... Two Definitions of Culture A Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Business Administration In Partial Fulfillment of Course Requirements For B7312- Cultural Marketing Access – Module I - Assignment 1 Spring II, 2013 For The Doctor of Business Administration Degree, D.B.A. David F. Black, B.A., M.B.A., C.D.P. Dr. Cliff Butler Argosy University/Seattle March 11, 2013 © Abstract This paper provides a summary review of B7312, Cultural Marketing Online Argosy Module I, a comparison of two different definitions of culture (Webster) (CARLA). An additional element of contrasting these two definitions is also provided. The overview provides discussion points for the classes of March 7th & 18th, 2013 or sooner as defined by Dr. Butler. Perspectives This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the B7312 Course Module I Assignment 1 for the Cultural Marketing Online Course Class on March 7, 2013, B7312, Spring II, 2013, Dr. Cliff Butler, AU-Seattle. Summary of Assignment This student is to write a talking-points paper for the selected definitions of culture as outlined in B7312 Cultural Marketing. After the two out of hundreds (Kluckholn) (CARLA) of cultural definitions are selected, this Doctoral candidate is to compare and contrast them. For this paper, the two selected definitions are from...
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...a) an understanding of what these socio-cultural competencies are, Cultural competence refers to an ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds, particularly in the context of human resources ,non-profit organisation , and government agencies whose employees work with persons from different cultural/ethnic backgrounds. Cultural competence comprises four components: (a) Awareness of one's own cultural worldview, (b) Attitude towards cultural differences, (c) Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews, and (d) Cross-cultural skills. Developing cultural competence results in an ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures. To understand cultural competence, it is important to grasp the full meaning of the word "culture" first. According to Chamberlain (2005), culture represents "the values, norms, and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave, and make judgments about their world" (p. 197). Taylor (1996) defined culture as, "an integrated pattern of human behavior including thought, communication, ways of interacting, roles and relationships, and expected behaviors, beliefs, values,practices and customs." Nine-Curt (1984) qualified culture as, "The bearer of human wisdom that includes a wealth of human behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and experiences of immense worth. It also carries things that are offensive...
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...economics DO CULTURAL DIFFERENCES INFLUENCE HRM PRACTICES? A working research paper in Department of Graduate Studies By Sara La - 20020000 July 28, 2013 Abstract This research attempts to examine if the cultural differences would have an impact on the Human Resources Management (HRM) practices. Furthermore, such study would provide guidance and assistance to the HR professionals and for the multicultural institutions as well. With the continuity of the world, the effectiveness of globalization surges and the world becomes much more smaller than before. This globalization accelerates having a cultural engagement. There are some uncommon things in previous years that emerge because of globalization such as: the multicultural organization, branches operates in far countries from the original, etc. Approaching these two phenomena needs good strategies since with the variation of culture, all practices may vary along with the HRM practices. Several literatures are reviewed. All of them reached the same result that foster the claim of: diverse culture will have a huge impact on the HRM practices. This paper applied the Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions theory for exploring cultural dissimilarity across countries. Results reached reinforce the claim: human resources professionals changes their practices with the culture differences in the countries they want to become better at. Keyword: Human Resources Management, Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions theory, culture, globalization ...
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...Business Studies (2006) 37, 525–543 & 2006 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00 www.jibs.net Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model James P. Johnson1, Tomasz Lenartowicz2 and Salvador Apud3 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park, USA; 2Deparment of Management, International Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; 3LBJ School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas, Austin, USA Correspondence: Dr James P. Johnson, Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Office number 204, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA. Tel: þ 1 407 646 2486; Fax: þ 1 407 646 1550; E-mail: jpjohnson@rollins.edu 1 Abstract Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of crosscultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments to the effective application...
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...Culture by Crisp Satay Everyone has his own definition of “Culture” – and when this word is used, generally, most audience has a rough idea of its meaning. However, when asked for a definition, many will keep mum or pretend to be in deep thought. Out of a number of definitions, offered by sociologists and experts on culture, we picked the one written by Geert Hofstede as an example. He defined Culture as “the collective programming of the mind of members of a group which is reflected in its particular assumptions, perceptions, thought patterns, norms and values”. One of the key words in this definition is “collective” because culture refers to a group of people and not a single individual. And, a culture is strong if the programming is broad as well as deep. Once programmed, at a young age, members of a particular culture will retain this “programming” throughout their life, and often, they aspire to pass on as much of this “programming” as possible to their next generation. This is often manifested in parents’ hope that their children will marry spouses who are from the same dialect group, race and religion. Unlike an object with physical properties like dimensions of size, weight, colour and texture, culture is difficult to quantify. Hence, comparing different cultures will require a set of common yardsticks with indices the magnitude of which are represented by numerical values. Amongst the many models advanced to allow for cultural comparisons and to provide...
