...From 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E., the Indian Ocean was central to trade between major civilizations. Political power shifted from local states to European colonists, but was always centered on control over the port cities. Generally, the same goods were exported and imported throughout the period. Increased interactions led to the spread and grow of new religions, like Islam. Commerce in the Indian Ocean both changed and stayed the same politically, economically, and culturally as new influences and global powers affected the trade patterns. During the 7th century, trade was flourishing across the Indian Ocean with powerful port cities dominating the trade. The Swahili city-states on the East African coast gained political power by taxing trade at ports, mainly exporting gold and other products from the interior of Africa. These African kingdoms were the center of civilization in...
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...Erosion surfaces; Slope development ;Appl ied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, economic geology and environment ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate. iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine pollution. iv) Biogeography : : Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres. v) Environmental Geography : Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of...
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...ascent of European colonization, the true onset of imperialist aggression and diplomatic pressures, Africa stood as a unique, untapped continent home to many peoples and cultures since ancient times. In fact early African history, prior to the late nineteenth century, is characterized by the rapid growth of a diverse mix of indigenous people through involvement in trade in the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. Considering various influences, from the spread of Islam to the increased sale of ivory and slaves, one can begin to identify recurring instances of innovation and diversity in practically every aspect of pre-colonial Africa. As the desire for African products grew around the world, innovation in the streams of African exports and finance rose to prominence to most adequately meet the consistent demand in ports like Zanzibar. Further, with the large influx of foreign...
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...Robert B. Marks, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative Value of Book Wonderful synthesis of recent scholarship on Rise of the West literature with an economic and ecological focus. Uses Global Historical Context to address most issues addressed in the Modern World History course. Use as: Teacher background Use isolated quotes/ chapters for all levels Review book at end of AP curriculum for review Questions raised: 1. How did industry and European-style countries called nation-states—rather than highly developed agrarian empires like China and India—come to define our world? 2. How has the gap between rich and poor increased? 3. How and why have European ways of organizing the world come to dominate the globe? 4. Was the Rise of the West a temporary blip? Scope: Global look (but especially Europe, China and India) 1400 -1900 Chapter by chapter breakdown: Intro “In the space of just 200 years, the world has seen a great reversal of fortune: where once Asians held most of the economic cards, today it is primarily Western countries and Japan.” (p. 2) Concepts addressed/ introduced in chapter: Globalization Enlightenment Communism Nation-states French Revolution Weber-Protestant work ethic Disease Industrial Revolution “modernization” Exploration/ Encounter “Progress History” Colonialism Renaissance Capitalism Slavery Modes of Historical Inquiry Comparative units of analysis Definition of Eurocentrism ...
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...When discussing the early history of Ming China, there’s one historical figure that must be mentioned, and that man was Zheng He. He was a great Chinese commander for Emperor Yongle. Zheng He was sent on a series of seven voyages, sailing all over the Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean world. He and his enormous fleet navigated to many different countries, and for this reason historians believe that the purpose of his voyages were exploration and that he was an explorer. Historians also debate whether or not Zheng He’s expeditions were imperialistic. However, Dreyer argues that Zheng He was not an explorer and the purpose of his voyages were not imperialistic. The main purpose of Zheng He’s voyages was to project the wealth and the power of...
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...Running Head: ECONOMIC PATTER OF BOOM & BUST OF SLAVE TRADE IN THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE Topic: Economic Pattern of Boom & Bust in Slave Trade of Portuguese Empire The slave trade of the Portuguese Empire involved “bringing European ships for the first time into regular contact with sub-Saharan Africa”. Otherwise, the Arab slave trade according to Peterson, involved “Arabs exporting slaves from East Africa to many countries around the Indian Ocean” (Peterson, Brian 2008). There are certain commonalities in these trades, but they still differ significantly. That is, though both were superlative industries that flourished in their empires and are somewhat interrelated, they varied in terms of their economic pattern of performance; the Portuguese during the 15th-18th century and the Arabs during the 17th and 18th century. They also differed in trading goods involved, and mechanisms of demise. According to Bamba Gascogine, the Portuguese invaded the Cape Verde Islands in 1460. They specialized in plantation work, growing, in particular, indigo and cotton. The Portuguese slaves also worked in factories that produced cloth. Gascogine states that “The cloth is exchanged in Guinea for slaves. And the slaves are sold for cash to the slaving ships which pay regular visits to the Cape Verde Islands” (Gascogine, 2008). On the other hand, the embryonic era of Arab slavery occurred well...
