...Through the Classical Period of India and the Post Classical Period of the Incas and the Aztecs, these civilizations shared similarities in their religion and political structure and placed differences in their social structures. However the similarities both these civilizations have with each other in religion and social structure have minor differences, for example militaristic confidence and the worship or celebration of the religion and the events that took place. Religion in both civilizations were Polytheistic; worship of many gods and goddesses. Although they were polytheistic, both civilizations had different ceremonial tactics. In the Aztec and Inca civilization, they took sacrifice to another level, both in the types and the frequency of the sacrifices had increased and a whole symbolism and ritual, which included ritual cannibalism that developed part of the cult. The Indian civilization did not do sacrifices. This was one of the few differences in both of these religions. However both civilizations held ceremonies and performed rituals to worship the gods. India for instance attacked the conventional Brahman view of what the religion should be, such as a set of proper ceremonies that would lead to good things in this life and the rewards in the afterlife. The Upanishads advanced the idea of mystical contact with a divine essence. Reincarnation; afterlife was very important to these civilizations. Lastly Aztec and Incas, just like the Indians, had many gods that stood...
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...Social Structure Theory Holly Barnes CJS/231 August 30, 2015 Professor Chris Rosbough There are several theories created by many thinkers of our time that believes that societal, financial, and social arrangements and/or structures as the main cause of criminal behavior. In society, depending on where you are, there are usually some unwritten norms that are expected to be followed. It can be in a business corporation, out in the streets, at home. Usually there will be two sets of norms that is expected to be followed that causes an individual to feel torn. However, the feeling of being torn is the inner battle of doing the right thing, conscience or keeping yourself alive. The video, “Tent City, Arizona” was chosen to be watched to identify social structure theories and immediately it was noticed that an individual named Ryan, who is a nineteen years old meth user who was given the choice, serve six months in Tent City, or twelve years in a state prison. As the story focused on Ryan, he has lost the support of his mother and his girlfriend who gave birth to his son while he was waiting for sentencing. He started to realize that he wanted to be present for his son as a father because he grew up without his father and knew what he needed to do. Complete his Tent City stint and get out and go be with his son and be a father. He knew that he needed to follow all the rules as required by the officers who enforced the rules, however he also had to be part of the “Woods”...
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...Social Structure Theory CJA/314 Social Structure Crime and what it means to us today, in order to explain the meaning of crime and the role it plays in society, we must first examine what crime is and what it means to us as individuals, groups, family units, and everything in between. When examining our social structure we must first consider what constitutes right from wrong. We must try and answer the question, is there really such a thing as an absolute right or wrong? If so, who decides what’s right vs. wrong, and can anything we do or say against another be held against us? In order to try and find the answers to these simple questions we must understand the essences of the term crime. According to the dictionary, crime is an act or action of a negligence nature that is deemed harmful or hurtful to the public, be it voluntary or involuntary, as in the case of a drunk driver hitting an innocent bystander could possible end in manslaughter charges being leveled against the drunk driver. Because the drivers actions could have caused serious or even deadly consequences for the victim who was hit while standing on a corner, crossing a street, or on his way home from a long hard day’s work, even if the driver does not leave the scene of the incident, because the action was negligence in nature and could have been detrimental to the victim, this could be considered a crime. Another example of wrongdoing or sinful actions would be that of a person, committing...
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...and the way that we raise our children. The individuals who make up our communities today come from all walks of life, and are sometimes easily influenced by what happens within the community around them. There are often influences around us that help us make decisions that we would not normally make on our own, and this could change our way of thinking on certain issues that may arise in everyday life. Some of these decisions can make it hard to raise a child on the same morals and values that a parent grew up on. While it may be hard to raise a child, and believe in ourselves when times are hard we all have to have the belief that this too shall pass. The Meaning of Social Structure Theory By definition social structure theory is a theory that explains crime by reference to the economic and social arrangements in society, (Schmalleger 2012). There is still further explanation needed as to what this says for those communities that are within grasp of a person. The city that a person lives in has a lot to say as to the job they hold, where they send their child to school, the home in which they live, and the way they conduct themselves on a day to day basis. This is by no means a bad way of living or anything of that nature. Often humans are creatures of habit; we do the same as we see others do. The culture background of individuals is formed by the availability of education, employment, family belief systems, and the level of congestion, (Redfern 2008). There...
