...Bribery vs Reinforcement - Research Paper - J123M456 http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Bribery-Vs-Reinfo... Login Join The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search over 100,000 Essays Home Page » People Bribery vs Reinforcement In: People Bribery vs Reinforcement The discussion between what is bribery and what is reinforcement is a struggle that many parents face when wanting to discipline their children. To not get confused, there is a vast difference between the two. Bribery and reinforcement are not synonymous. Both Irvine and Direnfeld agree that the problem between a parent bribing or reinforcing their children is simply not the fault of their parenting ways, but how communication was lost. Parents have failed to communicate to their children that good behavior is rewarding enough (Irvine, 2007). According to the Lovaas Institute Blog, internal motivation is more beneficial than external rewards. If parents and teachers continuously advocate that the behavior the children do is good, then the need of external rewards will be eliminated because the praise and the attention that children will get out of it is rewarding enough. Most applied behavior analysts would agree that bribing a child institutes good behavior, but also communicates to the child that they will receive something in return for that behavior. According to Direnfeld, bribery is a “promise” of delivery. This means that before any behavior is...
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...what directs this behaviour toward a particular goal and how this behaviour is sustained ( Rue and Byars, 2000). In motivation have a many theory such as equity theory, reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory (Williams and McWilliams, 2010,p.261), but in this chance I am only discuss about reinforcement theory. May be many people have not hear about reinforcement theory but reinforcement theory can be compare with motivation to motivate someone especially employment and students , because they have a relationship. Do you know what is reinforcement theory? Reinforcement and reinforcement theory is not a same where reinforcement is the process of changing behaviour by changing consequences the follow behaviour (Williams and McWilliams, 2010,p.268) while reinforcement theory is a theory that states that behaviour is a function of its consequences, that behaviours followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently and that behaviours followed by negative consequences, will occur less frequently (Williams and McWilliams, 2010 p.268). In this essay the question of define of motivation will be described. The matter of how reinforcement theory can works and how reinforcement theory can be used motivate will be explain in this essay. Additionally, an example from my own experience when reinforcement has been an effective motivator for me will be provided too. There are two kinds of motivation, such as intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (Ali et al, 2010...
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...In this essay I will discuss the weight loss program put together for a friend to increase his or her chances of making the football team. In this program we will use operant conditioning to help the subject start to lose weight for his or her goal of making the football team. Operant conditioning is learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior. The reason operant conditioning is so effective is because of the law of effect. This states that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future. We will use reinforcement and a certain schedule of reinforcement to increase the behavior of eating healthy and working out to lose weight. While devising...
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...ESSAY MANAGEMENT QUESTION 4 Introduction 200 Main body 1100 Paragraph 1 (366 words) Motivation has usually been defined as a force that encourages certain behaviours, gives direction to certain behaviours and provides ongoing persistence to attain the set goals (Linder, 1998; Islam & Ismail, 2008). Based on this definition, motivation consists of several factors: individuals must be encouraged, they must have a clear aim and they are willing to commit to achieve the objectives. The application of employee motivation in a workplace has been well established by management. However, what forces can influence motivation and how they can be employed to be utilised to encourage certain behaviours in the workplace are not so well understood by many corporations. Hence, it is necessary to analyse some common forces which can be used to influence motivation. According to Fishbach et al. (2010), various forces can lead to different consequences. Positive forces can reinforce certain behaviours as those behaviours usually receive a rewarded consequence. On the contrary, negative forces can also develop certain behaviours which can bring a punishable consequence to prevent these behaviours from reoccurring. So in a workplace, positive forces such as verbal encouragement from management to employees’ performance as well as promotion will increase employees’ goal commitment, whereas negative forces for instance, demotion of employees’ job status and reduction on employees’ remuneration...
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...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
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...certain emotion that presented itself at that time. Behavior is at the core of psychology; it is behavior that we study,analyze and experiment to understand the psychology of any person (Changani, 2011). There are numerous behavior types and most behaviors are a series of learned conditions that one experienced. Behavior plays a considerable role in learning because it is through one’s behavior that what they have learned is displayed. There are many variations of learning styles. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. There are key components to operant conditioning such as reinforcement and punishment. There are two types of...
