...decision making when dealing with those traps, we also need to understand possible factors that play roles in decision making process. There could be four aspects backed up by 4 academic materials that might influence decision making. The first one is the mode of thinking. According to Hastie et al (2001), it suggests that there are two modes of thinking, System 1 thinking (intuitive) and System 2 thinking (analytical). It also argued that any kind of serious, complex thinking employs both analytical and intuitive thought. It explains System 1 thinking as relatively unconscious, relatively independent of language and generates a feeling of certitude. It is related to intuition and allows rapid, automatic decision-making. In contrast, System 2 thinking is controllable, conscious, rule-based, and is less characterised by feelings of certitude. It is commonly called analytic thinking. While System 2 thinking covers the higher level cognitive, attention-demanding, information processing activities that characterise much decision-making, it also notes that decision makers should aware that information processing under System 1 thinking may have far greater impact on judgements and choices. This brings us to the aspect of heuristic, Gigerenzer (2004) suggest that there are two common models of heuristics, recognition heuristics and social heuristics. It explains that Recognition heuristic builds on the human capacity for recognition, for example of faces, voices, names. It shows...
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...Chapter 2: Classical Conditioning 1. How did Pavlov account for extinction? What evidence supports his acount? 2. Suppose you participated in an experiment in which you occasionally received a tone followed by a puff of air to your eye, and that after 20 pairings you began to blink as soon as the tone was presented. One possible explanation is classical conditioning. What other explanations are possible? What are unpaired and random control groups, and how do they allow us to decide whether your blinking was truly the result of conditioning? 3. Discuss the evidence that classical conditioning can play a role in the development of hunger, fear, sexual arousal and drug craving. 4. How have classical conditioning principles been used in the treatment of phobias? Can conditioning principles also account for the origin of phobias? Chapter 3: Conditioning Principles and Theories 1. For more than 50 years, research on classical conditioning suggested that if a CS and a US were contiguous, then conditioning would occur. How did research on contingency and blocking challenge this assumption? 2. Why was blocking a challenge to contiguity theories of conditioning? How did Kamin account for it? What is the Rescorla-Wagner model and how does it provide an alternative explanation for blocking? 3. (a) What is the Rescorla-Wagner model? What is the model’s basic equation, and what do each of...
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...4.1 Describe benefits of Physical play - Babies and young children need physical play and exercise to increase their stamina and strength this will improve muscle tone and muscle usage. Play Improve bone strength and heart and lung capacity, improved coordination, catching and throwing skills, enjoyment, motivation and social skills, energy boost, helps stop stress and anxiety, positive affect of self esteem. Physical play and movement help stimulate much brain growth and facilitate key connections for learning, regular exercise and engagements in all varieties of physical activity are critical for healthy brain development in children. These activities are used good for physical development at a childcare setting. Outside slides, logs to climb and balance on, trikes and balance bikes, tractor wheels to climb and use to pull on, balls to roll. These are some of the activities we have at the preschool our environments are planned around giving the child the maximum opportunities to have physical activities and children need space to do physical activities. Creative play Creative play helps children to express their feelings and ideas about people, object and events. Adults can encourage creative play by offering children a range of different materials and play opportunities in dance, music, painting, drawing, messy play etc. It helps children with Physical coordination Developing language Developing ideas Developing relationship with others Their self esteem...
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...Admap Magazine October 2004, Issue 454 |[pic] www.warc.com | |[pic] Consumer Decision-Making Wendy Gordon Acacia Avenue How people make decisions about which brands and products to buy still seems to be one of the great undiscovered secrets in our world of advertising, marketing and research. Despite electronic libraries full to the brim with information from focus groups, usage and attitude studies, tracking, observation and ethnographic studies, our understanding of how people make decisions remains elusive. In fact we appear to be less and less certain about how people really make decisions and even less confident about how we can influence the process. In some ways, understanding consumer decision-making is far simpler than is generally believed. However, being able to influence what people will do in terms of buying, thinking and behaving in a given context, is infinitely more complex. It is only possible to influence an outcome when our feet are firmly grounded in reality and not in the fantasy that human beings are rational creatures in total control of their decision making capabilities. What we need to do is to shift our thinking from describing human 'doing' to becoming more aware of what it means to be a human 'being'. The last five years have seen significant advances in understanding how human beings 'work' due to developments in many new and old sciences brain scanning, cognitive experiments, genetic studies, foetal learning and patterning behaviour...