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...Functionalism in a Family 1 My family would seem very normal from an outside perspective; if someone were to look deep into all the aspects it takes to keep all of us sane and functional, they would be amazed at the effort and dedication it requires. If you look at how “each structure fulfills certain functions, or purposes and activities, to meet different needs that contribute to a society's stability and survival,” (Beth Stewart, lecture 2) you can compare that to a family idea as well. Each family member is a different structure and each has different functions that contribute to the family as a whole. Of course there are many different views and values, but that just gives us more information and ideas to sort out everyone’s different needs. For example: Each parent has a role in providing for their children, whether it is equal roles, or divided ideas. If the father is supposed to provide income, and the mother is supposed to nurture, it can be detrimental to the child and even the spouse if one or both of those roles are not being upheld. “Some social patterns are dysfunctional because they have a negative impact on a group or society.” (Stewart, lecture 2). If one person (structure) of the family is expected to maintain a certain function and doesn’t uphold that, it will have a negative effect which, if left to cultivate, will cause dysfunction. This idea works the same if one individual has too much power. If that happens, the others can be shut out and the...
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...Victimization Theory | Summarize the theory of victimization, describing its meaning and core concepts as it relates to the nature of crime. | Identify subcategories of the theory and describe each. | Apply the theory to one (1) real life example or scenario. Briefly explain why the theory applies to the example you identified. | Rational Choice Theory (This theory is completed for you as an example of how to complete the remaining theories) | According to this theory, crime is a matter of personal choice and the criminal makes a rational decision to commit the crime. This view is that If a person is motivated, considers the choices, and they believe crime will benefit them without risk. (Siegel & Worrall, 2013, p. 45)This view is that for the criminal, the profit outweighs the punishment. | One sub-category is the “Deterrence Theory” which aligns itself by indicating crime would not be a “rational choice” therefore not chosen if there was a strong enough fear of punishment, acting to deter the criminal activity. (Akers, 1990, p.2) | One real life case was that of Ariel Castro. This is the nationally televised case of a man who kidnapped and held three (3) women captive in his Cleveland, Ohio home for over 10 years, during which he physically and sexually assaulted, fathered a child and kept these young women captive until one managed to escape 2013. Castro pleaded guilty to 937 counts including murder, rape, and abduction, to avoid Ohio’s death penalty. He was sentenced...
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...Criminal Justice YourFirstName YourLastName University title Social Structure Theory An alternate perspective is that the premise of crime can be found in the relationship an individual needs to social structures and foundations. As indicated by social structure theory, the United States is a stratified society, where there are a couple of thousand "super rich" making more than $5 million every year, and 40 million Americans who live underneath the neediness line, ascertained at about $22,000 every year for a group of four. Those living in neediness confront deadlock employments, unemployment, and social disappointment. On account of their small monetary assets, lower-class nationals are regularly compelled to live in poor zones checked by substandard lodging, deficient health awareness, and tenants as opposed to property holders, poor instructive open doors, underemployment, and sadness (Crothers, 2013). These markers of neighborhood disorder are exceedingly prescient of crime rates. The issues of lower-class society are especially intense for racial and ethnic minorities, who have a salary level altogether underneath that of whites and an unemployment rate just about twice as high. In the inward urban communities, more than a large portion of all dark men don't complete secondary school. Also, they confront the load of bigotry and racial stereotyping. Examination demonstrates that whites are unwilling to living in or going by dark neighborhoods...
