...Darwin’s Work in the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Kyubin Kim Texas A&M University-Commerce Charles Darwin’s Work in the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals There are major works done by Charles Darwin such as The Origin of Species or Decent of Man. Among them, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals is also one of the major works of Charles Darwin. This book was published in 1872 and was an astonishing bestseller. After more than 100 years, a new edition of Darwin’s masterpiece is published edited by Paul Ekman who is one of the world’s leading authorities on facial expressions. The third edition contains the changes Darwin had wanted at that time, but it doesn’t cover much of it. While reading the book, it is easy to understand why Expression causes such an impression nowadays. Darwin in his book mentioned the things of our everyday life such as anger, joy, love, guilt, disgust, horror, modesty, and sulkiness. In addition, he also gives a scientific renovation to this. Darwin argued that human emotions are universal, and these emotions are derived and evolves from those animals. When the book was published, it was forgotten and ignored for a long time because its’ subject matter came to be at the center of not only scientific, but also of controversy and political. Back in time, various theories of world existed and the facts of human emotions were shaped by our experiences or by our biology theory were never going to be accepted by...
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...Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England and died at the Down House in Kent on April 19, 1882. He was born to Robert and Susannah Darwin. Robert was a successful physician whose father, Erasmus Darwin, had also been a physician but had made his name as a poet of the natural world. Susannah Wedgwood came from a family of potters; her father, Josiah Wedgwood, had made a small fortune making high-quality pottery. Both sides of Darwin's family were liberal in their politics and indifferent in their religion. Darwin spent his childhood playing at The Mount, the Darwin home and estate in Shrewsbury. He was schooled at home by his sister Caroline until he was eight years old and Susannah died. He then spent a year at a day school and transferred to a boarding school, the Shrewsbury School, only a mile away from The Mount. There he studied, getting acceptable but unremarkable grades, until age sixteen, when his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Darwin focused on collecting, hunting, and naturalizing instead of medicine. It was there that he first learned to study and collect beetles. The marine biologist Robert Grant took him under his wing. After two years, it was obvious that Darwin would not become a doctor, so with the help of his father Darwin transferred to the University of Cambridge to study for the clergy of the Anglican Church. There he became friends with the older botanist John Henslow. Soon after graduating...
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...Emotions Paper The presence of emotion on human lives is a combination of many events, from our natural biological constructs, to our environment and how that aided our development. Emotions play a pivotal role as to how we act towards motivation. Two intrinsically different historical theories arise which illustrate polar views on the source of human emotion. One being James-Lange’s theory where physiological symptoms trigger emotional response, and the second being Cannon’s theory where both physiological and emotional response occur at the same time. Two research methods include word association, how language can label human emotions, and evolutionary theory that is based on the idea that emotions aided early human survival. Finally Darwin had a structural facial component known as facial feedback hypothesis, wherein an event-appraisal-emotional sequence was formulated. All these theories play a major role in human emotion being the driving force behind motivation. Emotion is an important aspect of motivation because it is the source of action when the environment acts as an incentive (Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000). The historic background of arousal and motivation includes the James-Lange theory of emotion and the Cannon theory. James proposed that physiological symptoms occur directly before a stimulating event or emotional experience (Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000). Specifically, the physiologic response is the reason for the emotional event...
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...PSY240 College Material Appendix G Emotions This activity will increase your understanding of the different biopsychological theories of emotion. All of these methods can be found in the readings from this week. Directions: Complete the matching exercise by matching the theory to its attributes. Type the letter in the blank provided (do not worry about underlining). Then, Write a brief summary of each theory (1-2 sentences each) Darwin James-Lange Cannon-Bard Limbic System 1. __a___ Was first published in the book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. 2. __c___ Emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects. 3. __b___ Reversed the usual common-sense way of thinking about the causal relation between the experience of emotion and its expression. 4. __a___ Emotion is a product of Evolution. 5. ___c__ Views emotional experience and emotional expression as parallel processes that have no direct causal relation. 6. ___c__ There is a linear relationship between seeing a fear stimuli and feeling fear. 7. __c___ All emotional stimuli produce the same general pattern of sympathetic activation 8. ___a__ Expressions of emotions evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. 9. __c___ Different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity and that these different patterns produce different emotional experiences 10. __d___ Key structures include: the amygdala, mammillary body...
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...Introduction Charles Darwin born 12 February, 1809 was an English geologist and naturalist. Alfred Wallace born 8 January 1823 was a British explorer, naturalist, geographer, biologist and anthropologist. Darwin and Wallace are highly regarded for their significant contributions to the theories of evolution. It is very important to compare the individual lifestyles, contributions, and beliefs of Darwin and Wallace in order to develop a clear and comprehensive understanding of their concepts of natural selection in evolution. According to Janet Browne (2010) in her biography of Darwin, she describes the similarities in the life experiences of Darwin and Wallace that led them to independently arrive at the theory of natural selection. Both Wallace and Darwin were inspired by the readings such as Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus. Browne notes that, “Even so, the parallels between Darwin’s and Wallace’s ideas are no less remarkable for their cultural symmetry. Their similarities are further demonstrated by them sharing similar geographical exploration and travel experiences and their mutual appreciations of their marvels of nature and overwhelming desire to comprehend them…” (Browne 2010: 357). The two theorists examined the concepts of natural selection independently until its publication. By the 1958, Darwin had already developed his idea on natural selection but had not published it as he was still collecting more evidence. After his previous research had been destroyed in...
