Manhattan 语法—中文精简版

一、SC 的做题方法与原则
1、不是找对的，而是选最好的。
2、方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根
据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。
3、做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子
中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。
4、GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修
饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法

二、意思与句子简洁
GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：
STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误
STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确
STEP 3、是否简洁
（一） 意思
1、正确用词
①Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的
②Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的
③Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known for
④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值
⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权
⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于
⑦Range of –多种的； ranging-变化
⑧ Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格…
⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向
⑩Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）
⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做
⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫
2、情态动词
（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。
Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.
Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.
（2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。
EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思。
3、词在句中的位置
（1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。
EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.
（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。
（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。
定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。
4、搭配
句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。
（二） 简洁
§ 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言
之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。
§ GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ好于have difference in
Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE
INVESTMENTS in new technologies.
Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.
切忌冗余：
1、在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词
Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try; other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough; including-among； have to –require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to
2、注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语
法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
3、注意修饰时间的词
过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before
现在：now; currently; presently; at present;
每年的：annual; each year; a year
EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么
的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth
12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57
Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72

三、主语与谓语
每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。
（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。
EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句
（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致
EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles)
（三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况
1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分
2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分
EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.
说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词
（四）and 和表示连接的词
1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。
2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）连接不
同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。
3. 一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾病（diabetes）
虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。
（五）either or, neither nor
1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数
EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数
（六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语
agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team，baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
（七）非限制性的代词，一般用单数
Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, whatever, whoever
但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据内容确定单复数：some, any, none, all ,more/most, part
EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.
Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.
（八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用复数，复数之后用单数
EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.
（九）量词
A number of +复数主语+复数谓语
The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语
Majority, minority, and plurality 根据其修饰的主语决定其单复数
（十）短语或者从句：用单数
注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数
EG: near those buildings sits a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
定语从句内结构最好不用倒装
OG 68： sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达
习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。
（十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看
EG:
1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.
Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes. Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.
Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.
12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41
Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65

四、平行结构
（一）平行结构的标志词
And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to
（二）平行元素
1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉
2.平行结构开始于同一个词
（三）AND：最重要，GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相对独立句中的and前加逗号。
（四）一些常见的并列习语
A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y,
X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y
（五）系动词两边的成分要并列
Be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,
81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46
Verbal Review: 1, 4, 6, 11, 22, 25, 27, 46, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70
OR 2nd Edition: 1,2,4,5,7,15,17,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61, 63, 67

五、代词
代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到介词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。
（一）先行词必须存在
注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词
的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。
EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词。
（二）先行词和代词并同时有意义
将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通
EG: Although the term”super” may sound wonderful, it is simply and machine that can produce many products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为super怎么能是机器呢？
（三）代词的指代必须清晰
每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。
（四）代词和先行词的单复数必须一致
（五）格
1.代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who
2.代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3.所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their, theirs, whose
重要：
1. 代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。
EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.
2. 一般所有格代词只能指代所有格名词，不能指代主格和宾格。
EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人
（六）几个要点
1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。(this, those, that and these are never used as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)
EG：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,
2.that或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,避免重复。
EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.
3.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。
EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company不一致，应
将those替换为companies.
12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42
Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67
OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64

六、修饰语
（一）形容词和副词
1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。
2. GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：
形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能
不是MAX的ancestor.
Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M
的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词
了。
常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语
前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰
EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.
1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。
EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错
To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对
2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.
3.避免一些列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错
而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的
另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见
注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。
EG: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians,
另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,特别注意抽象名词
EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰结构，由于靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.
Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art form only in the past century.
（三）名词修饰与从句
Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人）， who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一
般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语
That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的
Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance, arrangement，用in which修饰更好。
When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in which
修饰限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that;
非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which
（四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构
从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点：
1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。
（五）which 和现在分词
1.Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子
2.ing 形式做修饰语
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词
（2）可以修饰主语和动词
（3）可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），这种
形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.
（4）ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
（5）ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时其逻辑主
语就是主句的主语。
12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44
Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91
OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84