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...article I review models of fast and frugal inference, that is, satisficing strategies whose task is to infer unknown states of the world (without relying on computationaly expensive procedures such as multiple regression). Fast and frugal inference is a form of bounded rationality (Simon, 1982). I begin by explaining what bounded rationality in human inference is not. 1. Bounded Rationality is Not Irrationality In his chapter in John Kagel and Alvin Roth’s Handbook of Experimental Economics (1995), Colin Camerer explains that “most research on individual decision making has taken normative theories of judgment and choice (typically probability rules and utility theories) as null hypotheses about behavior,” and has labeled systematic deviations from these norms “cognitive illusions” (p. 588). Camerer continues, “The most fruitful, popular alternative theories spring from the idea that limits on computational ability force people to use simplified procedures or ‘heuristics’ that cause systematic mistakes (biases) in problem solving, judgment, and choice. The roots of this approach are in Simon’s (1955) distinction between substantive rationality (the result of normative maximizing models) and procedural rationality.” (p. 588) In the preface to their anthology, Daniel Kahneman,...
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...CHAPTER 6 ANALYZING CONSUMER MARKETS LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter, we will address the following questions: 1. How do consumer characteristics influence buying behavior? 2. What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program? 3. How do consumers make purchasing decisions? 4. In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberative, rational decision process? CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. Consumer behavior is influenced by three factors: cultural (culture, subculture, and social class), social (reference groups, family, and social roles and statuses), and personal (age, stage in the life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality, and self‐concept). Research into these factors can provide clues to reach and serve consumers more effectively. 2. Four main psychological processes affecting consumer behavior are motivation, perception, learning, and memory. 3. To understand how consumers actually make buying decisions, marketers must identify who makes and has input into the buying decision; people can be initiators, influencers, deciders, buyers, or users. Different marketing campaigns might be targeted to each type of person. 4. The typical buying process consists of the following sequence of events: problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and postpurchase behavior. The marketers’ job is to understand the behavior at each stage. The attitudes of others...
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...financial market implications of psychological decision processes.’ It should be noted that no unified theory of behavioural finance exists at this time. Behavioural finance is based on research of human and social recognition and emotional tolerance studies to identify and understand incoming economic decisions. Behaviour finance examines recognition and emotional factors influence on the market changes and concentrates on the limited human rationality, explains the psychology effect on the financial activities and argues that financial phenomena can be better explained due to the fact that financial market participants are not rational and their decisions are...
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...Xolani Mazibuko xmazibuko16@gmail.com Xolani Mazibuko xmazibuko16@gmail.com A comprehensive view of South African race relations. A comprehensive view of South African race relations. Race relations in South africa Social Psychology assignment 1 Race relations in South africa Social Psychology assignment 1 Table of contents Contents 1. Introduction: 2 2. The impact of Social cognition and schemas on race relations: 2 3. Role of attribution and attitudes in understanding race relations: 5 4. Impact of prejudice and discrimination on race relations: 7 5. Social influence: how it impacts race relations in South Africa 10 6. Conclusion: 11 Reference list: 12 1. Introduction: When speaking of racial relations, one is referring to types of behaviours which are exhibited by individuals after being in contact or interacting with people of various physical and cultural characteristics. (Balandier, 1956). Race relations debates have very prevalent in countries all over the world, South Africa being no exception. Due to the diverse nature of the county’s population, the topic of race relations still continues to dominate discourse in democratic South Africa. Since 1994, the citizens of South Africa have strived to eradicate racism and hostile racial relations. However, it has not been smooth sailing to move beyond racial lines as a source of division. In fact, the racial nuances still cling on stubbornly as race becomes a daily tormentor, making it very difficult to...