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...this document. Culture by Christopher Low Everyone has his own definition of “Culture” – and when this word is used, generally, most audience has a rough idea of its meaning. However, when asked for a definition, many will keep mum or pretend to be in deep thought. Out of a number of definitions, offered by sociologists and experts on culture, we picked the one written by Geert Hofstede as an example. He defined Culture as “the collective programming of the mind of members of a group which is reflected in its particular assumptions, perceptions, thought patterns, norms and values”. One of the key words in this definition is “collective” because culture refers to a group of people and not a single individual. And, a culture is strong if the programming is broad as well as deep. Once programmed, at a young age, members of a particular culture will retain this “programming” throughout their life, and often, they aspire to pass on as much of this “programming” as possible to their next generation. This is often manifested in parents’ hope that their children will marry spouses who are from the same dialect group, race and religion. Unlike an object with physical properties like dimensions of size, weight, colour and texture, culture is difficult to quantify. Hence, comparing different cultures will require a set of common yardsticks with indices the magnitude of which are represented by numerical values. Amongst the many models advanced to allow for cultural comparisons and to...
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...The discipline of cross-cultural psychology is a means for identifying and comprehending what is similar and different as far as individual’s behavior, thoughts, emotions, and motivations across cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cross-cultural psychology extends the ability of connecting with other individuals through a vast admiration and knowledge. To have a clear understanding of cross-cultural psychology, one must possess knowledge and a definition of cultural and cross-cultural psychology and examine their relationship. Also, in cross-cultural psychology it is of importance is to understand critical thinking’s role and the methodology of cross-cultural research. Definitions of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural Psychology To understand cultural psychology, one must understand its definition. Therefore, it pursues discovering consequential links among the psychology of individuals and their culture. This is a systematic relationship between psychological and cultural variables (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology’s key message is that the behavior of humans only has meaning in a sociocultural context where such behavior takes place. Its key focus is studying how, whether, and when individuals have the tendency of internalizing the qualities of his or her culture (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology also takes a stand as for advocating the notion that an individual’s mental processes, which are the result of an individual’s interaction...
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...does culture mean? Is it something material you can touch? Or is it something immaterial, such as values and beliefs? Or is it our customs and traditions, our festivals and celebrations? While anthropologists have vacillated between material and nonmaterial definitions of culture, today most would agree with a more inclusive definition of culture: the thoughts, behaviors, languages, customs, the things we produce and the methods we use to produce them. It is this, the human ability to create and transmit culture, that differentiates us as humans from the rest of the animal world. The essential feature of culture, that it is learned and transmitted from one generation to the next, rests on the human capacity to think symbolically. Language, perhaps the most important feature, is a symbolic form of communication. The word table, for example, is nothing other than a symbol for the actual thing, a table. Language is a form of communication. Without language, culture could not be transmitted, people could not learn from one another across generations, and there would be no cultural continuity. Simply because culture is transmitted through symbols whose meanings remain more or less constant doesn't mean that cultures are static and don't change. On the contrary, cultures are never truly static. Which of us does not remember a grandparent comparing life today with the one s/he grew up in? The changes that took place between his/her lifetime and ours represent subtle cultural shifts...
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...Culture, like society, could be defined in many different ways. The word “culture” came from the Latin word “cultus” which means “to care”, and from the French word “colere” which means “to till” as in “ground-tilling”. Culture, in the early days, was used to describe lands that are cultivated, grown, and made under controlled conditions. Thus, culture meant the process of making something stable and ready for growth. People in the present time, however, define culture as a compilation of attributes and actions that make up society. It is somehow related to the early definition in a way that when somebody says that a community is cultured, it means that that person sees that particular community as an established society, independent to its...
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...CQ Cultural Intelligence Feedback Report Prepared For Mukiibi, Shira Bayigga September 2012 Prepared by Cultural Intelligence Center, LLC www.culturalq.com info@culturalq.com © 2005-2012 Cultural Intelligence Center, LLC Cultural Intelligence Cultural Intelligence (CQ) is a person's capability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT The purpose of this CQ Feedback Report is to increase your awareness and understanding of Cultural Intelligence (CQ). CONTENTS OF THE REPORT The report includes personal feedback on how you described yourself and how others described themselves. This information will allow you to compare your own responses with those of others who have completed the assessment. The report concludes with a personal development section that will guide you in preparing and IMPLEMENTING a personal CQ development plan that can help you to build on your CQ strengths and further develop your overall cultural intelligence. PERSONAL BENEFITS Overall, this information on cultural intelligence should help you to understand how you function in culturally diverse settings and how you can improve these capabilities. This knowledge should help you to enhance your interactions in all aspects of life -- with special relevance to functioning effectively in culturally diverse settings, such as when interacting with people who have different cultural or ethnic backgrounds. Most people find it beneficial to...