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...world-wide organisation based on local groups and communities. As such it has many parallels with the political structure of our world. Although the Discourse of the first founding book, 'Foundations', makes it clear that the Society cannot replace, and therefore should not seek to supplant, those political institutions, it does not go on to discuss the relationship between the two. It is as well to take the opportunity to make some comment on that question in these Essays. If neglected it may provide a fertile source for conflict and misunderstanding. The potential for conflict arises from an overlap between the area of interest of the Society and that of politicians. Both politicians and the Society have an abiding concern with the structure of our social order, in how we maintain stable co-operative social relationships and cope with the problems of balancing group and individual interests; long and short term objectives; order and liberty, and the host of other conflicts which the communal habits of our species generate. However, the shared interest of the Society and politicians can never result in their developing a common view of these problems, because they approach that shared ground from totally different directions. The emergence of the Aim, Duty and Responsibility of the Society owes nothing to the political ambition to reform or restructure our social relations. Those three statements are solely an attempt to set out a meaning and purpose of our lives that does...
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...While conducting this interview, I realized that many sociological concepts can be applied to Dean’s past and current work experiences. This has made me more aware of how sociology affects my own working and educational experiences. When Dean was explaining how his job affects his community, functionalism came to mind. This is a concept can be found in several aspects of the workplace. Work is an important function that serves the economy and our society. The primary purpose of Dean’s job is to provide goods that society needs. The secondary purpose of his job is to provide him with an income and it also provides him with a sense of purpose. Another concept that became apparent throughout the interview was subcultures in educational and...
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...Social Structure Theory Steven Horton University of Phoenix CJA/314 January 20, 2012 Maxine Craig Abstract The following paper will be based on the theory of social structure from the writers’ perspective. The paper can be considered as bias as it is based on personal opinions and situations of the writer. But it will touch on some of the questions that are asked to people who commit crimes repetitively. There are reasons that people become repeat offenders and career criminals and this paper should touch on some of the reasons why. Hopefully after reading this paper the reader will have a better understanding of how a person can commit crimes in repetition. Social Structure Theory There were several scenarios given in this weeks’ lesson but one in particular caught my attention. This man named Lucas, had entered someone’s house and pulled out a gun. He began creeping up the stairs where he had heard a noise coming from the bedroom. When he entered the room, a man and a woman were in the act of sexual relations so he aimed his gun and shot them both point blank. Next he grabbed his phone and called the man’s wife and told her that he had killed her husband and that she better have his money or she would be next. There was a bio about Lucas which basically said that he had been involved in crime since a juvenile and had joined a gang at a younger age. They ended it with the saying that he was on a path of criminal involvement. The theory of Social Structure states...
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...world-wide organisation based on local groups and communities. As such it has many parallels with the political structure of our world. Although the Discourse of the first founding book, 'Foundations', makes it clear that the Society cannot replace, and therefore should not seek to supplant, those political institutions, it does not go on to discuss the relationship between the two. It is as well to take the opportunity to make some comment on that question in these Essays. If neglected it may provide a fertile source for conflict and misunderstanding. The potential for conflict arises from an overlap between the area of interest of the Society and that of politicians. Both politicians and the Society have an abiding concern with the structure of our social order, in how we maintain stable co-operative social relationships and cope with the problems of balancing group and individual interests; long and short term objectives; order and liberty, and the host of other conflicts which the communal habits of our species generate. However, the shared interest of the Society and politicians can never result in their developing a common view of these problems, because they approach that shared ground from totally different directions. The emergence of the Aim, Duty and Responsibility of the Society owes nothing to the political ambition to reform or restructure our social relations. Those three statements are solely an attempt to set out a meaning and purpose of our lives that does...
