... http://jtlu.org . 6 . 1 [2013] pp. 7–24 http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v1.425 Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries Robert Cervero University of California, Berkeley a e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. is is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. e cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere—accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs—are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world’s poorest countries. Abstract: Keywords: Urban transportation; land use; Developing cities; Air quality; Poverty 1 The challenges of rapid growth in developing cities e...
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...With reference to either Waste management in urban areas or Transport management in urban areas, discuss the extent to which sustainability can be achieved. Answer 1 (Transport) Sustainable management in urban areas is a constant theme for urban areas in both LEDCs and MEDCs. This essay will be based on whether transport management can be achieved sustainably and whether or not it is only transport management that can achieve sustainability or other aspects such as improved housing, preventing urban sprawl and protecting the environment also add to the possibility of achieving sustainability. Transport management in urban areas is approached differently in both LEDCs and MEDCs. However the problems as a result of increased congestion in cities are similar. Some of those problems include deliveries being late, causing businesses to slow down and therefore the economy of the area; increased car ownership and therefore congestion releases a lot of pollutants such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. These cause problems such as acid rain when sulphur dioxide combines with water vapour forming sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas so increased levels add to the greenhouse effect and therefore global warming. Increased car ownership also lacks sustainability in terms of natural resource use so managing this transport in cities is important. In MEDCs the problem of obesity is rife with one in four adults in the UK that are obese and 10% of children...
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...Sanitation Transport Expenditure % Education Health & Family Welfare Water Supply, Sanitation Transport Total Expenditure (INR Crore) Expenditure % Education 16,872 65% Health & Family Welfare 3,762 15% Water Supply, Sanitation 4,138 16% Transport 1,076 4% Total 25,848 Budget Allocation & Expenditure by Main Sectors 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Allocation (INR Cr) Spend (INR Cr) 6,000 4,000 2,000 Education Health & Water Transport Family Supply, Welfare Sanitation Allocation (INR Cr) Spend (INR Cr) Education Health & Family Welfare Water Supply, Sanitation Transport Total 16,176 3,860 4,664 1,114 25,814 16,872 3,762 4,138 1,076 25,848 Education Budget by sub-categories Education Budget INR Crore EDUCATION,SPORTS,ART and CULTURE General Education Technical Education Sports and Youth Services Art and Culture Budget INR Crore EDUCATION,SPORTS,ART and CULTURE General Education Technical Education Sports and Youth Services Art and Culture Total 15,339 460 297 80 16,176 Healthcare & Family Welfare Budget by sub-categories Healthcare & Family Welfare Budget (INR Crore) Medical and Public Health Family Welfare HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE Medical and Public Health Family Welfare Total 3,358 502 3,860 3,327 435 3,762 Water Supply, Housing & Urban Development Budget by sub-categories Water Supply & Housing Budget (INR Crore) Water supply and Sanitation Housing Urban Development WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION,HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT...
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...examined the traffic problem and relation of Road to Rail. Sea and Air Transport and Science of Traffic Control to reduce accidents and smooth running of the traffic. Research Methodology 2. Lowe has done a study on the development of transportation system in Japan. He has dealt with the transport and communication system during the Tokugawa Era (1600-1686) and has described the process of the development certain features which ultimately helped the establishment of modern transport in Japan. 3. A study made by the Ministry of Transport, Scottish Development Department highlighted that the free flow of traffic at reasonable speed requires planned improvement of urban road systems. The study also suggested constructing secondary means of access to enable goods and service vehicles to load and unload at the stops. 4. Locklin concentrated on the study of rail-road systems. He opined that the Government ownership of transport system facilitates the planning and execution of transport system very effectively and the Government, in one way or the other is capable of providing necessary capital. 5. Sharp C.N. in his work on Transport Economics, examined the studies undertaken in the field of transport system of U.K. and studied a number of basic problems like transport economics, transport investment, transport pricing and reduction in accident rate. 6. Payne, tracing the history of development of transport in Europe suggests that the transportation facilities are established...
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...Assessed Learning Outcomes Assessed Feedback relating learning outcomes and assessment criteria given to students: Areas for Commendation Areas for Improvement General Comment Assessors Signature Overall Mark : Subject to ratification by the assessment board Moderators Signature Students Signature: You must sign this declaring that it is all your own work and all sources of information have been referenced: TLH307 International Tourism & Hospitality Management - Urban Tourism TLH307 International Tourism & Hospitality Management Urban Tourism Critical Evaluation of Customer Satisfaction of Transportation Services in Hong Kong Muhammad Norfarid Bin Farali Khan Student ID: 089101850 BSc (Hons) International Tourism and Hospitality Management The University of Sunderland Date of Submission: 18-Jul-2011 2 Muhammad Norfarid Bin Farali Khan BTTD1 0907A Bachelor Of Science(Hons) In International Tourism and Hospitality Management TLH307 International Tourism & Hospitality Management - Urban Tourism Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Transportation and Tourism ................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Transportation in Hong Kong .......
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...composition, productivity and economic opportunities has to be analysed including current and potential competition. Raw materials It is important for raw materials to be readily available. However, raw materials do not have to be at the place of establishment as they can be transported, provided the means of transport is cheap, efficient and reliable. Raw materials are divided into two categories namely: natural raw materials (for example, platinum used in making car catalytic converters) and raw materials that occur naturally but are cultivated (for example, wood). Labour availability For a business to function effectively, one of the contributing factors is the quality of labour. There should be enough skilled and unskilled labour in the area in which the business is to be established. The labour costs of the area and laws should also be considered. For example, a car assembly business cannot be located in an area where the skilled labour that can operate the machinery is unavailable. Capital It is important for capital (money used in starting the business) to be acquired at favourable interest rates if it is to be borrowed. For example, interest rates may differ in urban and rural areas. Therefore, interest rates in the area the business will be established in should be considered so as to reduce expenditure if capital is being borrowed. Infrastructure Infrastructure is the services and facilities essential to production, but which contribute little to it. Infrastructure...
