...Global Justice, Human Rights, and the Natural Environment (i.e. various published articles and unpublished essays that are components of this work that will either be put on ERES or emailed to you; there’s nothing to buy) David Schweickart, After Capitalism John Rawls, The Law of Peoples Thomas Pogge & Keith Horton (ed.), Global Ethics: Seminal Essays Thomas Pogge & Darrel Moellendorf (ed.), Global Justice: Seminal Essays Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular (Optional) E-Reserve Essays are in: Phil. 340 E-Reserves: Password = “war” Phil. 338 E-Reserves: Password = “endangered” Phil. 462 E-Reserves: Password = “worldpeace” A. Essays by Rodney G. Peffer (Peffer) B. Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice (MMSJ) I –XXI (Essays) = Essays by other authors divided into Sections All ERES Readings are in my Phil. 462 ERES unless noted otherwise. * = An important component of my next book. Jan. 26 General Introduction to Course Jan. 31 Basics of Political Philosophy/ Peffer’s Theory of Social Justice The following 6 short essays by me are in the “Introductory Materials” sub-folder of the “Essays by Rodney G. Peffer” folder of my Phil. 462 ERES. R.G. Peffer *“On the Nature of Morality” (Peffer – 3) (4th essay from bottom) “ “ “ "Main Types of Moral Theories" (Peffer - 1) " " " "Is Morality Relative?" (Peffer - 3) (or via email) “ “ ...
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...do men and women go to war? This was one of the questions that stuck out to me during the Socratic seminar. It stuck out to me the most because no matter what reason I come up with, it wont be true for every person who dedicates their life to their country. Meaning that this entire essay would only be an opinion or theory based off of the information that I encountered and the way I interpret it. When I think of a reason people decided and will decide to go to war, I come up with so many different answers. All of which can be correct for hundreds but incorrect for hundreds more. Be that as it may, I decided that some people go to war for selfish reasons and some for unselfish reasons. The selfish section contains the men who go to war to get the monetary benefits, the physique of a soldier and for self-fulfillment. Self-fulfillment can be the thought of equality for women, or even the thought of fighting just to build a name like Achilles of the Iliad. Achilles had no opinion about why the world was fought; he just simply fought to be remembered. This is selfish to me because he signed himself up to take the lives of others just to fulfill his sought out legacy. It’s different if he felt strongly about the conflict and wanted to make a difference but in his case he could careless. Soldiers like Achilles disregard the lives that they destroy including the lives that they take away and even the lives that they leave at home such as family and friends just to be remembered as a...
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...16 December 2015 Analyzing Before this class, English 110, I was accustomed to writing the traditional five paragraph essay about whatever topic my teacher had told me to take a side on. And as always I had become used to being praised for my argumentative essays. But, English 110 had something completely different in store for me. It challenged me to think beyond my boundaries, and join forces and communicate with the entire class to write about my topic and somehow make connections with them all. In Module I, about the article “writing and thinking analytically” By David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen really showed me as a writer how to analyze; which was as the class went on was quite a difficult task for me. I had to understand “To analyze something is to ask what that something means” (Rosenwasser & Stephen, 1), I had become familiar with the way my thought process worked, and how I analyzed day to day things. And now I realized that analyzing is something we all do all the time without even thinking about it. And to become a better writer is to “become more aware of your own thinking process, building on skills that you already possess and eliminating habits that get in the way” (Rosenwasser & Stephen, 1). This class helped me to stay away from making judgements and steer closer to asking myself questions and explore outside of just agree and disagree. From doing the different assignments, I really found myself engaging more and more with the authors of the...
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...Tim O’Brien’s “How to Tell a True War Story” starts with the brief tongue-in-cheek statement, “this is true.” While most authors seek to build credibility with their reader, O’Brien actively undermines his own trustworthiness in order to convey the skepticism with which he believes audiences should treat all ‘true’ war stories. His most effective strategy for doing so is the interweaving of a potentially fictitious narrative within a formal essay, further developing “How to Tell a True War Story’s” message of disillusionment with the attributes characteristically attributed to war and the dubious nature of war stories by creating a sense of suspicion and general distrust between the reader and the speaker. As O’Brien interweaves narrative within his essay, such stories are...
