...Requirements 3. Mass is the same, so if the whale is taking up less volume, the density must have increased. The whale has displaced a greater mass of water at the depth, so the buoyant force is greater. 20. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid that it's in will float. 22. It will increase 35. It would be harder on the top of a mountain because the pressure of the atmosphere is lower the higher you go. The atmospheric pressure pushes on the surface of the liquid when you suck which helps the liquid move up the straw. At sea level, the pressure is fourteen and a half pounds per square inch and reduces as you move higher. 43. When a steadily flowing gas flows from a larger diameter pipe to a smaller diameter pipe the speed of gas is decreases and pressure...
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...SISTEMA Definición: Porción del universo, objeto de nuestro estudio. Puede estar formado por uno o varios cuerpos los cuales pueden interactuar entre sí. Clasificaciones 1) Abierto: sin límites físicos. Intercambia materia y energía con el medio Cerrado: con límites físicos. Intercambia energía pero no materia con el medio. Aislado: con límites físicos. No intercambia ni energía ni materia con el medio. 2) Homogéneo: tiene solo una fase y todas sus partes presentan las mismas propiedades. Puede ser una sustancia pura o una mezcla. Heterogéneo: tiene 2 o más fases y cada una tienen distintas propiedades. METODOS DE SEPARACION: Sistemas Heterogéneos: 1) Decantación: para separar dos líquidos no miscibles se utiliza una ampolla de decantación. 2) Filtración: el papel de filtro permite pasar los líquidos que no tienen forma propia y se adaptan a la forma de los poros pero retiene los sólidos que si tienen forma propia y no logran pasar. ESCALAS DE TEMPERATURA 3) Centrifugación: Para separar un liquido de un sólido. La mezcla se coloca en una centrifuga, aparato que gira a gran velocidad. La fase solida sedimentara y el liquido podrá volcarse o aspirarse con una pipeta. 4) Tamización: para separar dos o más sólidos formados por partículas de tamaños bien...
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...begin to form on the outside of the jar will vary depending on the environmental conditions where the experiment is taking place. Observation At what point did you start to see water droplets? Can you explain what's happening? How could the water droplets be forming on the OUTSIDE of the jar when the ice is on the INSIDE of the jar, and the cap is screwed on tight? Where have you seen other natural occurrences of condensation? (here's a hint... think of what's on the ground on a cold morning). Result The salted ice quickly makes the sides of the glass jar very cold. As the water that exists in the air as a gas hits the cold sides of the jar, it changes into a liquid! This process is known as condensation, which is the opposite of evaporation. There is water in the air at all times, but we don't see it since it's in a gaseous state. Our experiment turns the gas into a liquid, allowing us to physically see the...
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...Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound.Impurities are either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial product. During production, impurities may be purposely, accidentally, inevitably, or incidentally added into the substance An interfering agent is a thing added to a sugar syrup to prevent crystallization. Coat is naturally the skin of humans and animals, or can refer to any one of the following:Coat, a layer of a certain substance, usually paint.*****Coat (animal), the natural fur coat of an animal.*****Coat (clothing), an article of clothing for humans.***Coat (dog), the natural fur coat of a dog.****Coat of arms, a heraldic design used to identify a nation, city, family, or individual.***Dogcoat, an article of clothing for dogs. Meringue, is a type of dessert, often associated with Swiss and French cuisine, made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acid such as cream of tartar or a small amount of vinegar. A binding agent such as cornstarch or gelatin may also be added. ****Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, with formula KC4H5O6, is a byproduct of winemaking. In cooking it is known as cream of tartar. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid, a carboxylic acid.***Sucrose is the organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. A white, odorless, crystalline...
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...dissolved oxygen would be higher in the stream because of its moving water. The temperature in the wetland will be higher because the sun is directly on it. Testing six tubes from both the wetland and the stream, findings show the temperature did indeed prove to be higher in the wetland. However, the dissolved oxygen level was higher in the wetland as opposed to the stream. INTRODUCTION: pH is the level of concentration from Hydrogen ions within a substance. It is usually measured to determine how much aquatic life can be supported within an environment (Metro 1990). Along with having the correct amount to Hydrogen ions, both the stream and the wetland have a level on dissolved oxygen level. This level is measured to the amount of oxygen gas bubbles within the water that the aquatic life uses to sustain itself. This oxygen is also used to decompose of organic matter (Metro 1990). The purpose of this experiment is to test to determine to what levels of both pH and dissolved oxygen are processed by the stream and wetlands. . It was predicted that the dissolved oxygen would be higher in the stream because of its moving water. The temperature in the wetland will be higher because the sun is directly on it. METHODS/MATERIALS: Thirty-six test tubes were labeled with masking tape in order to differ between the wetland being tested and the stream being tested. Eighteen test tubes are labeled “Stream” and the other eighteen are labeled “Wetlands”. Separate the test tubes to test tubes...
