...objectives, methods, and results of research pertaining to both normative and descriptive models of decision processes used in organizations (described in detail in Vroom and Yetton, 1973). On one hand, the normative (or prescriptive) decision making model aimed to provide a rational basis for selecting among alternative courses of action. In this model, operational research and management science are concerned with how to improve the decisions which are made. On the other hand, the descriptive decision making model aimed to understand the decisions and choices that people make. In this model, the goal is to understanding rather than improvement. To understand decisions and choices that people make; psychologists, sociologists, and political Scientists attempt to answer the following questions: how do managers really behave? What decision rules underlie managers willingness to share their decision making power with their subordinates? Both normative and descriptive models focus on the set of alternative decisions or problem solutions from which choice is, or should be made. The normative models are based on the consequences of choices among alternatives, the descriptive models on the determinants of these choices. Making good decisions is one of the main leadership tasks. These involve determining the most efficient and effective means of reaching the decision. The decision models summarized in this article provide a useful framework for identifying the best leadership...
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...1. Aparna Tilak Aparna Tilak is an actress and model born in India. She graduated from the St. Xaviers College and after finishing school, she began pursuing her career as a model. Her first major breaks in the modeling industry included working for worldwide companies such as Pepsi, Head `n Shoulders, Coca Cola and many more. Her first role in the movie industry was in „Family No. 1”, a very popular soap opera centered on families created by Sony Entertainment media. She played Rashmi, a character obsessed with keeping her beauty. Her role in this TV series brought her many other contracts in the television industry, since her talent began to be recognized by the audience and by the critics. After the success with “Family No. 1”, Aparna Tilak became well known in the film industry and soon she received a role in Zee Television. The way she played “Koi Apna Sa” in this TV series turned her into one of the most sought-after actresses in the industry. She had another huge success with “Footpath” and she is currently starring in “Jeet”. Although she was offered many roles in Bollywood soap operas, she declined them, as she searches for important roles that will make her stand out in the crowd of female actresses. Aparna Tilak is married to a man 12 years older than her and has a teenage son from this marriage. 2. Aparna Dixit Aparna Dixit is an Indian born actress that started out as a model and only recently became one of the most popular actresses in the Indian...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ROSTOWS MODEL Download CHAPTER THREE CRITICISMS, BENEFITS AND HINDRANCES OF THE MODEL 3.1 Criticisms Rostow‘s stages of economic growth is the most widely circulated and highly commented piece of economic literature in recent years. It is against Marx‘s stages of feudalism, bourgeoisie, capitalism, socialism and communism. However, there are doubts by economists in the authenticity of the division of economic history into five stages of growth as presented by Rostow. To maintain that every economy follows the same course of development with a common past and the same future is to over-schematize the complex forces of development and to give the sequence of stages a generality that is unwarranted. The under-listed are some criticisms leveled against Rostow‘s five stages of economic growth : 1. Traditional society not essential for growth that a country will pass through the first stage since countries like United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia were born free of traditional societies and they derive the preconditions from an already advanced country; Britain. 2. All countries do not develop in linear fashion: the critics of Rostow‘s model have cited that all countries do not really develop in linear fashion, some skipped steps or took different paths. Rostow also assumed that all countries have...
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...Business, Government Society Models Interactions among business, government, and society are infinite and their meaning is open to interpretation. Faced with this complexity, many people use simple mental models to impose order and meaning on what they observe. These models are like prisms, each having a different refractive quality, each giving the holder a different view of the world. Depending on the model (or prism) used, a person will think differently about the scope of business power in society, criteria for managerial decisions, the extent of corporate responsibility, the ethical duties of managers, and the need for regulation. The following four models are basic alternatives for seeing the BGS relationship. As abstractions they oversimplify reality and magnify central issues. Each model can be both descriptive and prescriptive; that is, it can be both an explanation of how the BGS relationship does work and, in addition, an ideal about how it should work. The Market Capitalism Model The market capitalism model, shown in Figure 1.2, depicts business as operating within a market environment, responding primarily to powerful economic forces. There, it is substantially sheltered from direct impact by social and political forces. The market acts as a buffer between business and nonmarket forces. To appreciate this model, it is important to understand the history and nature of markets and the classic explanation of how they work. Markets are as old as humanity, but...
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...care, education, shelter and opportunity to succeed. Lastly, Government’s objectives are to provide regulation to instill a fair, safe use of resources for business and to protect citizen against things like unethical business. For Example, Society need car and Ford Motor Company wants society chose their products as their vehicle objective. The Government has to ensure that Ford Motor Company operates ethically to not harm the environment or the customer. There are four different models that how Business, Government and Society should interact: 1. The Market Capitalism Model, 2. The Dominance Model, 3. The Countervailing Force Model, 4. The Stakeholder Model. The Market Capitalism Model: Dominance: - The represents primarily the perspective of business critics. In it, business and government dominate the great mass of people. Countervailing Force Model: - To maintain public support, business must adjust to social, political and economic forces it can influence but not control. Stakeholder Model: - An Entity is benefited or burdened by the actions of a corporation or whose action may benefit or burden the corporation. After read the definitions of Business, Government and Society I think this three organization related each other. And relationship currently exist. But sometimes government need to take a look why corporation prefer to pay the fines ********* than fix their problems. Market Capitalism: - The definition of market capitalism is based on an economy that...
