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Culture Differentiation

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區域文化專題

林民德 教授

郭柏良 98200722
日本茶道的由來與發展
中國茶葉約在唐代時﹐便隨著佛教的傳播進入到朝鮮半島和日本列島。因而最先將茶葉引入日本的﹐也是日本的僧人。公元1168年﹐日本國榮西禪師歷盡艱險至中國學習佛教﹐同時刻苦進行“茶學”研究﹐也由此對中國茶道產生了濃厚的興趣。 榮西回國時﹐將大量中國茶種與佛經帶回至日本﹐在佛教中大力推行“供茶”禮儀﹐並將中國茶籽遍植贈飲。其時他曾用茶葉治好了當時鐮倉幕府的將軍源實朝的糖尿病﹐又撰寫了《吃茶養生記》﹐以宣傳飲茶之神效﹐書中稱茶為“上天之恩賜”﹐是“養生之仙藥﹐延年之妙術”。榮西因而歷來被尊為日本國的“茶祖”。 隨著唐宋時期中國的茶葉與飲茶藝術﹑飲茶風尚引入日本的佛教寺院後﹐又逐漸普及到廣大民間﹐使吃茶的習俗進入了日本平民的生活﹐並日益興盛。 15世紀時﹐日本著名禪師一休的高足村田珠光首創了“四鋪半草庵茶”﹐而被稱為日本“和美茶”(即佗茶)之祖。所謂“佗”﹐是其茶道的專用術語﹐意為追求美好的理想境界。珠光認為茶道的根本在於清心﹐清心是“禪道”的中心。他將茶道從單純的“享受”轉化為“節欲”﹐體現了修身養性的禪道核心。 其後﹐日本茶道經武野紹鷗的進一步推進而達到“茶中有禪”﹑“茶禪一體”之意境。而紹鷗的高足﹑享有茶道天才之稱的千利休﹐又于16世紀時將以禪道為中心的“和美茶”發展而成貫徹“平等互惠”的利休茶道﹐成為平民化的新茶道﹐在此基礎上歸結出以“和﹑敬﹑清﹑寂”為日本茶道的宗旨(“和”以行之﹔“敬”以為質﹔“清”以居之﹔“寂”以養志)﹐至此﹐日本茶道初步形成。 日本茶道的精神實質﹐追求人與人的平等相愛和人與自然的高度和諧﹐而在生活上恪守清寂﹑安雅﹐講究禮儀﹐被日本人民視為修身養性﹑學習禮儀﹑進行人際交往的一種行之有效的方式。 日本茶道發揚並深化了唐宋時“茶宴”﹑“斗茶”之文化涵養精神﹐形成了具濃郁民族特色和風格的民族文化﹐同時也不可避免地顯示了有中國傳統美德的深層內涵的茶文化之巨大影響。

日本茶道的派系 日本茶道分兩大宗系﹕一為抹茶道﹐傳自我國唐宋時期﹐採用當時的抹茶法﹐用蒸青茶碾製成粉狀茶葉飲用﹔另一種為煎茶道﹐源于中國明清時期﹐採用以炒為主加工而成的散狀芽條。 日本最有名的茶道流派是所謂“三千家”﹐被稱為“千家流派”。 千家流派又分為三個派系﹐即“表千家”﹑“里千家”和“武者少路千家”。

日本茶道的禮儀 日本茶道強調通過品茶陶冶情操﹐完善人格﹐強調賓主間有一種高尚精神﹑典雅儀態和雙方間的融洽關係。 日本茶道的禮法分為三種﹔炭禮法﹑濃茶禮法和淡茶禮法。 炭禮法﹕炭禮法即為燒沏茶水的地爐或者茶爐準備炭的程序。無論是初座還是後座都分別設有初炭禮法和後炭禮法。它包括準備燒炭工具﹑打掃地爐﹑調整火候﹑除炭灰﹑添炭﹑占香等。 濃茶禮法和淡茶禮法﹕濃茶禮法和淡茶禮法是主人制茶﹑客人品茶的一整套的程序章法。一般情況下﹐主人先將少許呈粉末狀的末茶放入瓷碗中後加點水﹐用特制的竹筅把茶末攪成糊狀﹐再加水至碗的四分之三即可。 喝時用右手拿起茶碗﹐放至左手掌上﹐再把茶碗從對面向身前轉﹐經細品﹑慢啜後奉還主人。 客人飲茶可分為“輪飲”和“單飲”。即客人輪流品一碗茶﹐或單獨飲一碗茶。茶道禮法不僅是飲茶﹐主要還在於欣賞以茶碗為主的茶道用具﹑茶室的裝飾﹑茶室前的茶園環境及主客間的心靈交流。