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...Charles Darwin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other people named Charles Darwin, see Charles Darwin (disambiguation). Charles Darwin Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, by then working towards publication of On the Origin of Species Born Charles Robert Darwin 12 February 1809 The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom Died 19 April 1882 (aged 73) Down House, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom Residence England Citizenship British Nationality British Fields Naturalist Institutions tertiary education: University of Edinburgh (medicine) University of Cambridge (ordinary Bachelor of Arts) professional institution: Geological Society of London Academic advisors John Stevens Henslow Adam Sedgwick Known for The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species evolution by natural selection, common descent Influences Alexander von Humboldt John Herschel Charles Lyell Influenced Joseph Dalton Hooker Thomas Henry Huxley George Romanes Ernst Haeckel Sir John Lubbock Notable awards Royal Medal (1853) Wollaston Medal (1859) Copley Medal (1864) Spouse Emma Darwin (married 1839) Signature Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist.[I] He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors,[1] and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect...
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...and Event-Apprasial Emotion PSY/300 Nicolle Matthews Facial feedback and Event-Appraisal Emotion Facial feedback hypothesis is a state in which our facial cues influence one’s emotions. (Dimberg & Soderkvist, 2011). This hypothesis is a very controversial theory. However this theory was well supported by Charles Darwin, who was the founder of evolution, and William James, who was the architect of introspective psychology. Both Darwin and James where on the same page that one’s “free expression and inhibition of physical characteristics of emotions where actually a type of feedback into ones emotions itself” (Dimberg & Soderkvist, 2011). Expressions such as smiling or frowning, are all actual feedback into how the emotions are being felt . For example crying may cause the feeling of sadness, not the other way around the feeling of sadness does not cause one to cry or (frown). Since in short FFH deals with ones, “facial muscles and that it does not only express emotion, they also have the ability to modulate subjective experience of emotions and to initiate emotions” (Dimberg & Soderkvist, 2011). Aside from facial feedback there is another way to approach and display emotions which is known as the Event-Appraisal Emotion Sequence. The Event- Appraisal Emotion Sequence is just another way for emotions with situations are appraised. Roseman and Smith stated that there are four observation actions that deal with the subject of emotions- including situations...
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...I. Darwinism A. What is it? Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. B. Types of Darwinism a. Social Darwinism - it is a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, and which are claimed to have applied biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics. Social Darwinists generally argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. b. Neo-Darwinism - is the "modern synthesis" of Darwinian evolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics, the latter being a set of primary tenets specifying that evolution involves the transmission of characteristics from parent to child through the mechanism of genetic transfer, rather than the "blending process" of pre-Mendelian evolutionary science. c. Neural Darwinism – is a large scale theory of brain function by Gerald Edelman, was initially published in 1978, in a book called The Mindful Brain. Edelman was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1972 for his work in immunology showing how the population of lymphocytes capable of binding to a foreign...
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...Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in The Mount, Shrewsbury, England to Robert W. Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. The Darwin family was rich, and Charles grew up in the large house called The Mount with 4 older siblings and 1 younger sibling. His early education consisted of lectures by his older sister, Caroline and a small day-school that he was sent to after his mother’s death in 1817. Charles already had developed a love of natural history and collecting by the time he was sent to a school in Shrewsbury in 1818 at 9 years old. “Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr. Butler's school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being taught except a little ancient geography and history. The school...
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...discovering new data or facts are both equally important. The reliability of a data which was given no thought and left unanalysed and the possibility to prove an innovative thought without supporting it with facts and data are the issues which will be explored in the essay. I will look into the objectivity of the issue in the areas of business and science – the two topics where data and innovation are omnipresent. To discover new ways of thinking about what is already known brings innovation and might seem more important that discovering new data or facts. However, the innovative theory needs to be supported by data and facts in order to be proven and accepted. This can be best understood by a popular scientific discovery of the past – “Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.” During Darwin’s time, scientists explained physical growth (the variations a person undergoes as he matures) by the term evolution. Before Darwin, the scale of nature – considered to be the most important pattern of biodiversity - unanimously described the similarities and differences of various species; however it did not help solve the problem of genetics. The...
