...Having reviewed the food journal analyses and evaluated personal activity balance I have reached several critical conclusions. First important thing that I have learned about myself is the fact that I tend to consume products insufficient to number of servings. Thus, regardless of my genuine attempts to eat products of all major food pyramid categories, such as grains (food made of wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, cereal grains), vegetables (dark green, orange, starchy, dry beans and peas, other), fruits (berries, melons, bananas, apples, etc.), dairy products (milk, cheese products, yogurts, milk-based deserts) and meat and beans (meats, poultry, eggs, fish, nuts and seeds ), my daily intake usually remains inadequate. After giving it more thought I have realized that the reason for this is my tendency to divide the categories of pyramid among several intakes. For example, after having eaten something from the vegetable or fruits group I do not consider adding another serving of those to my remaining meals. Some of the product groups, such as, for example, meat, I have been purposefully limiting, aware of it being very rich in fat and hard to digest. This situation is even more complicated by the fact that my choice of products is frequently monotonous, thus, leading to the inadequate daily supply of the listed food groups. Moreover, while undersupplying myself with most categories, I simultaneously tend to have a rather high intake of protein because of my weak understanding of...
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...Sickle cell disease can be diagnosed in newborns and older individual. Diagnoses tests of sickle-cell disease are based on evaluate of hemoglobin and these are some of them: Complete blood count (CBC) is a common blood test which is a snapshot of the number of cells in the bloodstream. It is used to measure several components and features of your blood. Including the concentration of red blood cells and how much hemoglobin is in them and it also provides information on the physical characteristics of the RBCs such as the size and shape of the RBCs present. Blood film or peripheral blood smear and also called manual differential is a thin, stained layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide. An examination of the patient’s blood film can evaluate...
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...to eat ice and her tongue was sore. She sought an appointment with her physician and throughout her exam they find that she has tachycardia (an abnormally rapid heart rate), pale gums and nail beds, and her tongue is swollen. Her physician diagnosed her with anemia due to iron deficiency and an oral iron supplement was prescribed. Below are some questions with the explanation of why this might have happened. 1. Describe the structure of a molecule of hemoglobin and explain the role played by iron in the transport of oxygen. Found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules throughout the body and are responsible for making the red blood cells red. Made up of red heme pigment bound the protein globin it makes up the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains and a non-protein heme group, which is an assembly of cyclic ring structures surrounding an iron ion that is surrounded by a nitrogen atom. A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen. Leading to a change in oxidation state for iron from +2 to +3 the iron atom of each heme group can bind to diatomic oxygen. It delivers oxygen easily when it exhibits a relaxed state that will release the oxygen and it will reduce the iron atoms from +3 to +2. It becomes easier for oxygen to increase when more oxygen bind to the heme...
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... 1. Explain differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of two hemoglobin. With Oxygenated blood the heme has a plantar shape as for Deoxygenated the heme is domed, cooperativity causes the shape. Another difference is color. Heme is bright red when bound to oxygen, as for deoxygentaed blood the heme is purple to bluish in color. 2. Explain how pH impacts the binding and release of oxygen by hemoglobin CO2 in the blood creates a decrease in pH, this causes the hemoglobin to release their oxygen molecules. A decrease in CO2 causes the pH to increase, which causes the hemoglobin to pick more oxygen molecules. A. 3. Hudon-Miller, S. (2012) HudonMiller, S. (2012) 1. 2. 3. Explain how diseased cells differ from normal red blood cells in their capacity to transport oxygen. They differ by its shape. Normal red blood cells are concave disk shape. The diseased cell has a sickled shape. The sickled shape causes the cells to get stuck in the blood vessels, thus preventing them from bringing oxygen to other parts of the body. 4. a. Identify the type of inheritance seen in sickle cell anemia. The trait is inherited when hemoglobin S is obtained from one parent with the trait and a normal hemoglobin parent. Sickle cell disease is inherited when both parents have the trait or the disease . b. SOURCES HudonMiller, S. (2012) Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Retrieved from https://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer/Default...
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...descendants spread around the world. For instance, in United States one in 400 African-American infants is born with sickle cell disease annually (Ibid). Description of Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease comprises of red blood cell disorders whose main feature is abnormal hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein in the red blood cells (Peterson, 2008). The abnormality of the hemoglobin is caused by a mutation in a gene of the hemoglobin protein. This abnormality hinders the proper formation globin genes of the hemoglobin molecules resulting in abnormal hemoglobin that may take the forms of “S” hemoglobin or “SC” hemoglobin or “beta-thalassemia” hemoglobin as noted by (Rees, Williams & Gladwin, 2010). Types of Sickle Cell Disease The disorders; sickle cell anemia disease (caused by “S” hemoglobin), “SC” disease (caused by “SC” hemoglobin and “S-beta thalassemia” (caused by “beta-thalassemia” hemoglobin) are collectively referred to as sickle cell disease (Rees et al, 2010). The most common form of Sickle cell disease is the Sickle cell anemia. Sickle beta-thalassemia is less common but can be either mild or severe while hemoglobin S-C disease is milder than Sickle cell anemia. Inheritance of Sickle...
