be challenged because of China’s own limitations. There are a lot of concerns that when China becomes increasingly powerful, will the current balance of the established Asia Pacific Area be broken? And how will America react to China’s rise? John Mearshimer believes that China will not rise peacefully as...
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...most of the world, but it represents the price that China has paid for its rapid economic growth trajectory. As cities sprout from villages and a labor force in the hundreds of millions is mobilized, China has experienced a double-digit GDP growth for much of the past thirty years. This growth however is under threat from several sources. The environmental consequences of growth are just one threat. China also faces chronic resource shortages – its industry does not want for coal but the Chinese people do struggle for things such as shortages of oil, food and clean water. The PRC also faces political tests as well, including Taiwan, Tibet and Xinjiang. Political tensions with the former could destabilize all of Asia if not the world. The tensions in the western part of China represent the social unrest that the Communist government’s march towards wealth has created. Even amongst Han, there is considerable disparity of wealth between regions and classes, and these disparities may very well threaten China’s future. This paper will analyze each of these critical issues in turn, and then synthesize the issues into an assessment for the future of China’s economic growth. All economies depend on resources for their growth. Output is determined by the availability of labor, energy and raw materials. The former has not experienced overall shortage, although there are concerns about the rural labor force in some areas. China is, however, facing critical shortages of both energy...
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...attempted to negotiate peace between CCP and KMT. After the talks arranged by U.S. ambassador Patrick Hurley became failed, General George C. Marshall came to China as the special representative of President Harry Truman, he managed to negotiate a temporary cease-fire agreement between both sides in China. However, even as both sides talked on the negotiating table, they were still preparing for further war in secret. As a result, the cease-fire agreement was teared up in 1946 and civil war broke out in China that same year. The communists destroyed KMT forces and gained control of major regions one by one. On October1, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the birth of the People’s Republic of China. In December, Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan with the reminder of his troops and the bulk of the nation’s gold supply so that he expected to recover mainland afterwards. The government of United States finally chose to support Chiang’s regime in Taiwan and severed diplomatic relations with the PRC. In reaction to the U.S. policies, Mao Zedong published a sarcastic article “Farewell, Leighton Stuart” to call Stuart “a symbol of the complete defeat of the U.S. policy of aggression.” In 1950, the Korean War broke out. This war thoroughly changed the attitude of the government of the United States towards the communist China-PRC. China became an archenemy of the United States. As Iris Chang stated in her work The Chinese in America: A Narrative History:...
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...term causes. 1. Struggle for power since 1927 between Nationalists and Communists 2. Chiang Kai-shek had tried to eradicate members of CCP 3. Japanese War unite CCP and GMD. However, Chiang Kai-shek couldn't accept Communists as his partners so he attack Communist forces in the south. 4. Polarized society Short term: 1. Divided country 2. Revolutional spirit 3. The Chinese Civil War (1927 – 1949/1950) was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) (also known as CCP - Chinese Communist Party),[6] for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China (ROC) and People's Republic of China (PRC). The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition,[7], and essentially ended when major active battles ceased in 1949-1950. However there is debate on whether the war has officially ended. The conflict continues in the form of military threats and political and economic pressure, particularly over the political status of Taiwan. The continued tension is described in cross-Strait relations. The war represented an ideological split between the Nationalist KMT, and the Communist CPC. In mainland China today, the last three years of the war (1947–1949) are more commonly known as the War of Liberation, or alternatively the Third Internal Revolutionary War (第三次国内革命战争). In Taiwan, the war was also known as the Counter-insurgency...
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...When faced with a choice between engaging in Asia or Europe, the U.S. should maintain its security involvement in Asia. The region of Asia, namely China, may in fact pose as a threat to the U.S.’ status as a hegemonic world power. Despite the fact that the U.S. continues to hold on to its past reputation as an indisputable superpower, the U.S., as a nation struggling to maintain its image as leader of the world, would do well to ensure other “threatening” nations do not surpass them in energy security, military, or nuclear superiority. Both from a Neo-isolationist perspective as well as from a Selective Engagement perspective, the notion that these supposedly threatening nations are aiming to attain an image like the one the U.S. has of itself is not a fact but rather a domestically political concept the U.S promotes in order to justify its interventionist and at times aggressive behavior abroad. Instead, the U.S. engages in the international arena as a form of pre-emptive self-defense—a lesson learned from WWII. As such, because of the democratic peace theory and the race to acquire energy, Asia is a more important arena for the U.S to focus on. From a Neo-isolationist perspective, the U.S.’ engagement abroad makes it susceptible to entries into regional conflicts, and may cost it both financially and in lost lives. Thus, engagement in a region unlikely to breed conflict—supposedly Europe—would be the best strategy for the U.S.. However, while it is true that Europe has been...
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...Taiwan in US Policy Clare Fan Taiwan Relations Act Speaking of Taiwan in U.S. policy, the most important thing will be "Taiwan Relations Act." "Taiwan Relations Act" has been in effect for 33 years. United States established formal diplomatic relations with China. 10. "Taiwan Relations Act" is to regulate the Taiwan-US bilateral "non-diplomatic relations”, and is an important legal basis for the U.S. executive and legislative departments to handle Taiwan affairs. than international treaties. As a United States domestic law, it rank higher It authorizes the U.S. government to continue the In 1979, the In order to reduce the act’s impact on Taiwan, U.S. signed "Taiwan Relations Act" in the same year on April communication on economic, social and cultural aspects among the American people and the people of Taiwan. It also affirms that it is the U.S.’ important goal to protect and promote the human rights of the people of Taiwan. In the "Taiwan Relations Act" Section II, subsection 1 states that, the main purposes of the formulation of the Act is “to help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific; and to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan.” After more than 30 years, most of these goals have been achieved. The law has played a very important role in maintaining the security of the Western Pacific....
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...INDEPENDENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA, TAIWAN POLICY CONSDERATION History of the Republic of China, past and present In December 1978, the representative of China in the United Nations, the Republic of China, Taiwan was asked to leave the UN. Taiwan had to give up its seat in the UN Security Council as a permanent member and in the UN General Assembly. This is due to the US’s recognition of communist China, the Peoples’ Republic of China. Ever since 1949, both Chinas, have claimed be the legal government of China. Until 1992, both states were in a state of war ever since the nationalists Kuomintang were exiled to Taiwan. Since then, the US has pledged the security of Taiwan in the event of a communist China invasion by the People’s Liberation Army. As a result of this, the PRC has refrained from invading Taiwan because of US involvement. What this policy paper will address is the potential conflict that will occur if Taiwan declares itself as an independent state. The Republic of China, Taiwan is situated on an island called Formosa. It was settled by the Chinese in the 17th Century and saw early colonial rule of the Dutch between 1620 to 1662, when it reverted back to Imperial Chinese rule. Between 1845 and 1945, the island of Formosa also saw Imperial Japanese rule. At the end of World War Two in 1945, the nationalist Kuomintang or KMT was facing a civil war with the Chinese Communist Party or CCP for the control of Mainland China. By 1949, the KMT was defeated...
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