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...Patel suggesting that one of the valued things provided by music is emotional power. According to the ‘multiple mechanism’ theory, music can influence human emotion in many different ways except *a. visual imagery and association with past, present and future event b. expectancy and fulfilment or violation c. activation of the brainstem by arousing acoustic features d. acoustics cues that resemble the sound of emotional voices medium Source: Section 6.1 page 22, 2nd paragraph, line 6 More questions being arise due to lack explanation on how the music’s universality can affect the emotion. Therefore Patel discuss how the multiple mechanism theory states that music can enhance emotion in five different ways which are 1) expectancy and its fulfilment or violation, 2) activation of the brainstem by arousing acoustic features (e.g., sudden, sharp onsets); 3) association with past events; 4) visual imagery; or 5) acoustic cues that resemble the sounds of emotional voices. The two examples of biological power of music discuss by Patel in the reading are I recovery of brain functions after stroke II recovery of cerebral palsy in premature baby III recovery of verbal fluency in aphasia IV recovery of deaf due to exposure of high volume sound *a) I and III b) I and II c) II and III d) III and IV Easy-medium Source: Patel reading section 4 of the biological power of music: two examples Patel clearly discuss the two examples of music and the recovery of brain functions...
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...INTRODUCTION Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often (though not always) lack a contextual stimulus emotions are reactions to a person (seeing a friend at work may make you feel glad) or event (dealing with a rude client may make you feel angry). You show your emotions when you’re “happy about something, angry at someone, afraid of something.” Moods, in contrast, aren’t usually directed at a person or event. But emotions can turn into moods when you lose focus on the event or object that started the feeling. And, by the same token, good or bad moods can make you more emotional in response to an event. So when a colleague criticizes how you spoke to a client, you might become angry at him. That is, you show emotion (anger) toward a specific object (your colleague). But as the specific emotion dissipates, you might just feel generally dispirited. You can’t attribute this feeling to any single event; you’re just not your normal self. You might then overreact to other events. This affect state describes a mood. There are dozens of emotions. They include anger, contempt, enthusiasm, envy, fear, frustration, disappointment, embarrassment, disgust, happiness, hate, hope, jealousy, joy, love, pride, surprise, and sadness. There have been numerous research efforts to limit and define the dozens of emotions into a fundamental or basic set of emotions. "An emotion is a complex...
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...Motivated Emotions Introduction Motivation is a far-reaching concept that affects emotions. Emotion is described as a sensation that is experienced as arousal (Deckers, 2005). The difference in motivation and emotions is that emotions don’t always have a goal to reach like motivation does. However, the emotions that are felt can either strengthen or weaken the motivation that is experienced. These two components are different in not only kind but also in the intensity that is behind the experience. Motivation and emotions are important parts of all people’s lives. Theories A theory that describes emotion and arousal as it relates to human motivation is the James-Lange theory. The James-Lange theory states that emotions are a product of different bodily changes. Basically what the theory means is that emotions are feelings that are caused by physiological changes brought on by the nervous system. The theory is based off the observation that when people have an emotion it goes along with one’s body parts. An example of an emotion correlating with body parts would be anger. When someone is angry one tends to squint his or her eyes, tighten muscles, and sometimes the heart rate increases. The theory is kind of backwards compared to others. The James-Lange theory states that physiological changes are what cause one’s emotions instead of the other way around. The theorist William James stated that one could say that a person feels sad because he weeps, not...
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...The subject of motivational concepts, although interesting could be viewed as highly complex as well. The study of motivation and emotion is largely a behavioral science, which suggests that answers to motivational questions require objective, data based empirical evidence gained from well conducted and researched peer review findings. Motivational concepts used need to be chosen carefully and continually evaluated against new finding to avoid being tossed aside. As useful concepts need to be improved there always new ones to be discovered. However, in order to move forward in this study of motivational concepts, which are largely derived from expert theories, we need to understand what they are. Reeves; Understanding Motivation & Emotions 2009 As defined in the text: “A theory is an intellectual framework that can be used to identify and explain the relationships that exist among naturally occurring observable phenomena”. Fiske 2004; Reeves; Understanding Motivation & Emotions 2009. Motivational researchers use theories to assist in the understanding in complex phenomena they study. To conduct this analysis a motivational concept table is used that depicts the name of the theory used, the major theorist of that category, the time period that it was created in, and any key theory concepts by that theorist. There are three “grand theories” described in the table: will, instinct and drive. French philosopher Renee’ Descartes, in the post – Renaissance Era distinguished...
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...how speak can affect how others evaluate us * Ethno linguistic theory an application & extension of social identity theory that deals with language behaviour * Language and speech style is one of the most distinct and clear markers of ethnic identity * People will either accentuate or de-emphasis their ethnic language depending to what extent they view their ethnic identity as being a source of self-respect and pride What motivates us to learn a second language? How can the challenge of adapting to a host culture be eased for an immigrant group? * These days second language-acquisition is not simply a recreational activity is a vital necessity for survival. * Integration – people maintain their ethnic culture and relate to the dominant culture * Assimilation – people give up their ethnic culture and wholeheartedly embrace the dominant culture * Separation – people maintain their ethnic culture and isolate themselves from the dominant culture * Marginalism – people give up their ethnic culture and fail to related proper to the dominant culture How does non-verbal communication help to inform us about another person? * Non-verbal communication: The process of communication by means other than verbal language. Gaze, facial expression, posture etc. * Our facial expressions can be traced to our evolutionary history. (Charles Darwin, 1872 The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals) * We can understand the feelings and intentions...
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