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...of equipment and materials: * 500mL beaker * Bunts & Burner * Thermometer Description of how to control and measure the variables: * Room Temperature: The set room temperature in a room is most likely able to be controlled with the system. Room temperature is usually around 20°C. * Surface Area: The 500mL beaker is significant because if the surface area of the beaker is larger or smaller, than the results of the experiment will be incorrect due to the different volume of water. * Temperature (100°C): It is important to acknowledge that the temperature at which water boils is 100°C. This is controlled by how much gas and fire is released from the Bunts & Burner. * Time (seconds): The time is highly important. Time is controlled by how much gas is released from the Bunts & Burner. The lower the gas, the longer it will take for the water to boil due to low heat. SCOPE AND LIMIT The range of your measurements (from x to y) and the size of the increments within this range; I will vary the temperature between 20°C and 100°C (boiling point) in steps of 10°. Repeated measurements, average, etc. I will measure the time for the beaker with different amounts of water each trial time it drops 100mL and then I will find the average time for each trial. Next I will divide the average by 10 to find the average period. DATA AND PROCESSING What data are you going to collect? Sketch a relevant table...
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...initiation of URCP are very small, the effect of predicting failures are very hard which leads to the URCP phenomenon resulting in more catastrophic failures. The characteristic of the crack follows a sinusoidal crack path with hackle marks that indicate the direction of the crack in the longitudinal crack path. Often times a crack may split in to more than one branch. Figure #2: URCP Crack Historical Issues As mentioned previously since the use of PE tubes & pipes has been a large part of the industry, the URCP phenomenon is becoming a more and more common problem in the industry. Over the course of a couple of decade the following issues have been documented. * In October 1985, an incident related to URCP occurred in a PE gas system which was reported in Szeged (Hungary) over a length of 700 m. Other long running cracks were also observed on the tubes & pipesline system. The crack was initialed at the time of installation. * In 1989, an incident occurred in Antwerp (Belgium), a rapid crack occurred in a PE water tubes & pipesline system. The crack...
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...reactions over a long period of time. You should never allow the top of the condenser to be stoppered because if you attempt to heat sealed glass apparatus it may explode. Also, you should heat gently because there is a huge risk, when not heated gently, of the equipment exploding and breaking. Also, heating under gentle reflux means the solution can vaporise correctly. Distillation Distillation is when you purify a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. Water enters at the end of the tube. The thermometer is placed inside the distilling flask. Anti-bumping granules are used to provide many places where bubbles of gas may form as the water boils. The bubbles are small and rise steadily to the surface of the liquid where they burst. Without the granules, fewer but larger bubbles form. They rise and burst with such force that they shake the test tubes which can be a hazard. Recrystallisation We recrystallise in order to purify chemicals. In order to recrystallise, we first have to add a small quantity of appropriate solvent to an impure solid. Then we have to apply heat to dissolve the solid. After this, we have to cool the solution to crystallize the product. Finally we use a vacuum filtration to isolate and dry the purified solid. Melting point We use this to determine whether...
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...pulled to select the length in which a person needs to cover the bandage. Research of the effects of Traditional tape vs. Silicone tape Unlike traditional tape that increases adhesion over time, silicone tape delivers constant adhesive strength for as long as it’s left in place. MATERIALS SILICONE ADHESIVE POLYMERIC BACKING THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER ACRYLIC POLYMER BINDER BACKING PIGMENT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES General Physical Form: Solid Odor, Color, Grade: Opaque, white tape. Odor threshold Not Applicable pH Not Applicable Melting point Not Applicable Boiling Point Not Applicable Flash Point Not Applicable Evaporation rate Not Applicable Flammability (solid, gas) Not...
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...or removed from a substance and how to calculate the enthalpy change. Answer In a gas, the potential energy (energy of attraction) is small to the kinetic energy thus, on average, the particles are far apart. This large distance has several macroscopic consequences : a gas fills its container, is highly compressible, and flows easily through another gas. In a liquid , attractions are stronger because the particles are touching, but they have enough kinetic energy to move randomly around each other.Thus, a liquid conforms to the shape of its container but has a surface ; It resists an applied force and thus compresses very slightly ; and it flows, but much more slowly than gases. In a solid, the attractions dominate the motion so much that the particles are fixed in position relative to one another, just jiggling in place. Thus, a solid has its own shape, compresses even less than liquids, and does not flow significantly. Each phase change has a name and an associated entalphy change : Gas to liquid, and vice versa. As the temperature drops, the molecules in the gas come together and form a liquid in the process, changing from a liquid to gas, is vaporization. Liquid to solid, and vice versa. As the temperature drops further, the particles move slower and become fixed in position in the process of freezing ; In common speech, freezing implies low temperature because we thin of water. Gas to solid, and vice versa. All three states of water are familiar because they are stable...
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...Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a solution of the solute in the solvent Solubility is defined as the ability of one substance to dissolve within another substance. What Affects Solubility? One of the factors that has a profound impact on solubility is temperature. Temperature, a measure of the available thermal energy, can increase the solubility of solids in liquids. This phenomenon can be observed in the creation of supersaturated solutions, or mixtures that contain far more of the solid dissolved in a liquid than would be possible under room temperature conditions. One application of supersaturated solutions can be seen in the production of rock candy where high-temperature sugar solutions readily form sugar crystals on the surface of objects placed in the solution. For gases that are dissolved in liquids, however, the trend is just the opposite. Cooler temperatures increase the solubility of gases in liquids, and higher temperatures decrease the solubility of gases. An example of the effect of temperature on dissolved gases can be found in the loss of dissolved oxygen in lakes or streams during extremely hot weather, a condition that results in the death of fish. In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as a separate phase (as a...