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...AS Philosophy & Ethics Course Handbook 2013 to 2014 [pic] OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/type/gce/hss/rs/index.aspx OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) You are studying Philosophy of Religion and Religious Ethics and will be awarded an OCR AS Level in Religious Studies. The modules and their weightings are: |AS: |Unit Code |Unit Title |% of AS |(% of A Level) | | |G571 |AS Philosophy of Religion |50% |(25%) | | |G572 |AS Religious Ethics |50% |(25%) | If you decide to study for the full A Level you will have to study the following modules at A2: |A2: |Unit Code |Unit Title |(% of A Level) | | |G581 |A2 Philosophy of Religion |(25%) | | |G582 |A2 Religious Ethics |(25%) | Grading | ...
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...monks established the care as an identity rather then profession. Presents how p.xiii until the evolution of nursing as a separate profession, nursing wasn’t recognised as a profession; it was a spiritual, vocational, and probably considered more of a nursemaid relationship, based as holistic care rather than integrally providing care. The purpose of this essay is firstly, to explore those significant historical periods along historical characters and their theories which influence the way care is planned and delivered in today’s context. Furthermore, This essay will examine some of the key theories which came about from the war, and its evolutionary influence on future nursing practices and theories. Before the Crimean War, unpaid, religious nuns and monks established the care for the sick, as mercy act, with no regular system. When the Crimean war began in 1853, the whole nature of nursing changed: the need in care increased, the requirement of help for the sick and injured people was growing rapidly. Nurses status change into saving life. Educated nurses served as army nurses since 1898. Therefore, the need for more than just spiritual care in the field increases and that is how nursing as a proper line of work began (Dossey, 2010). Battlefield needs such as care for the trauma, injuries, uncontrolled disease, wounded and infection all at the same time, led to advances in medicine and nursing as a profession (Winkelstein, 2009). Additionally, Dossey (2010) discusses the...
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...aspects. Orwell witnessed Stalin’s Soviet Russia, the dictatorships of Mussolini and Hitler, the Spanish civil war and World War 2. Orwell’s literary works such as 1984 and many others, touch on aspects of imperialism, anarchism, socialism, Nazism, capitalism and totalitarianism. “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” in 1984, is a text within a text that Winston reads to understand many things about the totalitarian world he lives in. The purpose of the text within a text is to parallel the corrupt socialist world of 1984 with that of Stalin’s USSR, expand on Orwell’s ideas of imperialism, and to sound an alarm to warn readers of what a worst case scenario totalitarian world could be like. Firstly, “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” was to provide greater insight, for Winston and the reader. Goldstein’s text takes apart each section of the party’s slogan “War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is strength” (Orwell, 1), and explains what they mean to the party. After reading the text, Winston learned some new things, but the text mostly just reinforced things he already assumed or knew. Secondly, when thinking from a political standpoint, one could say that the point of this text within a text was to parallel the corrupt socialist world of 1984 with that of Stalin’s USSR (Stalin’s Capitalism). The party’s corrupt form of socialism is evident in “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” when Goldstein states, “the official ideology abounds with contradictions even...
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...The Food Regime Theory – first specified by Friedmann & McMichael in 1989 and initially applied for the USA – identifies two periods of stabilized food systems within the past two centuries. The extensive ‘First Food Regime’ also called the ‘Imperial Food Regime’ is described to range from approx. 1870 until the beginning of World War I in 1914 (Friedmann & McMichael, 1989; Pritchard, 2009) and according to Friedmann & McMichael (1989) it got into its final crisis with the Great Depression and the beginning of World War II. The intensive ‘Second Food Regime’ lasted from the end of World War II in 1945 until approx. 1973 (Friedmann & McMichael, 1989; Pritchard, 2009). In regard to the Food Regime Theory the development of organic agriculture in Germany can be arranged in the Second Food Regime, which is characterized by mass production, durable and cheap food and surplus (Pritchard, 2009). The German organic movement fits into the Second Food Regime not only because of the time frame – the stable period ranged from 1945 until 1973 and during that time organic agriculture began to develop (Holt & Reed...