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...La-Nina phenomena? El Nino is a band of anomalously warm ocean water temperatures that periodically develop off the pacific coast of South America. Extreme climate change pattern oscillations fluctuated weather across the Pacific Ocean which results in fluctuating droughts, floods, and crop yields in varying regions of the world. There is a phase of 'El Nino–Southern Oscillation' (ENSO), which refers to variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean and in air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific. The two variations are coupled: the warm oceanic phase, El Nino, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific, while the cold phase, La-Nina accompanies low air surface pressure in the western Pacific. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected. El-Nino is Spanish for "the boy", and the capitalized term El Nino refers to the Christ child, Jesus, because periodic warming in the Pacific near South America is usually noticed around Christmas. The first signs of an El Nino are: 1. Rise in surface pressure over the Indian Ocean, Indonesia and Australia. 2. Fall in air pressure over Tahiti and the rest of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. 3. Trade winds in the south Pacific weaken or head east. 4. Warm air rises...
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...SCIN 136 Midterm Exam All Possible Questions http://www.homework-bank.com/downloads/scin-136-midterm-exam-all-possible-questions/ Question 1 Early voyagers used a variety of observations to help guide them including: A. their sense of smell B. cloud formations C. the appearance of more birds D. the direction of waves E. all of the above Question 2 The scientific theory about the formation of the oceans is that they first formed from (the original source of the water): A. Magma displacements. B. comet impacts C. degassing of the early Earth D. all of the above E. both b and c Question 3 Besides the Navy the primary organizations who carry out “classified” A. The U.N. B. Green Peace C. Sierra Club D. Oil companies. E. Boeing F. the banking industry Question 4 One use today of the Navy’s SOSUS System is to monitor________ to prevent loss of life. A. dumping of waste in the oceans B. tsunamis C. fish populations D. oil drilling E. tidal cycles F. surfing championships Question 5 The two types of technology that are mostly used to monitor deep-water oil drilling and to locate and recover deep shipwrecks are: A. AUV’s and compasses B. ROV’s and Side-scan sonar C. GPS and radar D. Chronometers and sextants E. B.P. stock price forecasts and FEMA bureaucrats. Question 6 The reason that ancient sailors had trouble calculating their LONGITUDE is that they did not have reliable A. sextants ...
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...perceived differently by many people the world over. With so many different environmental areas under investigation, it is difficult to assess with 100% accuracy. Global warning has been one of the more commonly discussed environmental issues in recent memory. The following is a risk perception paper utilizing two articles. One article rates global warming as being a high-risk issue, while the other does not seem to be overly concerned about global warming as a major issue. The first article is a research study focused on the impact of the tourist transport industry on the environment, specifically global warming. This article points out that the tourist transport (i.e. bus, car, train, plane, etc.) is the main component of the tourism trade because it gets the tourist from his or her home to the tourist destination (Cristina, 2013). According to the authors of the article, both air and road transport burn large quantities of fossil fuel, and release high levels of pollutants into the atmosphere (Cristina, 2013). This article goes on to suggest that at ground level, parking and car movement can be harmful to landscapes and the undisturbed nature of protective areas (Cristina, 2013). Two of the major concerns of this article are air transport and road transport. The article points out that air transport is the main gas responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, at least in the tourism sector (Cristina, 2013). Road transport is responsible for 90% of the carbon oxide emissions...
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...Question 1 Assume that Ocean Carriers uses a 9% discount rate. Do you expect daily spot hire rates to increase or decrease next year? Daily hire rates were determined by supply and demand, the expected number of ships available percentage increase (supply side) more than the percentage increase of demand for bulk capsizes ( demand side) , therefore daily spot hire rates is expected decrease in next year ( year 2002). For demand side: As per Exhibit 6, forecasted demand in year 2002 is 445 tons. For the supply side: Supply in 2002: The number of ships available equaled the number of vessels in service the previous year plus any new ships delivered minus any scrapping and sinking, assuming that at or over 15 years vessels would be scrapping and sinkings. [612+ 63-25 = 650] The above analysis is in line with Linn’s comments, she has optimistic view of the long term marker demand for capsizes. However, she also considered that 63 new vessels were scheduled for delivery in 2001 and those imports of iron ore and coal would probably remain stagnant over the next two years. She therefore anticipated that spot rates would fall in 2001 and 2002. Question 2 What factors drive daily hire rates? The following factors would drive daily hire rates: * The daily hire rates were determined by supply and demand. (1) Demand for dry bulk capsizes was determined by the for the world economy. With Strong economy, demand for iron and coal increase and the...
