...Overview of Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are key concepts in measurement processes. Reliability refers to the stability of a test measure or protocol. It seems to be the way in scientific endeavors that we can take a simple concept and make the concept extremely difficult to comprehend; such is the case with reliability. There are various methods to determine reliability and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Our purpose here is to try to make since of the various reliability methods. To review, reliability is a measure of the stability or consistency of a test protocol. Measures of reliability are typically reported in terms of Pearson Correlation Coefficients. In brief, these correlation measures range from –1 to 1, with larger values indicating high relationships. Generally, 0.30 is considered minimum to indicate marginal reliability. If you conceptualize consistency as stability over time or stability from item to item then there are different approaches to the measure of reliability. Consistency or stability over time is measured by test – retest reliability. This type of reliability is “in-line” with the traditional view of reliability, and is usually measured by correlation tests given to a group of subjects twice over a tasteful period, during which nothing has happen to your participants to effect their results. Therein lays, the major disadvantage of this method of reliability. Other problems are concerned with...
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...are reliable and valid. The following paragraphs will explore reliability, and validity. This paper will also explore data collection methods and data collection instruments that are used in human services research, and managerial research. Types of Reliability Reliability is defined as “the quality or state of being reliable; specifically: the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials” ("Reliability," 2011). There are five types of reliability: alternate-form, internal-consistency, item-to-item, judge-to-judge, and test-retest reliability. Alternate-form reliability is the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability is how reliable the test is as a whole or how judges score (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Item-to-item reliability and judge-to-judge reliability are almost the same. Item-to-item reliability is the reliability of any single item on average and judge-to-judge is the reliability of any singe judge on average (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Finally test-retest reliability is the degree of stability of a measuring instrument or test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). All types of reliability are used in human services research. It is very important the researcher makes sure that the tests that he or she is using are reliable. For example the alternate-form reliability, if the researcher gave his or her participants a test that will...
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...University of Phoenix Material Validity and Reliability Matrix For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50-100-word description of test’s application and under what conditions these types of reliability would be used as well as when it would be inappropriate. Then prepare a 50-100-word description of each test’s strengths and a 50-100-word description of each test’s weaknesses. |TEST of |Application and APPROPRIATENESS |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Reliability | | | | |Internal |“When you want to know if the item on a test assess one, and only one |The imbalance circulation of element correlation or |By using the degree of correlated items to measure,| |Consistency |dimension” (Salkind,N, pg.108). This test would be "used when you want|extreme values of correlations do not alter the |consistency internally is not a correct choice when| | |to know whether the items on a test are consistent with one another” |general factor. The internal arrangement of |the outcome of the test is not one-dimensional. | | |(Salkind,N. 2011 pg110). It would be appropriate to use this...
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...VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY For the statistical consultant working with social science researchers the estimation of reliability and validity is a task frequently encountered. Measurement issues differ in the social sciences in that they are related to the quantification of abstract, intangible and unobservable constructs. In many instances, then, the meaning of quantities is only inferred. Let us begin by a general description of the paradigm that we are dealing with. Most concepts in the behavioral sciences have meaning within the context of the theory that they are a part of. Each concept, thus, has an operational definition which is governed by the overarching theory. If a concept is involved in the testing of hypothesis to support the theory it has to be measured. So the first decision that the research is faced with is “how shall the concept be measured?” That is the type of measure. At a very broad level the type of measure can be observational, self-report, interview, etc. These types ultimately take shape of a more specific form like observation of ongoing activity, observing video-taped events, self-report measures like questionnaires that can be open-ended or close-ended, Likert-type scales, interviews that are structured, semi-structured or unstructured and open-ended or close-ended. Needless to say, each type of measure has specific types of issues that need to be addressed to make the measurement meaningful, accurate, and efficient. Another...
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...Reliability and Validity During this paper the different types of reliability and validity will be discussed. Reliability and validity will then be applied to the Human Services profession in showing how they apply to the Human Services field. There will be two methods of data collection presented as well as why they are important to this field. Reliability is defined as: “the ability to be relied on or depended on, as for accuracy, honesty, or achievement” (Webster dictionary). The central method that reliability is measured is the test/retest theory. According to Carmine, “The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the reliability of the measuring procedure; conversely the less consistent the results, the lower the reliability” (Carmine and Zeller pg 12). For example, a blood pressure machine can be used to test and re-test your blood pressure. When measuring one’s blood pressure repeatedly one will get similar results at that given time. Any measuring appliance is legitimate if it does what it is intended to do by giving consistent results on repeated measurements. Another common way in measuring reliability is by using Cronbach’s Alpha. According to Santos, “Cronbach's Alpha is a numerical coefficient of reliability. Computation of alpha is based on the reliability of a test relative to other tests with same number of items, and measuring the same construct of interest” (Santos, volume 32). Validity is defined as: “the state...