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...ESSAY: THOMAS MALTHUS Born: 13-Feb-1766 Birthplace: Rookery, near Dorking, Surrey, England Died: 29-Dec-1834 Location of death: St. Catherine, near Bath, England Cause of death: unspecified Remains: Buried, Bath Abbey, Bath, England Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Economist Nationality: England What many know, at least those with an elementary knowledge of economics or politics, is that Malthus is the surname of a man, who, a couple of hundred years back, said that man, sooner or later, universally, will run up against himself; that the population of mankind will eventually outstrip man's ability to supply himself with the necessities of life. The Malthusian doctrine, as stated in "Essay on the Principle of Population," was expressed as follows: "population increases in a geometric ratio, while the means of subsistence increases in an arithmetic ratio." Well, that seems plain enough, and perfectly understandable, if there is too many people and not enough food, then, certainly, there is going to be problems. Malthus developed his theory, at least to this extent: that left alone, no matter all the problems short of worldwide catastrophe, humankind will survive, as, nature has a natural way to cut population levels: "crime, disease, war, and vice," being, the necessary checks on population." This proposition, as was made by Malthus in 1798, was to cause quite a public stir, then, and yet today. The English economist Thomas Robert Malthus, b....
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...Essay August 6, 2011 Written by Joseph Prabagar There Is No Hope of Doing Perfect Research (Griffiths, 1998, P97) Do You Agree? When I was asked to write an essay on the statement above, I went to Google to get an idea. What I found amazed and belittled me all the same. Hundreds of essays were already available on this very statement! And I, having read countless books, had not encountered this declaration made by Morwenna Griffiths on page 97 in her book entitled, Educational Research for Social Justice: Getting off the Fence… until now. Majority of the uploaded essays on the web began by quoting the definition of the word ‘research’ and then elaborated on the definitions before proceeding to agree with the ‘no perfect research’ doctrine proclaimed by Griffiths. One particular essay that was published in TermPaper Warehouse – The Term Paper Factory, caught my attention. It was simple, direct and made absolute sense. The opening paragraph of this essay summarized Morwenna Griffiths’ statement as a realization that, as humans we have the capacity do our best research but we must also accept that it cannot be perfect (Asymphonical termpaperwarehouse.com). Do I agree? Yes absolutely. I recollect the term paper that I did for a Sociology course in college some years ago. The subject matter was on Heavy Metal and the misunderstood fans. My research for the term paper was primarily based on questionnaires, interviews, introspection and observations. As there was a...
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...notion of ‘international society’, which refers to the set of institutions and common procedures generated by states over the last three and a half centuries in their attempts to achieve some minimal form of co-existence, but which has gradually evolved to include many non-state actors and different levels of activity – diplomatic, economic and cultural, as well as that of military competition. By the end of the course you should be able to have an informed discussion about: the historical origins of the present system; what is distinctive about international politics as opposed to politics inside the state; and the main challenges which confront humanity in the twenty-first century. You will also acquire a basic familiarity with the main theories needed to think analytically - and critically - about the idea of international society and the behaviour of the actors which constitute it. Brief Description of the Paper The subject of International Relations (usually given capital letters, as opposed to international relations as events) has a huge range. Some see it as covering everything that has happened on the globe during recorded history,...