日本茶道的茶室和茶具 日本茶道的“茶室”﹐又稱“本席”﹑“茶席”﹐為舉行茶道的場所。日本的茶室一般用竹木和蘆草編成。茶室面積一般以置放四疊半“榻榻米”為度﹐約9-10平方米。小巧雅致﹐結構緊湊﹐以便於賓主傾心交談。茶室分為床間﹑客﹑點前﹑爐踏達等專門區域。室內設置壁龕﹑地爐和各式木窗﹐一側布“水屋”﹐供備放煮水﹑沏茶﹑品茶的器具和清潔用具。床間掛名人字畫﹐其旁懸竹制花瓶﹐瓶中插花﹐插花品種視四季而有不同。 日本茶道的茶具因日本茶道源于中國﹐故而日本茶道的茶具也源于中國功夫茶具。其基本茶具與潮州功夫茶具一樣也分四大件﹕涼爐﹐煮水用的風爐﹔茶釜﹐煮水用的鐵制的有蓋大缽﹔湯瓶﹐泡茶用的帶柄有嘴罐﹐稱“急須”﹔茶碗﹐盛茶湯用的瓷碗。 另外﹐還有研磨茶葉的“茶磨”﹑夾白炭用的“火箸”﹔盛冷水的“水注”﹔盛白炭的“炭籃”﹔清潔茶具用的“水翻”﹔裝香用的“香盒”﹔沏茶時用于攪拌的“茶筅”﹔取茶粉用的竹制“茶勺”﹔擦拭茶碗的“茶巾”﹔盛茶葉末的“茶罐”﹔用三根大鳥羽毛製成﹑用于拂塵的“羽帚”﹔盛炭的“炭斗”﹔盛爐灰的“灰器”﹔取水用的“水勺”等。 日本茶道的用具名目繁多﹐不但有大小之分﹐還有“和物”(日本)與唐物(中國)﹑高麗物(朝鮮)之區別。

日本茶道的儀式 每次茶道舉行時﹐主人必先在茶室的活動格子門外跪迎賓客﹐頭一位進茶室的必須是來賓中的一位首席賓客(稱為正客)﹐其他客人則隨後入室。 來賓入室後﹐賓主相互鞠躬致禮﹐主客面對而坐﹐而正客須坐于主人上手(即左邊)。這時主人即去“水屋”取風爐﹑茶釜﹑水注﹑白炭等器物﹐而客人可瀏覽欣賞茶室內的陳設佈置及字畫﹑鮮花等裝飾。主人取器物回茶室後﹐跪于榻榻米上生火煮水﹐並從香盒中取出少許香點燃。在風爐上煮水期間﹐主人要再次至水屋忙碌﹐這時眾賓客則可自由在茶室前的花園中閑步。待主人備齊所有茶道器具時﹐這時水也將要煮沸了﹐賓客們再重行進入茶室﹐茶道儀式才正式開始。 沏茶﹕主人先將各種茶具用茶巾擦拭後﹐用茶勺從茶罐中取茶末二三勺﹐置茶碗中﹐再注入沸水﹐並用茶筅攪拌碗中茶水﹐直至茶湯泛起泡沫為止。 敬茶﹕敬茶時﹐主人用左手掌托碗﹐右手五指持碗邊﹐跪地後舉起茶碗(須舉案齊眉﹐與自己額頭平齊)﹐恭送至正客前。正客接過茶碗也須舉案齊眉﹐以示對主人致謝。然後再放下碗後重新舉起才能飲茶﹐飲時口中要發出“嘖嘖”的贊聲﹐表示對主人“好茶”的稱譽。待正客飲茶後﹐余下賓客才能一一依次傳飲。飲時可每人一口輪流品飲﹐也可各人飲一碗﹐飲畢將茶碗遞回給主人。 一次茶道儀式的時間﹐一般在兩小時之內。結束後﹐主人須再次在茶室格子門外跪送賓客﹐同時接受賓客的臨別贊頌。

參考資料: http://www.anxiteaco.com/cdcy/rbcd.html http://www.anxiteaco.com/cdcy/rbcd4.html http://www.anxiteaco.com/cdcy/rbcd5.html www.epochtimes.com/b5/1/9/18/c6027.htm

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...scope of an org over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources & competencies with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations. * 3-5 plans are appropriate according to Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies, which includes non-food consumer products Porter’s Generic Strategies (Bases of Competitive Advtg) Differentiation Strategy – differentiates its products from competitors’ in a way to make them more appealing across whole market. Customers are willing to pay extra for difference. SABMiller differentiates their products by satisfying customer’s need through a sustainable competitive advantage. It allows SABMiller to desensitize prices and focus on value that generates a comparatively higher price and a better margin. Cost Focus – if premium price unlikely, so could be suitable due to closeness to customers, local firm w/ low costs overall. Bowman’s Strategy Clock – analyse the competitive position of a company in comparison to the offerings of competitors.  Hybrid (moderate price/moderate differentiation) They offer products at a low cost, but offer products with a higher perceived value than those of other low cost competitors. Volume is an issue here but these companies build a reputation of offering fair prices for reasonable goods. The quality and value is good and the consumer is assured of reasonable prices. This combination builds customer loyalty. RESOURCE BASE VIEW (RBV): ...

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Strategic Management

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