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...Reliability and Validity Carmen Kbeir BSHS/382 March 26, 2012 Edessa Jobli Reliability and Validity Researchers employ a wide range of data collection methods to obtain information. Some of these methods are quantitative, such as experiments. Others are qualitative, like field studies. Within each of these methods are specific procedures that lead the researcher to various outcomes. The tools, or instruments, used to measure observations or statistics throughout the process are very important. To understand how well the instruments work and the extent to which the outcomes will produce similar results in the future, researchers examine different types of validity and reliability. Reliability is the extent to which an instrument produces consistent results and the probability that others can achieve the same results when reproducing the study. There are several types of reliability, including alternate-form reliability, internal-consistency reliability, item-to-item or judge-to-judge reliability, and test-retest reliability (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability measures the amount of correlation between items on a test (Darity, 2008). The average correlation between items is indicated by item-to-item reliability. These types of reliability let the researcher know how well the items on a test go together (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). A questionnaire or survey is not of much use if the questions on them are completely...
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...Reliability and Validity Walter Boothe BSHS/382 April 23, 2012 Staci Lowe Reliability and Validity In human services, research and testing is conducted in order to provide the most effective program possible. Testing methods should have both reliability and validity. They should be both consistent and specific. This paper will discuss two types of reliability and two types of validity and provide examples of how each can be applied to human services research. Additionally, this paper will discuss methods of gathering data in human services, and why it is vital that these methods have reliability and validity. Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly (Cherry, 2010).Regardless of the reason for testing administering a test , in order for it to be reliable , the results should be approximately the same each time it is administered. Unfortunately, it is impossible to calculate reliability exactly, but it can be estimated in a number of different ways (Cherry, 2010). Two specific types of reliability are inter –rater reliability and internal consistency reliability. Inter –rater reliability is assessed by having two or more independent judges score the test (Cherry, 2010). The scores are compared to determine the consistency of the rater’s estimates. One way to test inter-rater reliability is to have each rater assign each test item a score (Cherry, 2010). Next, test administrators...
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...VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY For the statistical consultant working with social science researchers the estimation of reliability and validity is a task frequently encountered. Measurement issues differ in the social sciences in that they are related to the quantification of abstract, intangible and unobservable constructs. In many instances, then, the meaning of quantities is only inferred. Let us begin by a general description of the paradigm that we are dealing with. Most concepts in the behavioral sciences have meaning within the context of the theory that they are a part of. Each concept, thus, has an operational definition which is governed by the overarching theory. If a concept is involved in the testing of hypothesis to support the theory it has to be measured. So the first decision that the research is faced with is “how shall the concept be measured?” That is the type of measure. At a very broad level the type of measure can be observational, self-report, interview, etc. These types ultimately take shape of a more specific form like observation of ongoing activity, observing video-taped events, self-report measures like questionnaires that can be open-ended or close-ended, Likert-type scales, interviews that are structured, semi-structured or unstructured and open-ended or close-ended. Needless to say, each type of measure has specific types of issues that need to be addressed to make the measurement meaningful, accurate, and efficient. Another...
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...Reliability and Validity Paper Jessica Cruz BSHS/382 Angela Colistra April 16, 2010 Reliability and Validity Paper Reliability and validity are the two criteria are needed when conducting research in the human services field in which the researcher’s results would be ineffective and useless without reliability and validity. In this paper the types of reliability and validity will be defined and examples of each will be given. Examples will be given of a data collection method and what data collection instrument is used in human services and in managerial research. Reliability Reliability implies to consistency or stability but it may also imply dependability. There are many types of reliability that are used in research, beginning with Alternate-form reliability: The degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test and an example of this is when a psychosocial assessment’s questions are changed. Internal-consistency reliability: The overall degree of relatedness of all items in a test or all raters in a judgment study and an example of this is when a participant agrees that “I love hot days: and “I’ve enjoyed hot days in the past”, and disagreed with the statement “I hate hot days”. Item-to-item reliability: The reliability of any single item on average and an example would be two identical items such as coins. Test-retest reliability: The degree of temporal stability...
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...Q- Explain the concept of Validity and Reliability in Measurement? Also define different types of Validity and reliability discussed in lectures. Note: Remember, I want quality work, so write in your own words. In case of copy paste, marks will be deducted. ------X------X------X------X------ Validity: Validity means that how much important test measurement ant what it is design or purpose to measure validity measure in degree as a process, validation includes collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument. There are lot of statistical test which measure the validity of quantitative instruments Types of Validity: There are several forms of validity In the context of experimental design there are two terms external validity and internal validity External Validity: In external validity the result shows from a sample to a population. We take data directly from sampling when we establish external validity for an instrument. Content Validity: Content validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept. The more the scale items represent the domain of the concept being measured, the greater the content validity. In others words content validity is a function of how well the dimensions and elements of a concept have been delineated Face validity: Face validity is considered by some a basic and minimum index of content validity. Face validity shows that the items that are intended to measure...