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...Xolani Mazibuko xmazibuko16@gmail.com Xolani Mazibuko xmazibuko16@gmail.com A comprehensive view of South African race relations. A comprehensive view of South African race relations. Race relations in South africa Social Psychology assignment 1 Race relations in South africa Social Psychology assignment 1 Table of contents Contents 1. Introduction: 2 2. The impact of Social cognition and schemas on race relations: 2 3. Role of attribution and attitudes in understanding race relations: 5 4. Impact of prejudice and discrimination on race relations: 7 5. Social influence: how it impacts race relations in South Africa 10 6. Conclusion: 11 Reference list: 12 1. Introduction: When speaking of racial relations, one is referring to types of behaviours which are exhibited by individuals after being in contact or interacting with people of various physical and cultural characteristics. (Balandier, 1956). Race relations debates have very prevalent in countries all over the world, South Africa being no exception. Due to the diverse nature of the county’s population, the topic of race relations still continues to dominate discourse in democratic South Africa. Since 1994, the citizens of South Africa have strived to eradicate racism and hostile racial relations. However, it has not been smooth sailing to move beyond racial lines as a source of division. In fact, the racial nuances still cling on stubbornly as race becomes a daily tormentor, making it very difficult to...
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...IB Theory of Knowledge Essay In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences? Cherno Okafor 000747-034 Weston Collegiate Institute February 20th, 2013 Word Count: 1598 In this TOK Essay, I will be conducting an analysis illustrating how disagreements can be used to aid the pursuit of knowledge in both the natural and human sciences and in some cases, hinder the pursuit of knowledge in these areas. First, it is necessary to define the key terms in this topic, which are “pursuit of knowledge”, “natural sciences”, and “human sciences”. “Pursuit of knowledge” is the act of obtaining knowledge. Natural science refers to the study of natural phenomena of the universe. Fields associated with this are: chemistry (elements), biology (contrasting ideas between Lamarckism and the Darwinian concept of evolution), and physics (gravity). On the other hand, human science refers to the study of people themselves and their behaviours which includes matter in history, literature and philosophy where “man is the measure of all things and human nature” as uttered by the classical Greek philosopher Plato. There is also anthropology, economics, and ethics; for example the explanation of criminal behaviour in cognitive and social psychology in human science. The term “disagreement” is ambiguous in the sense that it can represent a variety of things. For instance, it can refer to a difference of opinion between two people or groups...
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...[pic] Ecole Supérieure Libre des Sciences Commerciales Appliquées Review of Literature Behavioral Finance Presented to Dr. Mohamed EL-Hennawy Group Assignment Prepared By Albert Naguib Noha Samir Wael Shams EL-Din Moshira Gamil Marie Zarif January 2012 | TABLE OF CONTENTS | | | |List of Table………………………………………………………………………….. | |List of Figure ………………………………………………………………………… | |List of Abbreviations/Acronyms ……………………………………………………. | |Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. | |2. Appearance of Behavioral Finance…………………………………………………… | |2.1. Important Contributors…………………………………………………. ………. | |3. Behavioral Biases…………………………………………………………………… ...