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...Ethical movie review Title: Blood Diamond Year: 2006 Studio: Virtual Studios Producer: Warner Bros. Director: Edward Zwick Country: United States of America 0.1 Introduction The following essay will examine ethical issues addressed through the movie “Blood Diamond”. The two main issues identified and discussed are; child soldiers and conflict diamonds. My main lens of ethical theories will consist of the four western theories, this includes, egoism, utilitarianism, ethics of duties and ethics of rights. Even though these theories are based on ethical absolutism, I will still try to apply a pluralistic view. Additionally, some of these theories will be expanded and other theories that do not tend so much towards ethical absolutism will be added. The following section will concentrate more on how these issues occurred and try to give some potential answer to the problems. In order to do so descriptive ethical theories will be tools in the examination. Finally the conclusion will be presented by a combination of a film review and a short summary of the findings in the text. 1.1 Children with guns The first of the two ethical issues that will be examined is the use of kids as soldiers. In order to do so I believe I have to take a subjective role on the subject, looking from a rebel soldier. The reasons for this is because I believe objective or western views on this topic will in the end state that this is neither moral or ethical. In order to get a more interesting...
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...This essay is an attempt to examine A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, within the critical theoretical framework of Chris Weedon’s essay, ‘Feminism and the Principles of Post Structuralism’. At the heart of feminist post structuralism lies the theory of post structuralism itself. The theory offers a way to study the conditions of how knowledge is produced. To understand an object it is necessary to study both the object and the systems within which it is produced and lives. Post-feminist structuralism seeks to examine the production of knowledge as it impacts on gender. The pervasiveness of male discourse is a particular target for post-structuralist feminism. What I hope to achieve is an analysis of the theory in relation to the character of Catherine Barkley and her romantic relationship with the novel’s narrator and protagonist Frederick Henry. For poststructuralist theory the common factor in the analysis of social organization, social meanings, power and individual consciousness is language. Language is the place where actual and possible forms of social organization and their likely social and political consequences are defined and contested. Weedon in Storey, ed. (555) However, within Hemingway’s novels language is used to different effect, or rather the omission of it is. Hemingway’s aversion to theory is discussed in Owens-Murphy’s essay on pragmatism. She quotes Scott Donaldson as saying both Hemingway and his characters...
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...9/11 Essay Terrorism has been a very influential problem in American history and has had an enormous effect on U.S. From Pearl Harbor, First World Trading Center, Truck Bombing of Federal Building, and last but not least September 11, 2001. September 11th was a very devastating event in the history of America. This was a huge problem and caused depression, mourning, and paranoid many people. Of course, this affected many people and to this day still does. What do you think caused 9/11?.... Let's find out. September 11, 2001 was a very tragic day in American history. It all started when 19 terrorists boarded multiple airplanes, hijacked them, and crashed them into different targets. The terrorists focus was at the Pentagon and World...
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...In this essay I will argue that the ‘war on terror’ declared by the Bush administration and so assessed for the US; is not a just war. It fails in the central interrelated criteria of just cause and last resort for jus ad bellum, which I detail first through assessment of the Bush administration’s self-proclaimed just reasoning behind resorting to war against a concept, and the alternatives available to it, I will then detail its failure in the jus in bello criteria of discrimination and proportionality, reasoning through the case of drone warfare. Jus ad bellum I shall firstly focus on the crucial jus ad bellum principle of just cause, holding the only just cause for war to be self-defence . The USA and its allies suffered unjust, unprovoked terror attacks, notably to embassies and battleships, as well as ultimately the 9/11 disaster, and further possessed reputable evidence of other failed attacks. Thus this essay acknowledges that they were under-attack from a powerful and effective enemy, which could be reliably pinpointed as Al Qaeda. These attacks were focused on non-combatants in landmark locations; deliberate targeting for maximum terror spreading effect, which further represented an attack on western freedoms. Hence the assailant satisfied neither jus ad bellum, nor jus in bello, and without immediate and effective action there existed great potential for further unjust attacks. This was the Bush administration’s argument for sufficient reason to declare war in self-defence...
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