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...Explain how reinforcement theory works and how it can be used to motivate. Provide an example from your own experience when reinforcement has been an effective motivator for you. Introduction Motivation is forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal (J.P. Campbell & R.D. Pritchard, cited in MGMT 2010-2012). Motivation helps individuals to improve themselves, overcome obstacles and also for fulfillment. Motivation can drives virtually every decision and action a person takes and extends to any aspect of one’s life. It is very useful in the workplace to keep the workforce happy, motivated and engaged in the organization and for the organization to be successful. Reinforcement is the process of changing behaviour by changing the consequences that follow behaviour (B.F Skinner, citied in MGMT 2010-2012). Reinforcement theory is a behavioural construct where control is achieved by the consequences of behaviour being manipulated. How people learn to change their behaviour can be explained in reinforcement theory. The purpose of this essay is to explain in detail how reinforcement theory can be used to motivate. Reinforcement theory includes four methods, which is positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. These four methods can be used to motivate individual to construct a better behaviour, as well as to perform better in their assigned work. Discussion Positive reinforcement is to reward...
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...Hannah Kratzke PSY 260 Information research essay B.F. SKINNER - Bio and basic info on the theorist Burrhas Fredric Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in a small town of Susquehanna Pennsylvania. When Skinner was a freshman in college his brother passed away from a cerebral aneurism. Skinner was really involved in his religion during his early life, He attended bible classes and embraced a number of traditional religious beliefs but in his adolescent years he chose to abandon his religious beliefs and never returned to them. Skinner parents raised him to very high strict standards and only ever physically punished once by his mother who washed his mouth out with soap for stating a bad word. In high school Skinner earned money by playing the saxophone in jazz band and also with an orchestra. Skinner graduated college in 1926 from Hamilton College with a degree in English literature. For his postgraduate year he immediately tried to become a writer, it was a time of failure and frustration he soon realized that he had nothing of significance to say. He left college with a large desire to be a writer; He later on earned his MA within two years, earned his PhD in three years and then continued to go to school at Harvard for the next five years as a postdoctoral student. He chose to then teach at the university of Minnesota for 10 years and during that time he established himself as a nationally prominent experimental psychologist and published his now famous book (The...
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...Compare and contrast how Skinner and Harlow have used non-human animals in behavioural research. The following essay will compare and contrast how skinner and Harlow have used non-human animals in behavioural research. Skinner and Harlow are very well known for their great experiments and showing through behavioural research that non human animals can be used and show results and prove points. This essay will examine evidence from both sides of the controlled animal experiments and explain the results. Mainly this essay will focus on the similarities and differences between the two researchers. Skinner was born in 1904 and worked most of his career at Harvard University and had a great belief that science of behaviour with positive reinforcement could save the world’s problems. On the other hand Harlow was born in 1905 and wanted to show that most infants bond with soft and warm objects that provide comfort or one that provides them with food. Although these experiments show great points, when considering these in real life human situations, things would not necessarily show the same results and there are currently still great debates on non human animal use in experiments. Many people argue that animals do not conduct great research when linking to humans and find that real life situations are changing all the time and things wouldn’t always be the same. How Harlow and Skinner have conducted their research is very informative as they clearly show how experiments can be done...
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...Scientifically speaking, behaviorism explains how learning takes place. When it is taken into account in the field of language teaching, it shows how languages are learned. Behaviorist psychology had a significant effect on the teaching and learning principles of audio-lingual method. In Audiolingualism known as the Army Method, the underlying theory of learning is behaviorism. Behaviorists contend that stimulus, response, and reinforcement are the main central elements of learning. When we adjust it to language learning; the stimulus is the information about foreign language, the response is student’s reaction on the presented material, and the reinforcement is natural “self-satisfaction of target language use (Richards & Rodgers, 1987). On the one hand, in positive reinforcement, a pleasant stimulus is added to enhance the likelihood of a particular behavior by providing a reward as a consequence of desirable behavior. Since they usually like praises, there is a likelihood that some people, learners for example, can even perform better and use their ideas more once the teachers appreciate that they have answered quickly and...
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...This essay will explore the importance of motivation in the work environment and the effective methods to maintain company morale along with increasing productivity. Managers are continually challenged to motivate a workforce to do two things. The first is to motivate employees to work toward helping the organization achieve its goals. The second is to motivate employees to work toward achieving their own personal goals. (Buchbinder 2012) Motivation can be a very powerful thing. It is used to give individuals accountability, direction, persistence and more effort in what they are doing or trying to achieve. Good leadership is vital in keeping employees motivated. Understanding what motivates people; managers can better understand their employees and what their needs are to be successful and productive. An employee who is highly motivated works hard at their job and shows enjoyment in what they are doing. As a health care manager you play a large role in how motivated your employees are in doing assigned tasks, reaching goals along with daily duties. Oftentimes when you read about motivation, the term engaged appears within the same context. In order to be motivated, employees must be engaged—and in order to be engaged, they must be motivated. Disengaged employees bring morale down and impact the organization’s bottom line. (Buchbinder 2012) “Positive reinforcement can be a valuable tool and strengthens the frequency of desirable behavior by making a satisfying result depending...