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...2015 Case Study # 1; Anemia Anemia is a one of the most common blood condition that affects over 3 million people in the United Sates of America. Nursing case studies benefits the nursing professional in the process of diagnosis, treatment, planning and nursing interventions of patient that they care. It helps the nurses for critical thinking and also to resolve the health problems of patient’s. In the case study provided Ms. A. presents with symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is a medical condition where quality and quantity of hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC) are decreased, which in turn decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to the body parts, tissues and organs. The normal level of hemoglobin in male and female are different. In men hemoglobin level less than 13.5gram/100ml and in women hemoglobin level less than 12.0gram/100ml is considered as anemia. The most common causes for anemia are RBC destruction, bone marrow dysfunction, acute, chronic blood loss, and nutritional deficit (Bryan &et al, 2012). Here the author explains and assesses Ms. A. and her presented signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia which is a common type of anemia affects young women of reproductive age. Signs and Symptom of Iron Deficiency Anemia Malnutrition is the main cause of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia causes almost 841,000 deaths every year. Ms. A. has the signs, symptoms and lab values of...
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...Sickle cell Diseases are a group of hereditary blood disorders, which affects hemoglobin a molecule in charge of delivering oxygen through the body. Most of the disease cause by Sickle cell disease are due to a genetic change in hemoglobin. Worldwide proximally one in every 2500,000 babies are born with sickle cell disease. In the USA 20K to 200K are affected with sickle cell disease, the most affected population are Latin American and African Americans. The sickle cell gene is passed from generation to generation, this means that both the father and the mother must pass on the imperfect form of the gene for a kid to be affected. An ideally working hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the different tissues throughout the body. Sickle hemoglobin can also carry oxygen. However, once the oxygen is liberated, sickle hemoglobin transform into rigid rods that alter the shape of the red blood cell. Sickle cells have a small life span in comparison to normal red blood cells. Normal red blood cells survive for around 120 days in the bloodstream, sickle cells survive for only 10-12 days. As a result, the bloodstream is very short of red blood cells and hemoglobin, and as the result an affected individual develops Sickle cell anemia. The sickle cells can create other...
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...Heme Groups Oxygenated Hemoglobin * Formed via transportation of O2 to cells in tissue * O2 adheres to heme protein in Hgb * T (taut state) R (relaxed state) makes binding easier or releases De-oxygenated Hemoglobin * is not bound to oxygen molecule * Higher absorption * Blue-ish in color Bohr’s Effect CO2 produced through citric acid cycle, Hg carries oxygen from lungs to body's tissues. Hg releases oxygen for CO2 and affects pH levels. Normal pH range is 7.2 - 7.4 ↓ pH causes ↑ in the amount of oxygen being released in hemoglobin. An elevated pH will cause the oxygen to bind the hemoglobin proteins in RBCs. ("Hemoglobin," n.d.) RBCs are round cells that have concaved centers. They are flexible making it easy to move through blood vessels. Sickle cell RBC's are developed from mutations in DNA - mRNA transcriptions. They are crescent shape and become fibrous. This causes them to stick to one another. Once they begin to stick, the deoxygenated cells are unable to travel to the lungs to receive oxygen. As the CO2 builds up this causes lack of oxygen to the tissues causing pain. Sickle Cell cells also cause anemia due to the fact cells die faster than normal RBCs. Sickle cell disease is an inherited autosomal recessive pattern disorder. For a child to inherit the disease both parents must have the trait and pass down a defective copy of the gene. Those who inherit one normal hemoglobin copy gene and one mutated copy...
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...This paper will describe what sickle cell anemia is, how it effects the human body; as well as the oral cavity. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin, which causes the red blood cells to have low oxygen levels (National Heart, Lungs and Blood Institute, 2015). Sickle cell anemia is inherited only if both parents have the disorder because it is caused by the genetic abnormality of hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). When there is abnormal hemoglobin it can produce sickle hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). This causes the red blood cells to stick together and create long rod shaped red blood cells when oxygen leaves the cell (webMD, 2015). When this happens it causes the symptoms of sickle cell anemia (webMD, 2015). In people...
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...many states and countries. Sickle-cell Anemia is when red blood cells are not shaped as normal blood cells. They are shape in a crescent moon like shape which creates different blockages from the normal cells to pass through. The reason why is because the actual sickle cells become sticky to the point where they stick on the blood vessels wall. Many people know that red blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. With the blood vessels flow being blocked and the blood cells shape being crescent there is not enough oxygen being pushed through the body. The red blood cell also carries, “iron rich proteins” (nhlbi.nih.gov) which is called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is, “proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen” (nlm.nih.gov). The newly develop sickle cells consist of abnormal hemoglobin which is the cause of the sickle cell being crescent shaped because there is not enough oxygen in the cells. By the blood flow being disrupted it causes vital organs to...