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... 6 5. Pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 4. Item analysis phase 7 1. Item difficulty (p) 7 2. Discrimination power 7 3. Preliminary investigation into item bias 8 5. Revising and standardizing the final version of the measure 8 6. Technical evaluation and establishing norms 8 1. Issues related to the reliability of a psychological measure 8 1. Definition 8 2. Measurement error 8 3. The reliability coefficient 9 4. Standard error of measurement 9 5. Types of reliability 10 2.6.1.5.1. Reliability measures of stability 10 - Test-retest reliability - Alternate-form reliability 2.6.1.5.2. Reliability measures of internal consistency 11 - Split-half reliability - Kuder-Richardson and coefficient Alpha reliability - Inter-scorer reliability 2.6.2. Issues...
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...BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data Collection To purchase this visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BSHS435Week2SamplingandDataCollection/2788 Contact us at: help@mindblows.us BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data Collection in Research Paper BSHS 435 Week 2 • Student described observation and measurement as they relate to human services research. • Student addressed each of the following points in the paper: o Sampling • What is the purpose of sampling? • How can you avoid bias when selecting samples for human services research? o Data Collection • Describe the scales of measurement used in research • What are the types of reliability? Provide examples of the types of reliability as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • What are the types of validity? Provide examples of these types of validity as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • Why is it important to ensure that data collection methods and instruments are both reliable and valid? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of: Telephone surveys Online surveys Focus groups Surveys via websites Which of the above examples of survey research you would like to use if you are collecting data and why? • The paper is 700 to 1,050 words in length. • The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. • The conclusion is logical, flows, and reviews the major points. BSHS 435 Week 2...
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...main theoretical viewpoints of the construct. The purpose of the measure is clearly vital, as it serves the basis for constructing the measure. In this phase, 'keying' is used ? where information is gathered about the 'aspects of the construct on which these groups usually differ'. (An Introduction to Psychological Assessment. Foxcroft and Roodt. P72). e.g. Items are needed to discriminate between individuals, so as to allow the assessor to view the various 'risk' groups. The format and number of each type of item is the next step in the planning phase. The format of the test will vary according to the construct being measured. There are open-ended items (no limits placed on the test-taker), forced-choice items (like multiple-choice, where careful decisions are involved), sentence completion items, essay items (which test for logical thinking and organisational abilities) and performance items (generally apparatus is manipulated by the test-taker). As mentioned previously, the type of construct being...
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...Reliability and Validity in Personality Testing 02-16-2015 Introduction Psychological tests are often used in the selection of projective personnel (Anastasia & Urbina, 1997). The idea is that by using the scientific approach to personality and emotional intelligence testing in hiring, the employers will be able to increase the number of successful employees (Beaz lll, 2013). “Personality refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits”, which in relationship to a person’s projected Emotional Intelligence (EI) may lead to matching the right person to the right job. Job proficiency tests are used to select candidates for employment and are the number one tool used to match the right person to the right position (ND.gov, 2015). However, there are quite a few complaints about the fairness of this process and due to many court cases challenging the validity of these tests, many organizations have chosen to drop the assessment. A plaintiff must establish adverse impact upon a protected group by the employment practice used, in order to force an employer to show content validity in terms of examined traits to be consistent with job relatedness. In a court case against Target, the court found that the questions relating to personality traits in terms of religion and sexual orientation did not have any bearing on the desired emotional stability of the projective employee who had applied for the security officer’s job (Schaffer & Smidt...
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...Discuss the different types of reliability and validity that can be measured in survey research, specifically: convergent validity, discriminant validity, construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency reliability. What can researchers do to improve upon these different types of reliability and validity in a survey? Inter-Rater or Inter-Observer Reliability is used to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon. Test-Retest Reliability is used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another. Parallel-Forms Reliability is used to assess the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain. Internal Consistency Reliability is used to assess the consistency of results across items within a test. Construct validity occurs when the theoretical constructs of cause and effect accurately represent the real-world situations they are intended to model. This is related to how well the experiment is operationalized. A good experiment turns the theory (constructs) into actual things you can measure. Sometimes just finding out more about the construct (which itself must be valid) can be helpful. Convergent validity occurs where measures of constructs that are expected to correlate do so. This is similar to concurrent validity (which looks for correlation with other tests). Discriminant validity occurs where constructs that are expected...
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