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...Phobias and Addictions Paper Week Two Assignment Giselle Bayard PSY/300 – General Psychology October 20, 2012 This is an essay concerning phobias and addictions. Four selected topics in four specific sections are what this paper is comprised of. These topic are: 1. How phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. 2. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. 3. Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning. 4. The meaning of "extinction" and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. How phobias can be developed through classical conditioning "A phobia is a group of symptoms brought on by an object or situation that causes a person to feel irrational fear" (Porterfield, 2005). A few types of phobias are prevalent in society. A simple phobia, the fear of an object like a dog or a cat or a telephone or the fear of heights or traveling in a train or a car impact millions of lives. Social phobia, caused by fear of humiliation causes millions more otherwise normal people to live lives of loneliness and desperation. "Behaviorists believe that these intense fears (phobias)begin when people are classically conditioned by a negative stimulus paired with the object or situation. In other words, phobias are learned. Sometimes parents may pass irrational fears on to their children in this way" (Porterfield, 2005). This is a powerful form of behavior modification. It deals with spontaneous...
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... with the continuous development of the company, the employees work's interest is coming down. A lot of company’s leaders and managers in order to improve employees' work efficiency, using the motivation theory. Motivation theory is the chief theory of behavioral management school. Motivation presumption is a indicator to the cause of the inducement and incentive factors of the definite content of the revise of theory. This theory is to meet the need of the people. In other words, people need to meet what they need, so as to arouse people's motives. Incentive theory contains a lot of knowledge; the most important main contents can be divided into two parts, the hierarchy of needs and reinforcement theory. This essay will put on show the contents of the hierarchy of needs theory and reinforcement theory. In 1934, Abraham Harold Maslow were put forward the hierarchy of needs theory. (Motivation and personality, 1997) The theory divided five levels of needs in the sequence of command of needs: self-actualization, self-respect, sense of belonging, shelter and physiological. Later in 1954, Maslow modifies the theory and defines people's needs for seven parts: physiological needs, safety measures needs, love and belonging needs, respect for the needs, knowledge for the needs, for beauty needs and self-actualization needs. Maslow put the seven fundamental needs into two parts: senior grades and low grades. The low grades including physiological needs, safety measures needs, for example...
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...Intro Behavior in children can be complex as well as unpredictable. Adults can be the ideal role models however there are times children will display behaviors that are unwanted. The parents then have to find a way to modify and stop this undesirable behavior. This essay will discuss three ways to modify behavior in children: Motivation, Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement with or without stimulus).Also included in this will be how these methods are used and which method is most effective. Motivation Motivation itself can be very rewarding from success in any accomplishment. This can be used for children and behavior. Behavior can be changed thru motivation such as the child getting a reward for good behavior. “Piaget discovered that children act on their own in the world and eventually will discover how the world works and what all is in it for them” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). As Piaget suggested, when a child discovers what is in it for them they will willingly want to change the undesired behavior. Children are often swayed and motivated by rewards. If they know they will get something for displaying good behavior the undesired behavior will become less and less. Eventually the behavior will become extinct if the parent uses the motivator in a lengthier time frame. One must understand that children have psychological needs and motives. According to Deckers, “ For human motivation, biological and psychological motivates...
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...both result in learning. Classical conditioning has an impact on behaviorism that is a school of thought in psychology. Behaviorism is a theory that is learned through experiences in the environment. Classical conditioning involves an environmental stimulus that automatically triggers a response. Phobias are created through classical conditioning. An example of this would be if a snake bit someone as a child they might form a phobia of snakes. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that happens through punishments or reinforcements to increase or decrease someone’s behavior. There are two types of reinforcements; one is positive reinforcements with this the behavior is strengthened by a direct reward. For example with a child who is potty training which is given a sticker on the chart each time a child makes it to the potty. They will want to use the potty more, so they can get a sticker as a positive reinforcement. The second is negative reinforcements this is when you reinforce bad behavior. An example of this would be giving in to a child’s screaming...
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