...| | |Food Safety | |A Matter of Ethics | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Professor: | | ...
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...Computer ethics Computer ethics is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. The term "computer ethics" was first coined by Walter Maner in the mid-1970s, but only since the 1990s has it started being integrated into professional development programs in academic settings. The conceptual foundations of computer ethics are investigated by information ethics, a branch of philosophical ethics established by Luciano Floridi. Computer ethics is a very important topic in computer applications. The importance of computer ethics increased through the 1990s. With the growth of the Internet, privacy issues as well as concerns regarding computing technologies such as spyware and web browser cookies have called into question ethical behavior in technology. Identifying issues Identifying ethical issues as they arise, as well as defining how to deal with them, has traditionally been problematic in computer ethics. Some have argued against the idea of computer ethics as a whole. However, Collins and Miller proposed a method of identifying issues in computer ethics in their Paramedic Ethics model. The model is a data-centered view of judging ethical issues, involving the gathering, analysis, negotiation, and judging of data about the issue. In solving problems relating to ethical issues, Davis proposed a unique problem-solving method. In Davis's model, the ethical problem is stated, facts...
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...rapid economic growth and transformation, many companies ignore ethical business practices for profit maximization. This goes against traditional Confucianism, which prioritizes customer satisfaction and seeks to avoid exploiting customers for profits. Sinyi, founded by Chun-Chi Chou in 1981, has been one of the most successful real estate companies in mainland Asian markets. Chou has successfully developed a people-oriented culture, which has lead to an excellent corporate image and satisfied customers. However, challenges have accompanied Sinyi's recent growth into Asian markets, where unethical business practices exploit clients for profit maximization. Exponential growth at Sinyi has made it extremely difficult to maintain a uniform ethics-based culture. Chou plans to expand his business while maintaining rigid ethical principles focused on the welfare of customers above profit maximization. Sinyi has strived to transmit this ethical culture to employees and the community by creating continual education and outreach programs. In a chaotic Taiwanese real estate industry, Chou has realized that a "people centered" business is key to success. While some competitors use price fixing to cheat customers, Sinyi has taken affirmative actions towards applying social responsibility in management concepts. In accordance with Confucian teachings, Chou believes that the needs of both clients and employees should come before profit maximization. If this does not hold true, the firm...
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...the International Business Ethics Gabriela Dubcová* ABSTRACT The ethics triangle: national law, culture and political economic system. Key factors of current ethics issues in an international environment. The most visible changes in environment dimensions. Principles of international business ethics. Current ethics challenges in international environment. Common issues of the international business ethics. Comparison of ethical standards in different cultures. Accelerating development of globalization and assimilation between Europe and the USA. Differences between Europe, the United States and Asia in the business ethics perspective. Development processes of global business ethics. Levels of global business ethic level. Principle of normative guidelines for business conduct of multinational corporations. Current functioning of institution engaged in the international business ethics. Key words: The ethics triangle; Current ethics issues; International business ethics; Ethical standards; Global business ethics; Institution engaged in the International Business Ethics. JEL classification: K2, M1 Introduction The present economic situation in the globalized world generates very efficient processes in international companies with large profits for managers but with a relevant risk in economic and noneconomic ambit to eliminate any negative impacts of the crisis from one country to another. In this case, it is necessary to enact and apply ethics principles in international...
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...Marketing ethics is the area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media ethics. Contents 1 Fundamental issues in the ethics of marketing 1.1 Frameworks of analysis for marketing Possible frameworks 1.2 Power-based analysis 1.3 Is marketing inherently evil? 2 Specific issues in marketing ethics 2.1 Market research 2.2 Market audience 2.3 Pricing ethics 2.4 Ethics in advertising and promotion 2.4.1 Content 2.4.2 Delivery channels 2.4.3 Deceptive Advertising and Ethics 2.5 The use of ethics as a marketing tactic 2.6 Neuromarketing ethics 2.7 Marketing strategy 2.8 Further issues in marketing ethics 3 Regulation and enforcement 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Fundamental issues in the ethics of marketing[edit] Frameworks of analysis for marketing Possible frameworks[edit] Value-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of the values which they infringe (e.g. honesty, autonomy, privacy, transparency). An example of such an approach is the AMA Statement of Ethics.[1] Stakeholder-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of whom they affect (e.g. consumers, competitors, society as a whole). Process-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems in terms of the categories used by marketing specialists (e.g. research, price, promotion, placement). None...
