...Thomas Wallace Dementia Praecox Mental Deterioration at an Early Age Introduction to Psychology Laura McCormick, Professor February 15, 2014 Thomas Wallace Dementia Praecox Mental Deterioration at an Early Age Introduction to Psychology Laura McCormick, Professor February 15, 2014 Abstract Schizophrenia, a classification of psychological disorders considered to be one of the most extreme in terms of psychological dysfunction and breakdown (Carson and Butcher, 1992). This disorder can result in a complete breakdown or alteration of reality. Schizophrenia is often termed psychotic in order to separate it from other disorders that are much milder in nature, such as Mood and Anxiety disorders. It is the goal of this paper to provide an overview of some of the issues and debates regarding this difficult and oft misunderstood disorder. What is Schizophrenia? Dementia Praecox, otherwise known as Schizophrenia, has been regarded as a uniquely distinct disease for well over a 100 years. This disease affects those areas that control how a person functions. It manipulates the individual’s thoughts, distorts their perceptions and causes hallucinations, particularly auditory. The person becomes delusional believing others can read their mind and thoughts of others are being placed in their head. According to the criteria for Schizophrenia described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013)...
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...of a measuring instrument such as DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual) that is used when diagnosing schizophrenia. Reliability can be measured in terms of whether two independent assessors give similar scores (inter-rater reliability). High reliability indicated by high positive correlation. Inter-rater reliability has been assessed for diagnoses of schizophrenia and found to be relatively low. This was especially true for early versions of DSM but it was hoped later versions of DSM would prove more reliable. However more recent versions continued to produce low inter rater reliability scores. Whaley (2001) found small +.11 correlation between different raters. Differences in cultural interpretations also pose a threat to the reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Research study by Copeland et al (1971) gave a description of a patient showing clinical characteristics of schizophrenia to US and UK psychiatrists. Of the US psychiatrists, 69% diagnosed schizophrenia. Whereas only 2% of UK psychiatrists gave same diagnosis. Suggests that the diagnostic criteria had quite a different meaning in different cultures and therefore not reliable when used in different cultural settings. Reliability is also an issue for diagnosis. This was raised by Rosenhan (1973) who claimed that situational factors were more important in determining the ultimate diagnosis of schizophrenia, rather than any specific characteristics of the person. Rosenhan demonstrated this is ‘Sane in insane...
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...Schizophrenia All over the globe people suffer from schizophrenia. It occurs in all societies regardless of race, religion, class or culture. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, (NIMH) the prevalence of schizophrenia is 1.1% of the world’s population. This means 51 million people worldwide are affected. Approximately 2.2 million people in the United States, roughly six to twelve million people in China and 250,000 in Britain are living with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia affects men and women. It is usually diagnosed by behavior around the ages of 15-25. Men usually exhibit symptoms earlier than females. People that live in the city have a higher incidence of schizophrenia than people in the country. According to research immigrants such as people from the Caribbean living in the United Kingdom have a greater rate of schizophrenia than the native people of that area. (Fearon,. Et al. 2006) Some researchers speculate that this is due to changed environmental and social factors. The loss of social or family support and change in cultural environment has been thought to trigger biological stressors. Schizophrenia is one type of psychotic disorder, schizoaffective and schizophreniform are other types. Schizoaffective disorder is characterized by psychotic symptoms and significant mood disturbances. Schizophreniform disorder has the same criteria as Schizophrenia but the episode lasts from one to six months and there is no deterioration...
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...disorders and diseases interfere with the person sufferings everyday lives, emotions, productivity, physical well being and personal relationships. We will discuss theories associated with disorders and diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorder, mania, and tourettes syndrome. We will also discuss the drugs that can remedy these disorders and diseases or lessen the symptoms of them so people can live their daily lives as well as looking at the negative sides of these drugs. Schizophrenia is a very damaging mental disorder. Anyone that has this disorder can lose all sense of reality and can cause delusions, hallucinations and possible chances of extreme paranoia. The ages of those with the first signs of schizophrenia does range. According to (NIMH Schizophrenia, n.d.) males in their late teens, early twenties and women in their twenties to early thirties are the average age range of sufferers. A person suffering from schizophrenia normally makes some recovery, but will likely deal with some of the symptoms of this disorder for the rest of their lives. Many people with schizophrenia become quite suspicious of others and summon a story in their minds of paranoia, like others are out to get them. This type of behavior of paranoid schizophrenia can cause the person suffering to show self-destructive behaviors that can lead to suicide and harm to others (Pinel, 2011). Those suffering from this disorder can maintain the appearance of normality, but when questioned...