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...“good” or “bad” Demonstrate an understanding of neural, physiological, perceptual, and cognitive changes across the life span Distinguish between inductive and deductive theory formulation Describe the phases of motor development List and describe the stages within the phases of motor development Explain how the requirements of the movement task, the biology of the individual, and conditions of the learning environment interact with the Triangulated Hourglass Model of motor development Demonstrate knowledge of both how and why using a heuristic device as a metaphor for understanding is helpful in conceptualizing the products and processes of motor development Descriptive theory Explanatory theory Phases of motor development Inductive method Deductive method Category of movement Reflexes Rudimentary movement abilities Fundamental movement skills Specialized movement skills Heuristic Algorithm Triangulated Hourglass Model of motor development 46 www.mhhe.com/gallahue7e CHAPTER 3 Motor Development: A Theoretical Model 47 KEY CONCEPT The processes and products of motor development across the lifespan may be conceptualized through use of a triangulated hourglass heuristic. A major function of theory is to integrate existing facts, to organize them in such a way as to give them meaning. Theories of development take existing facts about the human organism and provide a developmental model congruent with these facts. Therefore, theory formulation serves as a basis...
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...Theoretical models of decision-making, and their neuroscientific underpinnings Introduction In this essay I would like to focus the theoretical models of decision making that have come from psychology, cognitive and ecological alike, and review relevant literature from cognitive neuroscience that may or may not provide neural foundation for the claims that they have formulated. The reason for which I find it interesting to contrast these two approaches is there different outlook on the concept of “bias”. Traditional – closed systems - approaches to decision-making The investigation of decision-making is a multidisciplinary endeavor with researchers approaching the area from different fields and applying numerous different models (Hastie, 2001). The normative model of decision-making originates from mathematics and economics and the most prominent normative model is perhaps Subjectively Expected Utility (SEU; Savage, 1954). This model of rational behavior implies that people act as if they are calculating the "expected utility" of each option, choosing the one that they believe has the highest value. It has been criticized however, as some researchers doubted whether humans actually perform the mental multiplications and additions suggested by SEU. Simon (1955) was the first to challenge the assumptions of optimizing decision theories (such as SEU) making strong arguments concerning the limited capacity of the decision maker, for which he introduced the term “bounded rationality”...
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...Skip to main content Open Problems in Computer Virus Research Steve R. White IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY USA Presented at Virus Bulletin Conference, Munich, Germany, October 1998 Abstract Over a decade of work on the computer virus problem has resulted in a number of useful scientific and technological achievements. The study of biological epidemiology has been extended to help us understand when and why computer viruses spread. Techniques have been developed to help us estimate the safety and effectiveness of anti-virus technology before it is deployed. Technology for dealing with known viruses has been very successful, and is being extended to deal with previously unknown viruses automatically. Yet there are still important research problems, the solution to any of which significantly improve our ability to deal with the virus problems of the near future. The goal of this paper is to encourage clever people to work on these problems. To this end, we examine several open research problems in the area of protection from computer viruses. For each problem, we review the work that has been done to date, and suggest possible approaches. There is clearly enough work, even in the near term, to keep researchers busy for quite a while. There is every reason to believe that, as software technology evolves over the next century or so, there will plenty of important and interesting new problems that must be solved in this field. Introduction ...
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...Contents Introduction - 5 - Leadership - 6 - Transformation - 8 - Innovation - 9 - 3-Bias Theory - 10 - Conclusion - 13 - References - 14 - Introduction ❖ Book (Non-Fiction) – Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game ❖ Author - Michael Lewis ❖ Publication Year - 2003 ❖ Key Learnings – Leadership, Innovation, Change Management, Organizational Culture, Risk-taking, Transformation, Strategising ❖ Synopsis – The book is about a US baseball team, Oakland Athletics and its performance in the year 2002. It is a real-life account of how despite financial constraints, the protagonist, Billy Beane assembles a strong baseball team using innovative techniques and strategies. It is the story of how Billy Beane changed the organizational culture of his organization, and influenced that of his competitors’. He re-invented a system that was working for years. Beane and his assistant concluded that by hiring under-valued players, it was possible to win with less than 40% of the budget of their competitors. They applied analytical, evidence-based, sabermetric approach and thus selected a competitive team. As a result, in the 2001-02 season, the team struck an all-time record with a 20 game-winning streak. Exposing himself and his team to ridicule, how he ignored his detractors and went ahead with his unorthodox strategies to ultimately achieve the winning combination...
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