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...------------------------------------------------- γ-globin analysis by expression profiling through RT-qPCR, quantification through ELISA, and oxidative stress management analysis by FACS from KU812F cells under treatment by δ aminolevulinic acid, succinylacetone, and N-methyl mesoporphyrin Shaan Sarode, Jose Cordero, and Dr. Li Liu ABSTRACT Hemoglobinopathies refer to a group of blood related disorders that encompass important disease such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Because many of these disease are hereditary more aggressive genetic therapies are showing promise as possible avenues of treatment. One such method is to re-express fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in hopes that it will take over the role as main functional hemoglobin. In this paper we aim to build upon previously utilized proteomic approaches to study γ-globin by using techniques to test for direct gene expression of whole hemoglobin rather than fragmented subunits of the multimer. We hope to achieve this through studying intracellular RNA levels and...
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...Environmental Toxin Essay Carbon is the spine on which all life is supported and is easily one of the most abundant and versatile elements in existence. Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the human body, second only to oxygen; without it, neither humans, nor any other living thing could exist. Every living thing is dependent on carbon, so why is it that the difference of one little molecule of oxygen can be so deadly? If carbon dioxide is being expelled from our bodies twenty four hours a day, why is it that carbon monoxide can literally take us out of the rat race? Is that one little oxygen molecule really that important? You can bet your grandmother's nickers it is. Carbon dioxide is the natural bi product of human respiration and although prolonged exposure or inhalation can be harmful, it is rarely fatal; while carbon monoxide results from an incomplete combustion of carbon based matter due to an inadequate supply of oxygen (Prockop, Chichkova). Carbon monoxide is known as the silent assassin; it is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and for a while after exposure it will not be irritating. The gas is readily inhaled, just as any other gas and unless you are in the presence of some method of detecting it, you would never know it was there. As little as 50 parts per million of carbon monoxide is toxic to humans, but significant exposure can be fatal and the symptoms associated with carbon monoxide poisoning arise after a decent amount of exposure and time...
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...Blood Questions Answer the first 45 items with: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Stay the same 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. An increase in plasma levels of erythropoietin will cause blood viscosity to: The activation of plasminogen will cause the size of a blood clot to: Pooling of blood causes the likelihood of clot formation to: Dehydration would cause the hematocrit to: A decline in plasma albumin levels would cause plasma osmotic pressure to: An increase in plasma levels of EPO would cause RBC count to: Aspirin causes the likelihood of platelet activation to: A reduced ability to produce thrombin would cause the time required for blood clot formation to: A decrease in white blood cell count would cause the likelihood of an infection to: 10. A large decrease in RBC count would cause blood viscosity to: 11. During the body’s response to an acute bacterial infection, you would expect the neutrophil count to: 12. During the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis, the diameter of the affected blood vessel will: 13. If the liver was unable to produce normal quantities of plasma proteins, plasma osmotic pressure would: 14. A blocked bile duct would cause plasma levels of bilirubin to: 15. In response to a significant increase in altitude, the body’s production of erythropoietin will: 16. In response to a decrease in blood oxygen content, plasma levels of erythropoietin would: 17. As plasma osmotic pressure decreases, interstitial fluid formation will: 18. As the percentage of blood occupied...
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...challenges they face personally and socially? Are there programs to help people with sickle cell disease deal with pain management? This is just a peek at sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells. If you have sickle cell disease you have an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickle cell disease contains mostly hemoglobin*s. Blood cells become sickle and crescent shape, which causes them to have trouble passing through small round blood vessels. “When sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can each that part of the body. Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the complications of sickle cell disease.” (Florida Transition Project) There are several types of sickle cell disease – (SS) Sickle Cell Anemia, (SC) Sickle Hemoglobin C Disease, Sickle Beta-Plus, and Sickle Betz-Zero Thalassemia. Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition and this condition is not sickle cell disease. People that have the trait are normally healthy and they are only carriers. This trait means they have A and S hemoglobin in their red blood cells. Different type’s hemoglobin is inherited like blood type, eye color, physical traits and hair color and texture, from your parents. You receive one gene from your mother and one from your father. An example would be a normal trait and a sickle cell anemia trait, these means all of your children will have sickle...
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...the summer, -States that she takes aspirin to prevent “stiffness in my joints.” Objective Data: -Fever of 98 F, an increased HR and RR, and low blood pressure, which are signs of low oxygen saturation in the circulating cells. Laboratory blood results show the following abnormal values: hemoglobin = 8 g/dl when standard values in females are 12-17g/dl, erythrocyte = 3.1 x 10/mm normal value is 3,5-5.5x10/mm, hematocrit = 32% normal when is between 36%-46%, reticulocyte count = 1.5% normal values are between 0.5-1.5%, and RBC smear abnormal. Given laboratory results for hemoglobin, reticulocyte hematocrit and erythrocyte count are bellow the normal value in a healthy individual and are the general presentation of anemic state. A client with anemia has tissue hypoxia because of the decreased oxygen-carrying volume of the blood. In contrast, a patient with polycythemia has increased blood viscosity and volume attributable to the increase in the number of RBCs (Banasik 269) Ms. A case explanation shows that she has iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), it’s a frequent seen condition, in which there is a decline in iron concentration in blood and hemoglobin Levels. IDA is triggered by insufficient consumption of iron, insufficient storing of iron, extreme iron loss, or some mixture of these situations. The red blood cells (RBCs), that develop whitish (hypochromic) and tiny...
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