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...is intended to familiarize students with the mathematical thinking. It focuses on topics of calculus that are relevant to students in the managerial and business sciences. The main goals of the course are to develop technical skills allowing the analysis of real life problems, to provide the tools necessary to formulate, analyse and implement a simple quantitative model to support a business decision, and to understand articles and books on business analysis Starting with preliminaries to calculus, and limits, we follow with derivatives and its applications to real life problems, and integration. This course covers also functions with more than one variable, differential equations, and optimization. Basic requirement. Students must have a good background on algebra and arithmetic, as well as a good understanding of mathematical functions and their applications to practical problems. Course Objectives * To builds skills and proficiency in methods of calculus * To understand concepts, formulas and techniques of calculus through exercises and applied examples * To be able to translate real-world problems to mathematical language and models * To acquire ease in identifying the different kind of problem and the appropriated rule to solve it * To interpret results of calculus * To apply analytical methods of calculus that are relevant to managerial and business sciences. Course Outcomes * To work with functions represented in a variety of ways, including...
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...Fall 2014 Instructor: Dr. Abraham I. Brodt Office: MB 12.215 Tel: 848-2424-2997 Fax: 848-4500 E-mail: ABrodt@jmsb.concordia.ca [SUBJECT: FINA 411 …….] Classes: FINA 411/2A Mondays 11:45 - 14:30 [MB1.437] FINA 411/2C Wednesdays 11:45 - 14:30 [MB5.255] Office Hours: Mondays and Wednesdays 15:30 -- 16:30 [Please e-mail me first to confirm] and by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course focuses on modern investment theory and its application to the management of entire portfolios. It will consist of lectures, discussions of cases and articles, and video presentations. Topics include: a) construction of optimal asset portfolios using techniques such as the single index model, b) extensions of the capital asset pricing model: theory and tests; example, the zero-beta model, c) criteria for evaluation of investment performance, d) active vs. passive portfolio management, e) investment strategies. The Formula Growth Investment Centre Lab will be used to demonstrate the use of specialized investment software. Computer exercises are assigned to illustrate the application of the theory. Prerequisites: FINA 380 or 385; FINA 390 or 395. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To understand the theory and practice of Portfolio Management for Individuals and Institutions, e.g. Endowments, Mutual Funds, Pension Plans, etc. To learn about the key Asset Pricing Models. REQUIRED: Text: Bodie, Zvi, Alex Kane, Allan J. Marcus, Stylianos Perrakis, Peter J. Ryan...
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...Case 1 Nestle: The Infant Formula Controversy Background Nestle, among other companies that market infant formulas, has been the focus of attack from different groups. The source of this controversy sprang from the number of deaths of babies from Third World countries that are alleged to have been the result of aggressive advertising of the Nestle infant formula. Nestle stands by its position that it has been responsible in its product marketing stressing, among other things, that (1) it has never advocated bottle feeding instead of breast feeding and (2) that the infant formula has a vital role in proper infant nutrition as a supplement. Nevertheless, Nestle adopted measures to address the concerns of different groups, like WHO, by discontinuing its mass media advertising of infant formula, carrying out comprehensive health education programs, and supported the WHO code. By late 1990s, Nestle was again accused of continuously violating the WHO code and concerned groups have called for the boycott of Nestle products. By 2001, the HIV crisis in certain parts of the world, like South Africa, has caused a shift in preference from breast feeding to infant formula. Consequently, Nestle faces the challenge of addressing such high demand. Finally, Nestle, as an MNC, carries new responsibilities that comes along with marketing its products like participating in the fight against HIV and AIDS especially in developing countries. Problem Statement Taking into account the social...
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...most centering around the use by Ford of a cost-benefit analysis and the ethics surrounding its decision not to upgrade the fuel system based on this analysis. ISSUE Should a risk/benefit analysis be used in situations where a defect in design or manufacturing could lead to death or seriously bodily harm, such as in the Ford Pinto situation? RULE There are arguments both for and against such an analysis. It is an economically efficient method which has been accepted by courts for numerous years, however, juries may not always agree, so companies should take this into account. ANALYSIS Although Ford had access to a new design which would decrease the possibility of the Ford Pinto from exploding, the company chose not to implement the design, which would have cost $11 per car, even though it had done an analysis showing that the new design would result in 180 less deaths. The company defended itself on the grounds that it used the accepted risk/benefit analysis to determine if the monetary costs of making the change were greater than the societal benefit. Based on the numbers Ford used, the cost would have been $137 million versus the $49.5 million price tag put on the deaths, injuries, and car damages, and thus Ford felt justified not implementing the design change. This risk/benefit analysis was created out of the development of product liability, culminating at Judge Learned Hand's BPL formula, where if the expected harm exceeded the cost to take the precaution...
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...CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………2 Definition of Business Ethics……………………….2 Background of Fonterra’s Company………………..2 Issues of Fonterra’s company.....................................3 Solution to Issues……………………………………4 Conclusion…………………………………………...5 Reference…………………………………………….6 Fonterra’s Milk Scandal: The Issues surrounding it and how can Fonterra’s managed the issue? Introduction Milk is a nutritional product very good for health and almost all age are using. The dairy industry is currently developing. Typically, the dairy market today has a millions of different brands of milk from around the world. Dairy industry development because the benefits of milk to provide for health people is extremely large. Targeting that benefit, so now has a lot of dairy company consecutive established for the purpose of competitive and to looking for profit from that industry but they don’t care about a business ethics. That led to some large companies do everything possible to get revenue as skipping the period in production to shorten the process and change or add some cheap has toxic component to decrease cost of production and increase profits. Such behavior has violated business ethics and caused a serious consequence to the health and the faith of consumers. Typical, Fonterra; the best dairy company in the world has violated of business ethics when related the scandal of the milk has toxic harmful to human health and loss of image of company. That issue must be considered...