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...Distorted Reality: A Research on Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is widely considered one of the more destructive illnesses known to man. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia isn't a split personality or multiple personality disorder. The word "schizophrenia" does mean, "split mind," but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking. Schizophrenia is a severe class of brain disorders in which the sufferer has a vastly distorted perception of reality. Although it affects approximately one percent of America’s population (“Schizophrenia,” n.d), not much is known about it outside of recent progressive research. There are drugs and different therapies available to treat the symptoms of this complex disorder but in most of the cases, the patients will continue to experience schizophrenic symptoms for the rest of their lives. In my research, I was able to determine what schizophrenia is, its symptoms, believed causes, and finally, available treatments. Schizophrenia, as stated before, is a brain disorder that makes it difficult to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses, and to behave normally in social situations. Schizophrenia appears to occur equally among men and women, usually developing between the ages of 15 and 20. In women, however, it tends to start showing symptoms later, around the ages of 20 - 30. Additionally, schizophrenia has shown to have a greater...
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...Health Condition and Diagnosis Schizophrenia is a widely recognized chronic and severe psychiatric disorder which according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2009) guidelines, affects one per-cent of the UK population. Schizophrenia can be classified as an overall category for the mental illness; however, diagnostic tools such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) reveal the variations of the psychiatric disorder. This essay will explore and focus on one specific subtype of the mental illness. Paranoid Schizophrenia. According to T.Davies and T.Craig (2009, p45), Paranoid Schizophrenia is one of the most common subtypes of the psychotic illness which affects the individuals variation of emotion, thinking and behaviour. Through extensive research, this essay will uncover the definition of paranoid schizophrenia, its manifestations and possible causes. Key issues such as symptoms, epidemiology, prevalence, co-morbidity, prognosis, treatment and interventions will also be critically reviewed and discussed. Lastly, this essay will also analyse guidelines, policies and regulations that influence interventions and the effects of paranoid schizophrenia on the individual, their families, carers and friends. There are various subtypes of schizophrenia such as undifferentiated, residual, simple, other and unspecified schizophrenia with the three most common being Paranoid...
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...Schizophrenia Almar Lim CNI College ADN Program NSG 265 Holistic Health Concepts Ms Shadia Maksemous RN, MSN February 4th, 2015 Schizophrenia is not a single disease, but a broad category of mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is a psychiatry disorder where several structural disturbances occur in the brain. It normally takes place in the temporal and frontal lobes, changing the neural systems and affecting the neurotransmitters in charge of controlling the functioning that takes place in these areas. It is not a structural brain disease that shows up early on X-rays CAT scans, or EEGs. Schizophrenics also have defects in the handling of amino acids. Etiology The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown, but research suggests that a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make people more likely to develop the condition. Current thinking is that some people may be prone to schizophrenia, and a stressful or emotional life event might trigger a psychotic episode. However, it's not known why some people develop symptoms while others don't. (Smith & Segal, 2014) Clinical Manifestation There are two ways that schizophrenia begins. One way is called Acute Onset. This happens very fast, about a couple of weeks. It is easier to recover from this. You are able to get help faster because people notice it sooner. The other way is called Process Onset. This takes a longer period of time to show. It is gradual, sometimes up to years. You...
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...W201527095 TEST.III Learning Objectives & Review of Chapters.8, 9 &10. Chapter.8. Schizophrenia Objective.1. Discuss the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, as well as the current criteria for brief psychotic disorder. What is the typical age of onset? What percent of people will develop this schizophrenia? Following is the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. i. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated): 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence) 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. 5. Negative symptoms, (affective flattening, alogia, or avolition ii. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work or school, interpersonal relations, or self-care is markedly below the level expected for the individual or achieved prior to the onset. iii. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form (e.g., odd beliefs, unusual perceptual...
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...example includes addictive behaviors, eating disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder and depression. From time to time, most individuals are known to have numerous mental health concerns. Mental health concern are actually not mental illnesses but if they persist and the symptoms and sings result to recurring stress that affect an individual’s ability to function, then they can be considered to be mental illness. Mental illness is quite a big problem to an individual and usually turns an individual to be miserable throughout their day if they are not well managed. Counseling (psychotherapy) and a medication combination is mostly used to manage mental illness. Mental illness symptoms and signs are known to be varying depending on particular circumstances, disorder and numerous other factors. An individuals behaviors, thought and emotions are mostly affected by a mental illness. most mental illness are known not to improve on their own but they get worse if they go untreated over a long time and causing a lot of damage. Treatment of mental illness varies depending on the mental illness type, its severity and the form, kind or type of treatment that will work to a particular individual. Two individual having a similar mental illness condition might have to treat them differently as one treatment may not work for both the individuals. An individual with a mild mental illness conditions that is has well-controlled symptoms can be treated by a single health care provider. However...
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...Anti-NMDA Encephalitis: A Novel Presentation of Schizophrenia Stephen A Belz B Pharm MPS The Prince Charles Hospital Pharmacy Department Rode Road, Chermside QLD 4032 ABSTRACT Background: It has been suggested that the modulation of dopamine is not the complete story when it comes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Multiple other neurotransmitters have been linked to the condition such as NMDA & Serotonin. N-methyl D-asparate (NMDA) modulation has been used with success for a number of other conditions such as pain control and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to the high incidence of relapse and treatment failure of current therapies, it is vitally important that medical science looks further into the modulation of the other neurotransmitters involved. Aim: To report one case that illustrates a novel presentation of treatment resistant schizophrenia, that through extensive investigation produced a diagnosis of anti-NMDA antibody encephalitis. Clinical details and outcome: The patient had experienced extensive treatment for schizophrenia over at least 5 documented years at a number of institutions & hospitals with varying degrees of success. The patient’s presentation to TPCH resulted in the detection of Anti-NMDA antibodies leading to the diagnosis. Treatments used included immunomodulators and antipsychotics. Conclusions: After a prolonged admission, the patient was discharged back to her family substantially improved and is receiving maintenance immunoglobulin...