七、动词的时态、语气和主被动
（零）时态、感情、语气
1. 一般定义用一般现在时。
2. 不能用一般现在时表示将来。
3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify。
EG: Wrong: This inscription ISSIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
（一）现在完成时态
1.现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影
响。现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点； within/over/during/in+时间段
EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.
(The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)
2.而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。
表示词：likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点
（二）过去完成时
1.两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时用一个过去式说明一个动词，要
将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would）
EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful.
The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.
错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.
The man believed that the machine will be wonderful.
2.如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的
话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。
EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.
Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.
3. Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中
用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。
EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
（二）虚拟语气
虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
1. 看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导
2. proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用that引导
3. 虚拟语气中，be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man
If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)
1.表示确定: If present, then present
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
2.表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.
3.确定-用于将来时态： if present, then future
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
4.不确定-现在时态： if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditional
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
5.从未发生-过去式：if past perfect, then conditional perfect
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
命令性的虚拟语气
1.一般形式： 主语+命令性词汇+that+从句主语+动词原形+…
2.常见的命令性词汇：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest
3.另外有些词汇，只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
4.有些词汇既可以表示命令，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
5.具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
6.形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
7.例外：prohibit
常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing
但prohibit不能接不定式
EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.
（三）被动语态与主动语态
1.by后面一般跟动作的执行者； through 和because of 后面跟一些设备或者方法
2.GMAT规则，主动优于被动
3.完成时态可用不及物动词，但被动语态不可以
12th Edition: 3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87
Verbal Review: 3, 21, 28, 30, 37, 39, 40, 55, 61, 78
OR 2nd Edition: 30, 37, 38, 39, 56, 74

八、GMAT 中常见的比较
（一）常见的比较词汇
Like, unlike, more than, less than, faster than, different from, in contrast with/to, as, as(adj.) as , as much as, as fast as, the same as like vs as
Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词， 代词或者名词短语
As 既是介词，又是连词，后面可以跟句子。如果比较对象是两个名词，最好用like
表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like
（二）比较的两点重要规则
1、比较的对象有具有可比性
2、比较要从结构上保持平行
（三）比较重要考点
1、对主谓宾全的句型
(1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动
作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
(2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.错,不是介宾比较
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对
(3)宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
(4)状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语）
2、一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而
不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的__________理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成
了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
3、AS 族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等
形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(类似于介宾比较）
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较）
Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）
4、特殊句型
AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.
They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
5、There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years ago(主语比较) There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介宾
比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)
6、比较结构的省略
（1）所有格省略
前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略。
P.S. 所有格或者所有物单复数都可以，只有逻辑意思合理就行。
EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}.
（2）比较从句可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。
EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.
I walk faster than Brian [walks}.
I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.
（3）为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。
EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
总结：主语比较，新的主语+动词；介宾比较、宾语比较，直接放介宾和宾语即可。
（四）比较级与最高级OG 43
1、以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +副词，不要改成er形式
EG: Adam runs more quickly than Jones.（没有宾语，所以Jones后面省略does）
2、比较级中一定要有一个than
一个重要例子：A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词can)
12th Edition: 9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 100, D35, D37
Verbal Review: 10, 23, 31, 33, 36, 42, 45, 68, 92
OR 2nd Edition: 13,25,32,41, 44, 66, 85