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...ECTOTHERMS METABOLIC RESPONSE TO A CHANGING TEMPERATURE Abstract The effects of changing temperature on a chameleon’s metabolic rate by allowing the organism to interact with changing temperatures form 5oC to 40oC. In the laboratory, the animal was placed in a closed chamber, were the flow of gases was recorded, and the change in Oxygen intake was recorded using a gas sensor. Indirect calorimetry was employed. The data outcome shows a linear relationship between the animal’s body temperature and the ambient temperature, while also showing a small exponential relationship with steady increments of both the O2 consumption and body temperature, as the ambient temperature increased. Thus leading to a supported hypothesis. Introduction An ectotherm's metabolic rate is largely dependent on the temperature of its environment because, they are organisms that allow their internal temperature to mimic that of the environment they are inhabiting (Wyse, Hill & Anderson, 2009). Ectotherms control their body temperatures primarily through behavior. Contreras & Bradley (2011), found that as the temperature increased the metabolic rate of insects, which are ectotherms, increased; thus showing an expected linear relationship between temperature and mass-specific metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of an ectotherm can be measured by analyzing the oxygen intake per unit time per unit mass, using a respirometry system. In this lab the metabolic rate change of an ectotherm, a chameleon...
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...Laboratory Report The Rate of Reactions Abqari Afandi Grade 10 October 6th 2014 Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the temperatures of Hydrochloric acid with the duration of Magnesium ribbon to dissolve in the acid. Procedure: 1- Prepare four 400ml beaker: one for the hot bath, one for the room temperature, one for ice water bath and one for super hot bath. Fill all beakers half-full. Put one on a hot plate; the temperature of the water on the hot plate should not exceed 60C. Put another one on a hot plate; the temperature of water should not exceed 80C. Control the temperature of both hot plates to keep the temperature of water stays at 60C and 80C. 2- Using a graduated cylinder, add 20ml of 1M hydrochloric acid to each of the two test tubes, (all tubes should be the same size) 3- Place one test tube in the room temperature water, one test tube in the hot water bath, one in the ice water bath, and one in the super hot bath; allow the tubes to sit for approximately 5 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium. 4- Obtain a strip of magnesium ribbon (~16cm). Using scissors cut the ribbon into 4.0 strips. Be as precise as possible. 5- Wrap a piece of copper wire around a pencil to make a small ‘cage’ into which the magnesium ribbon will be inserted. The other end of the wire should be long enough so that the wire can hang over the side of the test tube with the cage submerged beneath the liquid level in the test tube. 6- Measure and...
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...Experiment #6 Determination of the solubility product of PbI2 Introduction: The purpose of this lab is to get familiar with the concept of solubility by determining the concentration of PbI2 and Pb2+ in the slightly acidic solution and to calculate the solubility constant using the equation Ksp=[Pb2+][I-]2 . Safety: Safety glasses must be worn at all times. Gloves are recommended in order to avoid the direct contact between skin and the chemicals. Avoid the spill of chemicals during shaking the solution in the test tube. Must dispose liquids with lead in inorganic waste and filter paper in solid waste. The other liquids can be disposed in the drain with a lot of water. Procedure: Use the graduate cylinder next to the stock solution, obtain approximately 35ml of 0.012M Pb(NO3)2 in 0.20M KNO3 into a 250ml beaker. Use the graduate cylinder next to the stock solution, obtain approximately 30ml of 0.03M KI in 0.20M KNO3 into a 150ml beaker, and use the graduate cylinder next to the stock solution obtain 10ml 0.20M KNO3 into a 50ml beaker. Label four test tubes as 1,2,3 and 4. Pipet 5ml of 0.012M Pb(NO3)2 into each test tube, and pipet 2ml of 0.03m KI in KNO3 and 3ml of 0.2M KNO3 into test tube 1, pipet 3ml of the same solution and 2ml of 0.2M KNO3 into test tube 2, pipet 4ml of the same solution and 1ml of 0.2M KNO3 into test tube 3, and pipet 5ml of the same solution into test tube 4. Stopper each test tube using parafilm and shaker the test tube thoroughly for few minutes...
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...where pIGN represents the unburned gas pressure measured at spark ignition time, TIGN its temperature, evaluated by the use of equation (5), while m is the polytropic coefficient: this has been determined as the opposite slope of least square regression line representing Log p as function of Log V from 80 to 40 crank angle degrees before TDC. This procedure, applied to each single pressure trace, allowed taking into account the different heat transfer levels related to the several different compression ratios and intake temperatures employed in the tests (see Table 3 and Table 4). Once known the experimental location of knock onset, KO,exp, for each of the pressure cycle sampled, the KOCA KO,model estimated by the model has been determined by solving the knock integral of equation (3) and using the ignition delay time model of equations (4) in the crank angle domain:...
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