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...Operation Iraqi Freedom at Abu Ghraib Confinement Facility in Iraq between October and December 2003. “The abuses at Abu Ghraib primarily fall into two categories: a) intentional violent or sexual abuse [against detainees], and b) abusive actions taken based on misinterpretations or confusion regarding law or policy.”[1] From the standpoint of “Leading the Institution,” it will be argued that authorities failed to develop of a coherent body of policy or procedures[2] regarding detainee operations, which would have served to appropriately and consistently guide actions in the field and thus enable success. Instead, policy was inconsistent, ambiguous and changing – resulting in confusion regarding morally and legally acceptable standards for interrogation and detention. These lapses in policy contributed mostly to the second category of abuse.[3] From the standpoint of “Leading People,” it will be argued that the absence of effective supervision was the key contributing factor to the events at Abu Ghraib, whereby leaders failed to “monitor, inspect, correct, and evaluate.”[4] It will be demonstrated that “leaders… failed to supervise subordinates or provide direct oversight of this...
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...the cupcake business is a relatively new concept in Singapore. The rate of industry growth would affect the business positively, as the cupcake industry is growing rapidly and has lots of potential. New product introduction would be done monthly to attract current and new customers. This would be a good way to assess and create new cupcake flavours to cater to the market. The factors mentioned above are considered opportunities in relation to Sprinkles. 2) Bargaining Power of Customers This is the extent to which customers are able to force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more service at the same price and play competitors against each other. Customers have high bargaining power when few customers buy high volumes, the standard of goods and services...
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...Ethical Issues in Business Thomas Donaldson and Patricia Werhane Some definitions: Ethics – the study of whatever is right and good for humans Business ethics – business actions etc in light of some aspect of human value. - it requires the evaluation of business practices. - Goes beyond facts to include the “ought to” of a situation. The two traditional issues involved with ethics: 1. Ethical Relativism – are there universal values that apply to everyone or is everything relative to individual, country, company etc. a. Relates to cultural relativism. This presumes that different peoples reason about morality varies by culture, education and religious traditions. b. Arguments for ER are: i. Empirical evidence of cultural relativism. ii. There is no viable universal standard that can be applied to everyone. c. Arguments against ER are: i. Just because finding universals is hard – that does not imply that ER is correct. ii. Just because a particular issues is not resolved does not imply that it is, in principle, not ever resolvable. iii. Taking ER to its full extent means that you can’t justify any moral judgements at all. d. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) attempted to legislate that what we say is moral is how we should behave. This Act was driven by the issue that you are being inconsistent with yourself if you say something is immoral yet do it anyway just because you are in a foreign country. 2. Truth telling – can you ever justify...
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...Ethical Issues in Business Nathaniel Andrews Langston University November 14, 2011 Ethical Issues In Business Ethics and moral obligation are something that we all encounter at one time or another. Even in a professional setting, all persons should act in a manner that would uphold the good of society. Why is it that good, ethical and moral behavior is not always adhered to? Is it because some people do not understand ethics and what it means to be ethical? To be ethical, one has to decide between right and wrong, determine what is for the betterment of society and act accordingly. Ethics have three basic criteria that must be met obligations, moral ideas, and consequences. Businesses have their own code of ethics and the individuals within that business have to determine whether or not they will follow that code of ethics. Ethical behavior in business is consistent with the principles, norms, and standards of business practice that have been agreed upon by society. At times, however, an individual decides to go against the code of ethical behavior for personal gain. The term patent usually refers to an exclusive right granted to anyone who invents any new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, and claims that right in a formal patent application. The additional qualification utility patent is used in the United States to distinguish it from other types of patents (e.g. design...
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...international with business over the past years. The alliance between organizations, partnerships and private sectors has been the reason for the growth between the two countries. While concentrating on the customs, culture, language, anti-corruption and economic implications. You will explore the Chinese culture and its impact on local business structures. The comparison of China and the United States in regards to its cultural analysis will be provided, along with the implications for the United States businesses that wish to conduct business in China. Major Elements and Dimensions of Culture in China China Business Ethics Business ethics is the principal and standard that guides a company, it is very complex and the resolution are rarely black and white (Parboteeah & Cullen, 2013). According to Business Ethics in China it states, that business ethics in China has emerge and developed to the response of economic reforms. It is a combination of the soci-political system; its philosophical ideologies, specifically in Guanxi and Confucianism,...
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