九、其他一些语法
（零）习语&固定搭配
1. Act
The bay ACTED AS a funnel for the tide. (= functioned as)
My friend ACTED LIKE a fool. (= behaved in a similar manner)
2. Aggravate
His behavior AGGRAVATED the problem.
3. Agree
The electrons are particles THE physicists AGREE EXIST.
4. Aid
She AIDS her neighbor.
She provides AID TO victims. AID FOR victims is available.
Her AID IN WALKING the dog is appreciated.
5. Aim
We adopted new procedures AIMED AT REDUCING theft.
We adopted new procedures WITH THE AIM OF REDUCING theft.
6. Allow
The demolition of the old building ALLOWS FOR new construction. (=permits the existences)
7. Anxiety
His ANXIETY ABOUT his company's future is ill-founded.
His ANXIETY THAT his company MAY BE SOLD OUT is ill-founded.
8. Appear
Imperfections APPEAR AS tiny cracks. (= show up as)
He APPEARS CONFUSED. (= seems)
The dinosaurs APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN relatively smart.
IT APPEARS THAT the dinosaurs WERE smart.
9. As…as
We have THREE TIMES AS MANY pears AS you.
His knowledge springs AS MUCH from experience AS from schooling.
His knowledge springs NOT SO MUCH from experience AS from schooling.
10. As long as
I will leave, AS LONG AS it IS safe.
I will leave, SO LONG AS it IS safe.
I will leave, PROVIDED THAT it IS safe.
11. (Just) As…, so…(部分倒装)
JUST AS you practice, SO shall you play. (= in the same way or manner)
12. Being
BEING infected does not make you sick.
The judges saw the horses BEING led to the stables.
13. Border
WITHIN the BORDERS of a country,对
In the border/ Inside the border都错
14. Chance
I have ONE CHANCE IN A THOUSAND OF WINNING tonight.
15. Compared/comparison
GMAT中对COMPARED TO (强调相似) and COMPARED WITH (强调区别)的用法不加区分.
16. Confidence
We have CONFIDENCE THAT the marker WILL RECOVER.
不太好： We have CONFIDENCE IN the market's ABILITY TO RECOVER.
17. Contend
They CONTEND THAT they can decipher the code.
18. Continue
The danger will CONTINUE TO GROW.
不太好：The danger will CONTINUE GROWING. (correct but apparently not used)
19. Credit
Hugo CREDITS Sally WITH good taste.
Sally IS CREDITED WITH good taste.
20. Date
They DATED the artifact AT three centuries old.
The artifact WAS DATED AT three centuries old.
21. Declare
Declare sth/ declare that
不太好：declare to be
22. Design
This window IS DESIGNED TO OPEN.
23. Develop into
24. Disinclined
She is DISINCLINED TO CALL her parents.
25. Enough
The book was SHORT ENOUGH (FOR ME) TO READ in a night.
26. Expend
EXPEND money/energy ON…
27. Fault
The criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law.
28. Help
His HELP IN RAKING the leaves has been welcome.
29. Hold
He HOLDS THAT jaywalking is illegal.
不太好：The law holds jaywalking to be illegal.
30. Intend
I went with the INTENT (or INTENTION) OF LEAVING soon.
I went with the INTENT TO LEAVE soon.
31. Isolate
The culture was ISOLATED FROM outside CONTACT.
32. Know
We KNOW her TO BE brilliant. She is KNOWN TO BE brilliant.（特征）
We KNOW him AS "Reggie." He is KNOWN AS "Reggie."（身份）
33. Likely
My friend is MORE LIKELY THAN my enemy [is] TO EAT worms.
My friend is TWICE AS LIKELY AS my enemy [is] TO EAT worms.
MORE THAN LIKELY, my friend WILL EAT worms.
34. Loose
I have suffered a LOSS OF strength. (= decline of a quality)
They have suffered a LOSS IN the euro. (=decline of an investment)
35. Means
Means of doing
Means to do/to sth
36. Order
The state ORDERS the agency TO COLLECT taxes.
Order sth 点菜
37. Owe
He OWES money TO the government FOR back taxes.
38. Privilege
The academy gave senior cadets DANCING PRIVILEGES.
不太好：The academy gave senior cadets THE PRIVILEGE OF DANCING.
39. Rate
The RATES FOR bus tickets are good for commuters. (= prices)
The RATE OF theft has fallen. (= frequency or speed)
40. Rebel
The colonists REBELLED AGAINST tyranny.
41. Recognize
Recognize as/to be
42. Reluctant
Be reluctant to do
43. Resemble
A neighbor of mine RESEMBLES my father.
44. Restriction
Restriction ON sth
45. Same
The car looks THE SAME TO me AS TO you.
46. So…as to
The sauce was SO hot AS TO burn my mouth.
纠结的搭配，10th OG中曾出现在正确项中，但是到了12thOG则说是错误搭配却又没给解释
为什么错。Manhattan以及n多砖家认为此搭配没问题可以用。So,遇到它提高警惕。
47. So too
Bellbottoms ARE coming back in style, and SO TOO ARE vests.
48. Targeted