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...Background Ocean Carriers Inc. is a shipping company specializing in the operation of capsizes bulk dry carriers. In January 2001, Mary Linn, the vice President of Finance for Ocean Carriers was evaluating the purchase of a new capsize carrier for a three years lease proposed by a motivated customer. The leasing contract offers very attractive terms, but no ship in Ocean Carrier’s current fleet met the customer’s requirements. In addition, this proposed contract is only for three years. Therefore, after three years, the new capsize carrier will have to be leased to other customers. So considering in the long run, Linn had to decide whether Ocean Carriers should immediately commission a new ship which could be completed in two years. In the same time, she would have to consider if the company should still follow the policy of scrapping a vessel after 15 years, even though such vessel has a product life of 25 years. Analysis There are two main factors would affect the daily spot hire rates which are the number of available vessels and imports of iron ore and coal. From the Exhibit 3 of this case, we know that 63 new vessels were scheduled for delivery in 2001. This number decrease to 33 in 2002 and 21 in 2003. So we can infer that the demand of new vessels is saturated temporary. Besides, with Australian production in iron ore expected to be strong and Indian iron ore exports expected to take off in the next few years, we can infer the long-term market demand for capsizes will...
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...lectures and the book. It is not meant to be a complete and definitive outline of all the material that may or will asked in exam questions. It is a “Guide” and is not intended in any way to replace reading of the text, attending class and taking comprehensive notes on the material presented in class. Captain Anderson Introduction: History and Evolution of the Earth and its Oceans Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A) first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean B) led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe C) used ecological approach to solve fisheries problem D) mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude E) first determination of Earth's circumference F) led voyage that first used the marine chronometer G) made important observations about drift of sea ice H) mapped the Mediterranean Sea for the Greeks I) established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland J) incorrectly concluded that no life exists in deep ocean 1) Balboa 2) Eratosthenes 3) Magellan 4) Ptolemy 5) Vikings Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A) the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it B) gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system) C) Milky Way galaxy D) outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous...
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...The ocean is constantly in motion. The energy that arrives into the oceanic system on the planetary scales create large scale mean flows that are constantly breaking down into smaller scales features. The most important source of energy is the differential solar heat, warmer in the equator and colder in the poles. With the water transport, also heat, nutrients, salt, organisms and chemical particles in the ocean are moved, regulating the planet whether, climate and marine ecosystems. Both large scale and smaller scale oceanic currents, gyres and eddies, transport water masses long distances. Water masses are homogeneous bodies of seawater on their properties. These bodies of water have formed through surface processes that have their origin...
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...control. It teaches us to work according to the rhythm of nature. El Nino is neither a disaster ,nor a bad fate. It is an interplay between ocean and atmosphere. According to wikipeadia El Nino is a band of warm ocean water temperatures that periodically develops off the pacific coast of South America. El Nino happens to intervals of 2 -3 years and lasts for 9 months. El NINO is divided into two categories .One is EL Nino condition. When the period of ELNino continues for 7 to 9months , it is ELNino conditions and when it exceeds more than that period it is said to be EL Nino episodes. The signs of El Nino is the rise of surface water in Indian Ocean, Indonesia and Australia. To know vividly about El Nino it is necessary to know about certain words, like Southern Oscillation, Walker circulation. The Southern Oscilliation is the atmospheric component of El Nino. This component is an oscilliation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and western pacific ocean waters. Walker cell is a conceptual model of the air flow in the troposphere. Parcels of air flow in a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical direction. During the El Nino condition the Walker circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds that move water and air warmed by the sun towards the west. Indian Monsoon plays a great role in Indian agriculture ,culture and along with social economic issues of India.Indian monsoon brings rain in India.It is also unpredictable like El Nino.Indian...
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...estates • agricultural productively declined, tax revenues declined • Arab and Middle Eastern traders lose ground: European merchants began to exercise control of their turf and challenge the Arabs in other parts of the Mediterranean. Still, Arab and Persian commerce remained active in Indian Ocean. • The emerging Ottoman Turks expanded into southeastern Europe, and the power (both politically and militarily) was frightening to other people in other areas, such as western Europe. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership • Turkish rulers unable to reestablish Islamic position in international trade. Turks scornful of Arabs (though both were Muslim), did not promote trade, especially maritime trade, as vigorously as in past. • Turkic expansion was important well into 17th century, but real focus was on conquest and administration • Mongols developed first alternative international framework with influence in central Asia, China, Russia, Middle East, south Asia. Trade encouraged many opportunities for exchange of technology and ideas – western Europe was primary beneficiary. • end of Mongol empires turned attention to sea-born trade, as overland Asian trade routes disrupted Chinese...
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