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...Menu Print Name Class CHAPTER 2 Date Graphic Organizer Activity Cultural Diversity The Meaning of Culture Complete the diagram by identifying the five components of culture. Define and give an example of each component. Then, below the diagram, summarize the meaning of culture. Components of Culture Component: Definition: Component: Definition: Example: Example: Component: Definition: Example: Component: Definition: Example: Component: Definition: Example: Culture consists of Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt Sociology 3 Graphic Organizer Activities Menu Print CHAPTER 2 Graphic Organizer: Possible Solutions Cultural Diversity The Meaning of Culture Complete the diagram by identifying the five components of culture. Define and give an example of each component. Then, below the diagram, summarize the meaning of culture. Components of Culture Component: technology Definition: combination of objects and rules for their use Example: computers and the skill to use them Component: symbols Definition: anything that represents something else and has a shared meaning Example: word, gesture, image, or sound that carries a particular meaning Component: language Definition: organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system Example: English Component: values Definition:shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right...
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...when the parties find themselves negotiating across dissimilar cultures. “Culture is a powerful factor in shaping how people think, communicate and behave. It therefore affects how they negotiate” .Our presentation investigates the impact of culture on negotiations. It begins by defining culture, to include a discussion on how culture is imbedded in an individual through their mental models and values. It then breaks out the four dimensions of culture identified by Geert Hofstede. A general overview of negotiations follows the culture. It includes a definition of negotiations and discusses the range or continuum of negotiation styles. The section on negotiations closes with an overview of negotiation skills to include the actors and their frames of reference. The final idea provides a description of how culture impacts negotiations. First, it overlaps four elements of negotiations; actors, structure, strategy, and process with Hofstede’s dimensions of negotiation. Then, a summarization of cultural affects on specific negotiation styles is provided. Defining Culture Working Definitions Olivier Faure attributes the 20th century French writer and politician Herriot, with this definition of culture: it is “what remains when one has forgotten everything” (5:2). Faure’s reason for quoting Herriot is to point out that culture is more a way of an individual’s actions of which they are usually unaware (5:2). Culture is a product that reveals itself in social behaviors...
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...Cultural and ethical relativism are two extensive theories that are used to rationalize the differences amongst cultures in regards to their morals and ethics. Ruth Benedict, a significant American anthropologist from 1887 to 1948, moved from the theories of cultural relativism to the theories of ethical relativism, which brought major criticism to her work and philosophy’s. Cultural relativism is the view that one is born into a particular culture. Culture in this definition is the sum of peoples’ practices, from birth rituals, to how adolescence is defined, to gender roles. Being born into a particular culture shapes one’s particular worldview. A person cannot fully participate in a culture unless that person has “lived according to its...
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...Hannah Dada 396809 Definitions that need clarification: • African identity- this term will be used interchangeable. (1) realizing the African continent commonality, (2) the culture and behavior of the slaves (African born and creoles)—basically what defines the slaves’ identity. • Creoles- (1) Atlantic creoles that are phenotypically and culturally mixed with African and European cultures. The Dynamic African identity: Coping with Slavery Upon considering the changes and the creation of an “African” identity (definition 2), it is important to realize that similar to the constantly changing slavery due to the frequent shifts in the social, political, and economic contexts, the “African” identity was also dynamic. Although the overall reason that prompted the development of the notion of the African continent (definition 1) might be similar across the board of slavery, the specifics of what constituted this identity (ex: religion, family formation) is largely dependent on the time period and region being discussed—ex: the 17th Century African identity in North America is different from the 18th Century identity in Europe. Several factors that enhanced the creation of the African identity (definition 2) include: (1) ability to form families as a result of the gender ratio, mortality rates, segregation from other slaves, (2) population ratio of native-born to creolized slaves, and (3) religious movement that were characteristic of the time and space. These...
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...Scholars have contended that cultural intelligence is essential to successfully communicating across cultures (Earley & Ang, 2003; X. Lin & Miller, 2003). Cultural intelligence (CQ) is an individual’s natural ability to effectively acclimate to unfamiliar culturally diverse settings (Earley & Ang, 2003, p. 9). Groves & Feyerherm (2006) contends that interest in CQ has gained prominence today because fairly common capabilities including, cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and social intelligence, which are relevant to functioning in culturally diverse settings that impacts one’s cognition and social behaviors, are unrelated when individuals interact with others from diverse cultural backgrounds (p. 538). Accordingly, managers that have the capability to handle the culturally diverse business setting in which they operate, are favored very highly and are in strong demand (Groves & Feyerherm, 2011) because this ability enables them to shape performance outcomes (Ang et al., 2007)....
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