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...Integration Paper on: “Deep play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight” CLIFFORD GEERTZ Clifford Geertz in his article entitled “Deep play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight”, uses interpretative analysis in the context of cultures as symbolic systems or a set of texts consisting of practices which create shared cultural meaning that is to be read by the anthropologist. Using direct observation of cockfighting and its significance within Balinese society, Geertz makes assertions of its symbolic meaning and relation to Balinese culture, concentrating largely on its social implications and masculine symbolism. To the outsider, one may mistakenly see Balinese cockfighting as simply placing a bet on an animal fight like many other sports concerning animal matches, but there is more to the cockfighting tradition than just that. Cockfighting was firstly shown more than a sport and somewhat of a rite of passage into the Balinese social group/life when an incident concerning Geertz, along with the community, runs away during a police raid of an illegal cockfight instead of simply pulling out their papers and asserting their Distinguished Visitor status. Geertz, before this incident, was treated, along with his wife, as if they were but ghosts in the village that they were observing, thus he portrays this incident as the juncture of his successive acceptance into the community, where he inadvertently established rapport with the community through active participation in one of the society’s...
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...them. He says this analogy is the core of the contemporary view of technology. Sclove says that technology is so significant that it basically sets our social structure. Our technology is so ingrained in our daily lives that it has changed and continues to change our political climate, laws and economic institutions. There are many areas where this is evident. One area that first comes to mind is social media and cyber bullying. Laws are being changed as we speak because of websites such as Facebook, where teenagers send threatening and harassing messages to other teens. Bullying can now be done in ones own home, where just 20 years ago it was usually on school grounds or nearby. Sclove writes about Coercive and Subconscious Compliance and how technologies are governed by both physical and political laws. It says that basically most of us are careful with technology that could do us bodily harm. An example of that would be automobiles. MOST people are careful when they are driving their cars to try to avoid causing an accident that would harm them or someone else. Subconscious Compliance is how ones environment can shift their social interaction with others. In the section that is entitled Macro politics, Sclove talks about how one technological invention led to bigger inventions that basically changed social and political...
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...and describe each. | Apply the theory to one (1) real life example or scenario. Briefly explain why the theory applies to the example you identified. | Social Structure Theory | According to this theory, a persons position in the social structure controls his or her behavior. Those in the lowest socioeconomic tier are more likely to succumb to crime promoting elements in their environment, whereas those in the higher tier enjoy social and economic advantages that insulate them from crime producing forces. The view is that about 40 million Americans live below the poverty line, and because of their financial position most living in poverty face obstacles such as inadequate health care, substandard housing, unemployment , and poor educational opportunities which are all factors of despair and these indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.(Siegel & Worrall, 2013, p.48} | One sub category is the “ Cultural Deviance Theory”, because of strain and social isolation a unique lower class has developed in disorganized poverty ridden neighborhoods. These subcultures maintain a unique set of values that are in conflict with the social norm. These subculture values are handed down from one generation to the next through a process called Cultural Transmission. Youths who hold such...
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...age-old issue of what religion is, Emile Durkheim and Clifford Geertz offer two quite in-depth and distinct definitions that can be viewed as very similar, yet truly different on a number of levels. In this essay, I will examine the similarities and differences between the two authors’ definitions of religion and offer my own perspective on each. Both anthropologists provide definitions that share the emphasis on religion as specific to a people, and also share the acknowledgement of rituals or practices within religion. However, Durkheim and Geertz have different fundamental, explicit concepts of religion, and in turn emphasize different aspects of religion and its social function. Many critiques on both definitions have provided a number of pros and cons to each, which in turn have led to my preference of one over the other. In examining the similarities between Durkheim and Geertz’s definitions of religion, one must observe that both authors conceptualize religion as specific to the group of people that it is present in, with limited applications outside of the group. At the heart of Emile Durkheim’s definition of religion is the concept that religion is central to society and that “religion is an eminently social thing” (DURKHEIM 2008: 39). Embedded in this idea of religion as a social entity is the concept of religion as socially-specific; as applicable only to the specific group it exists in. He goes on to claim that beliefs and rites composing a religion are “always shared...
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