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...unique culture and Human Resource policies and is acknowledged as an innovator and best employer. They have developed practices and policies that are ideal for the working environment but without being critic. “Google is organized around the ability to attract and leverage the talent of exceptional technologists and business people. They have been fortunate to recruit many creative, principled and hard-working stars.” With no doubt, Google is the best place to work in. Google’s ability to leverage itself from competitors offers attractive packages, which serves as a pull factor for Google. Some of the benefits include: flexible hours, promote the human talent by providing creative, nurturing environments, free meals and implement more activities concerning the employee’s health yet at the expenses of high returns in investment. Google’s compensation programme rewards strong performance and its training programmes help overcome weaknesses and underperformance of its employees. Human Resources policies and work culture are unique in the way that staff and managers are allowed to try new approaches and learn from their mistakes. After analyzing and reviewing the model, it is reasonable to be confused on how to view Google’s human resources practices. The model presents a lot of critic to what the company does and the way it does it; however, it recognize...
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...way a company can engage in affirmative action is to increase the applicant pool for open positions with the intent to diversify. Though this policy is more active than the passive nondiscrimination, the theory is that the most qualified candidate will get the position, so moral and ethical controversy is limited. A method beyond affirmative action, and the one I want to discuss in this paper, is preferential treatment, or hiring. This type of policy changes the job standards in an effort to hire more minorities or women. There are two ways this is done: preferential hiring among equally competent applicants; and preferential hiring among applicants who are not equally competent. These policies are called reverse discrimination by critics, and leveling the playing field by supporters. (Lane, 2010) The most extreme form of policy is the hiring quota. This is a number, a standard,...
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...adherence to Apple’s core philosophy, which is that the user doesn’t always know what they want. steve jobs apple computers Looking at the company’s latest product lines and revenue models, I’d be a fool to call them anything less than what they are, which is: A design firm A media platform A publishing company A software powerhouse A computer builder A movement Break down each of these bullets individually and you’ll find a company at the top of their respective industry, but combine them into a single entity and you’ve got the recipe for building one of the most influential businesses of all time. So how did they do it? Rather than tell you how I think they did it, I thought instead I’d turn to their fans on Twitter, who helped me uncover 7 of the greatest marketing lessons that Apple brings to the table. 1. Ignore Your Critics As an entrepreneur, you’ll hear a lot of people tell you that you need to reach out and figure out what people want, which means listening to your critics, often times more patiently than you’d like. Apple decides to flip the script and instead focus on building what they want to build, no matter the perceived cost. When Steve Jobs debuted the iPad, the critics stood in line, throwing every insult they could muster. The critics said that the iPad would fail. The numbers say otherwise. Each and every time Apple decided to innovate, they were laughed at. They prevailed anyway. “Great ideas often receive...
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...A novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story. The genre has historical roots in antiquity and the fields ofmedieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. Further definition of the genre is historically difficult. The construction of the narrative, theplot, the relation to reality, the characterization, and the use of language are usually discussed to show a novel's artistic merits. Most of these requirements were introduced to literary prose in the 16th and 17th centuries, in order to give fiction a justification outside the field of factual history. ------------------------------------------------- Definition[edit] Gerard ter Borch, young man reading a book c.1680, the format is that of a French period novel. | Madame de Pompadourspending her afternoon with a book, 1756 – religious and scientific reading has a differenticonography. | The fictional narrative, the novel's distinct "literary" prose, specific media requirements (the use of paper and print), a characteristic subject matter that creates intimacy, and length can be seen as features that developed with the Western (and modern) market of fiction. The separation of the field of literary fiction from the field of historical narrative fueled the evolution of these features in the last 400 years...
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...metaphoric and expressive language. Figure 1. Sample "Kinesthetic" Vocations by Style MasteryThe ability to use the body and tools to take effective action or to construct or repair.Mechanic, Trainer, Contractor, Craftsperson, Tool and Dye Maker | InterpersonalThe ability to use the body to build rapport, to console or persuade, and to support others.Coach, Counselor, Salesperson, Trainer | Kinesthetic | UnderstandingThe ability to plan strategically or to critique the actions of the body.Physical Educator, Sports Analyst, Professional Athlete, Dance Critic | Self-ExpressiveThe ability to appreciate the aesthetics of the body and to use those values to create new forms of expression.Sculptor, Choreographer, Actor, Dancer, Mime, Puppeteer | Next, we listed samples of vocations that people are likely to choose, given particular intelligence and learning-style profiles. Working in this way, we devised a model that linked the process-centered approach of learning styles and the content and product-driven multiple intelligence theory. Figure 2 shows how you might construct a classroom display of information about intelligences, styles, and possible vocations. Consider kinesthetic intelligence and the difference...