This intervention is TARGETED AT a specific misbehavior.
49. Think
She THINKS OF them AS heroes.
She IS THOUGHT TO BE secretly wealthy.
50. Tool
We have a TOOL FOR MAKING progress.
We have a TOOL TO MAKE progress.
Note: The GMAT does not seem to require WITH, although one makes progress WITH a tool.
51. Weigh
My laptop WEIGHS LESS THAN a suitcase.
（一）连词
1、一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if结尾；逗号不
足以连接两个完整句子。
2、and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成分或者
句子，注意and连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。
3、一次只能用一个连词，如since/because, so不能同时用， although, yet不能同时用。
4、并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since, when, if , unless, that, though, while
（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号
1、逗号
(1)次要内容会用逗号隔开，但是主要内容和主句一脉相承。（插入语）
(2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的and不用逗号。
EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.
(3) 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈）
2、分号
(1)分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是分别相对完整的句子。（说是“相对”，
是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不通）
EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.
(2)用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留。
(3)分号后经常跟一些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如 however, therefore, in addition, then.
EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
(4)分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。
EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
3、冒号
(1)冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加namely或者that is。
(2)冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。
(3)被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好。
EG: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and temperature. (4)冒号后可以加入一个主句，用以解释冒号前的内容。
EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.
4、破折号
(1)破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。
(2)有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。
EG: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变7个人了)
(3)破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被
解释内容之后。
EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants-by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.
(4)用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的。
（三）量词
1、可数的量词：few、number、numerous
2、不可数的量词：lesss、amount、great、least
3、既可跟可数名词又可跟不可数名词的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是less只能不可数
4、留意单数词：如money-dollar, volume-gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是修饰不可数
名词的
5、the number of 修饰单数，a number of 修饰复数，The numbers of 一般都是错的
如果要做比较，一般用greater than, 而不是more than
6、increase和decrease表达同一事物的变化；Greater和less则是比较不同事物。
7、在使用这些词的时候，要避免意思重复： Decrease-fall; increase-rise
12th Edition: 4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 120, D38, D45
Verbal Review: 5, 9,14,17,20,26,43,48,50,54,58,69,75,89,90,109,113
OR 2nd Edition: 6, 12, 23, 28, 47, 73, 107, 113

十、简洁和平行（高阶）
（一）简洁：一些具体的形式: V>adj>n
1、动词形式优于名词：即动词形式优于名词+be/make 形式
EG: His conception of money was a goal. ⋄He conceived of money as a goal
His example was an influence on me. ⋄His example influenced me.
2、that 从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report.
EG: The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seems strange.
⋄ The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange.
3、动词形式优于形容词形式
The artist was influential to the movement. ⋄ The artist influenced the movement.
4、形容形式优于名词形式
She has the ability to juggle. ⋄ She is able to juggle.
5、副词形式优于介词短语
Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A
COMPARABLE EXTENT.
Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLY
注意：尽可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are 等替代
6、sth that is adj⋄adj sth
Marcos is a professor who is admirable.
Marcos is a admirable professor.
7、尽量少用it is…that 结构
Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.
Better: Children should play without fear.
（二）简洁：不要弄的太短
GMAC会利用较短的表达造成“简洁”的错觉。
1、(1) 有时把带of的介词短语通过修饰词提前,转换成形容词短语。A wall of stone=a stone wall。但是of是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of。 Memorial Day week/Memorial Day's week < the week OF Memorial Day the honeybee population's density