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...Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (Review) Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 1 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (Review) Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES...
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...in this paper shows a high linkage between metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities with the use of Antipsychotic medications; which is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among metal health consumers. Approach: Selective Article Reviews are being used. Findings and Implications: Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects such as weight gain, diabetes and hypertension are some of the risks of Antipsychotic drugs; however, there are other underlying factors that cause this such abnormalities such as genetic factors, lifestyle, and other medications. Hence, education, early monitoring and lifestyle modification is highly recommended. Conclusion: Atypical drugs are the frequently used treatment for mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia; but despite of its metabolic and cardiovascular side effects still it’s used is increasing. Therefore, early intervention and monitoring must be implemented, with the promotions of education, lifestyle and diet management. Introduction It is well known that psychotropic drugs, in general and antipsychotic drugs, in particular have as one of their side effect liabilities and potential to cause weight gain and disturbances in metabolic parameters; and the prevalence of these risk is high among patients taking these drugs. At this point, it is still unclear why these drugs caused this such abnormalities and we don't know the way in which the potential to cause weight gain,...
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...physiatrist named Eugen Bleuler referring to symptoms of schizophrenia. The term autism was not used in the United States until the 1940s. Leo Kanner identified the key feature of “autistic aloneness” among his patients, describing their apparent reluctance to engage in social interaction with other people (Autism, Psychology of, 2005). Autism was thought to be the result of unloving mothers. Not until the 1960s and 1970s, a separate understanding of autism emerged. Dr. Bernard Rimland, father of an autistic son and founder of the Autism Research Institute, helped the medical community understand autism as a biological disorder (Autism Speaks, 2010). Early treatment during the 1960s and 1970s has included medications such as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), electric shock, and behavior change techniques (pain and punishment). Behavior therapy and highly controlled learning environments became the primary treatments during the 1980s and 1990s. During the 1990s a concern arose that the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine contributed to the development of Autism, but a study published in 1998 that theorized there could be a link has been retracted because there is little evidence to support that theory (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Other common myths include autistic children cannot be affectionate; if a child makes eye contact, he or she must not be autistic; and autistic behaviors do not change over time. These and other misconceptions stem from an early misunderstanding of autism. Autism...
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...Issue date: March 2009 Schizophrenia Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in adults in primary and secondary care This is an update of NICE clinical guideline 1 NICE clinical guideline 82 Developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health NICE clinical guideline 82 Schizophrenia Ordering information You can download the following documents from www.nice.org.uk/CG82 • The NICE guideline (this document) – all the recommendations. • A quick reference guide – a summary of the recommendations for healthcare professionals. • ‘Understanding NICE guidance’ – a summary for patients and carers. • The full guideline – all the recommendations, details of how they were developed, and reviews of the evidence they were based on. For printed copies of the quick reference guide or ‘Understanding NICE guidance’, phone NICE publications on 0845 003 7783 or email publications@nice.org.uk and quote: • N1823 (quick reference guide) • N1824 (‘Understanding NICE guidance’). NICE clinical guidelines are recommendations about the treatment and care of people with specific diseases and conditions in the NHS in England and Wales. This guidance represents the view of NICE, which was arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. Healthcare professionals are expected to take it fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. However, the guidance does not override the individual responsibility of healthcare professionals...
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...Garrett Kelly Dr. Tushup 7/17/13 Nancy C. Andreasen is an expert on psychiatric disorders and most importantly an expert on schizophrenia. In earlier years the symptoms of schizophrenia were thought to be in a single brain region. However, with more experts and more studies taking place on schizophrenia we are finding out that there are many areas in the brain that are affected by schizophrenia. Based on empirical data derived from both magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, we have developed a model that implicates connectivity among nodes located in prefrontal regions, the thalamic nuclei, and the cerebellum(Andreasen, 1998). If there is a disruption in this circuitry it will produce cognitive dysmetria, which will lead to difficulty in prioritizing, processing, coordinating and responding to information. The study of neural mechanisms of schizophrenia has passed through three phases during the past several decades. The first phase was used to demonstrate that schizophrenia was a brain disease. This phase was supported primarily through the use of neuro-imaging techniques such as computerized tomography, which consistently showed that patients had diffuse nonspecific abnormalities such as prominent sulci or ventricular enlargement(Andreasen 1982,1990). The second phase drew on traditions of neurology and neuropsychology, it attempted to localize the anatomic abnormalities and relate specific manifestations of the illness to specific brain regions (Andreasen...
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