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...Business)[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards and international norms. In some models, a firm's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance and engages in "actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law."[2][3] CSR aims to embrace responsibility for corporate actions and to encourage a positive impact on the environment and stakeholders including consumers, employees, investors, communities, and others. The term "corporate social responsibility" became popular in the 1960s and has remained a term used indiscriminately by many to cover legal and moral responsibility more narrowly construed.[4] Proponents argue that corporations increase long term profits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from business' economic role. A 2000 study compared existing econometric studies of the relationship between social and financial performance, concluding that the contradictory results of previous studies reporting positive, negative, and neutral financial impact, were due to flawed empirical analysis and claimed when the study is properly specified, CSR has a neutral impact on financial outcomes.[5] Critics[6][7] questioned the "lofty" and sometimes "unrealistic expectations" in CSR...
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...is wholly owned by L Brands, a publicly traded company. However, notwithstanding the company’s remarkable success, Victoria’s Secret, since several years, suffers from the public criticism of its business. There are both Internal and External factors that led to this public criticism of the brand. Some of these factors include a series of scandals that damaged their image and identity, and a new wave of competitors and new entrants that starts to challenge the brand, which create a high bargaining power for customers. The primary internal issue, and also the most important one that led to Victoria’s Secret public criticism, is the series of scandals that damaged their brand image and identity. The company suffered from a wide range of critics from 2009 to 2016, among which : In 2009 Victoria’s Secret was sued several times for producing underwear that contained formaldehyde. In 2012 they were accused of the use of child labour in harvesting cotton and of selling knockoffs of the company’s stockings. Moreover the new lingerie collection « Go East » has been criticised for being racist. However, today we are investigating the two biggest scandals that happened in 2014, and more recently in May 2016, concerning the negative image of women that the brand delivers in its advertisings. In 2014, a petition was signed against the lingerie collection called “Body”, that displayed the slogan “The Perfect Body” over some well-known Victoria’s Secret Angels. The petition demanded...
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...Responsible Business) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards and international norms. With some models, a firm's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance and engages in "actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law." CSR aims to embrace responsibility for corporate actions and to encourage a positive impact on the environment and stakeholders including consumers, employees, investors, communities, and others. The term "corporate social responsibility" became popular in the 1960s and has remained a term used indiscriminately by many to cover legal and moral responsibility more narrowly construed. Proponents argue that corporations increase long term profits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from business' economic role. A 2000 study compared existing econometric studies of the relationship between social and financial performance, concluding that the contradictory results of previous studies reporting positive, negative, and neutral financial impact, were due to flawed empirical analysis and claimed when the study is properly specified, CSR has a neutral impact on financial outcomes.[5] Critics questioned the "lofty" and sometimes "unrealistic expectations" in CSR or that...
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...INTRODUCTION If one had to summarize Apple Inc.'s marketing strategies in one word, it would have to be “differentiation.” The Marketing Strategies of Apple, Inc. Market segmentation strategy involves dividing the market into groups, where individuals have similar needs and wants. Apple position itself as a niche player in laptop industry and concentrate on the professional segment. Market Development In the Market Development, Apple could use different marketing strategies in order to sell existing products/services to new markets and increase its profit. It could achieve that, either by expanding to other geographical areas or by looking for users that will use the product in a different way. A common example is by expanding to foreign markets or to expand from the private sector to the public.Some examples of Apple are the following: Apple did not stayed on selling only to U.S but expanded on all over the world and in 2010 it earned $24,298 from America sales and $30,929 from worldwide. Another example is that when Apple introduces a new product to the market, it leaves the previous one for some time in the market in order for the customers with low income to buy it. With this technique Apple gain a new market and make a small profit. Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. Its...
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...Lilleana Rosales Government Mr. Little November 18, 2013 Are you ready to hear this? Are you ready for a change? Do you have what you need health wise? Well according to many, we aren’t ready for the change. We are going to go through a change, a change that will make history in America. That change is Obama Care. What is Obama care you may ask? Obama care is known as the patient protection and affordable care act. It was signed by president Obama on March 23, 2010, and upheld by the Supreme Court on June 28, 2012. Basically the patient protection and affordable care act is a health plan that is meant to be cost efficient, and to decrease health care spending. Sadly, Obama care may sound interest, and beneficial, there are so many issues and glitches that is making everyone upset and angered at the situation. This brings up criticism to this health care plan. Criticism will rise here and there, and no one can say anything because it’s everyone’s opinion. Recently on the news, we have seen how the Obama care website has not been functioning, and this makes people wonder. If they were so sure of how it was all going to be laid out, then why is it giving problems? Or why glitches if it was done professionally? Not only has this become a problem for everyone around but criticism has gone so far that they are cyber bullying Adriana the “the face” of Obama care website. She describes in an interview how this has become serious; she explains that they shouldn’t hate...
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