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...Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air...
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...in two great parts. A southern half with Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests and savannas which has a warm China climate and the northern half which mainly consists of mountains and perpetual snow. Our roads are the dominant mode of transportation for our inhabitants. All of our Bhutanese households have to travel over our roads, but almost 21% of these have to walk one to four hours to reach the nearest all-season road, and another 21 percent even have to spend more than half a day. And when they reach these roads they have to face dangerous conditions in weather and infrastructure. The fatality rate in Bhutan is quite significant . Per 10,000 vehicles 21 deaths were reported in 2006. Because of our dangerous roads, domestic transport has become a financial and social freight of our inhabitants. As a consequence of poor rural access, people in rural areas become isolated. This being a direct reason for the remaining poverty...
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...1. Introduction Infrastructure development is one of the top priorities of a country's economic progress. Planned and well connected infrastructure services attract foreign direct investments and boost local investments. Efficient infrastructure can promote sustainable economic and social development. Thus, infrastructure is the capital stock that provides public goods and services. It produces various effects, including those on production activities and quality of life for the households, which saturates the entire society. To meet the present and future demand for infrastructure development, developing and least developed countries like Bangladesh always face scarcity of their own resources. Therefore, to accelerate infrastructure development, the Government has encouraged private sector participation in infrastructure projects. Bangladesh inherited underdeveloped and unevenly distributed infrastructure and transportation networks. Poor and inefficient infrastructure undermined the economic development in the country, and only recently has the government been able to address the problem systematically and channel investments towards expanding its highways, railroads, seaports, and airports. In this term paper I have discussed the past and current situation of the country’s 2 sectors of infrastructure i.e. communication (roads) and Power (solar) sector and their contribution towards the development of our economy. 2. Bangladesh Infrastructure: Power and Communication...
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...` Measuring Road Transport Performance 1. Aspects of Performance To a large extent the bottom line indicator of performance of freight and passenger road transport is the operating cost per tonne or tonne-km (or per passenger or passenger-km). Level of service aspects such as travel time, reliability, safety, comfort and security are also important, as well as environmental impacts. Trucks: In countries where large-scale intercity trucking operates efficiently in medium-income countries with predominantly flat terrain, recent experience is that the transport cost per km for a truck-trailer is between US$0.75 and US$ 1.25. For a typical load of 20 tonnes, this works out at US cents 4-6 per tonne km. By contrast efficient small-scale transport in rural areas using small trucks may have a cost of US$ 0.20-0.30 per tonne-km, although it is common for the rates to be expressed on an hourly rather than km basis. Inefficient operations may push these costs much higher. Main factors that affect trucking costs are • economies of scale in truck size, which favor the use of larger trucks, • back-haul possibilities, which depend strongly on the demand pattern, • empty running and idle time due to seasonal variations in demand, • restrictions on working hours, for example due to regulations or safety reasons, • road conditions such as mountainous terrain, deteriorated pavement and traffic congestion, • enforcement procedures along the road and at border posts, which can...
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...Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air,rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between people, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canalsand pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused oncontainerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use...
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...electronic commerce for logistics and freight transport Markus Hesse * Department of Earth Sciences, Geographic Sciences and Urban Research, Free University of Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany Accepted 24 June 2002 Abstract The paper considers the significance of electronic commerce (e-commerce) for freight transport, logistics and physical distribution, regarding both business to business and business to consumer commerce. The possible implications of e-commerce are analysed in the broader context of structural change, going beyond narrow assessments that overstate the significance of e-commerce and its potential to make freight traffic more efficient. The main argument of the paper is threefold: first, most recent analyses of freight transport and logistics implications of e-commerce are overstating the current relevance of e-commerce applications on the one hand, and neglecting the influence of the underlying structural change in the entire logistics system on the other. Second, conventional analyses of certain efficiency benefits of ecommerce are probably too optimistic, whereas its negative effects are underestimated at the same time. E-commerce is likely to support longer transport distances and often higher delivery frequencies, increasing demand for land, due to the establishment of new transhipment points (distribution centres) and, to a certain extent, a shift towards truck and air freight transport modes. Third, e-commerce and IT are interrelated...
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...The development of urban motorization in big cities has caused some negative effects to their population. Social issues and ecological issues are the main problems that occur in those cities. There are some reasons that lead to the motorization era in the cities. One of them is urban sprawl. Urban sprawl is the enlargement of city’s development that spread far away from the centre to the outskirt of that city. Urban sprawl is the result of the increasing urbanization. Although urban sprawl is the main aspect that can develop capitalism, it still has some negative impacts on the city. Motorization as one of the impacts of urban sprawl relates very closely to the transportation system. Motorization happens when people mostly use cars for traveling in the city and it relates closely with the development of an automobile industry in that city. The rise of the automobile industry supports the spread of urban sprawl even more. People can travel longer distances in shorter time. That is why the growth of the automobile industry is related to urban sprawl. There are some solutions to determine the urban sprawl issues called ecological modernization. According to AEP 9 lecture one, ecological modernization is a scientific research to find the answer to how the world can be sustain economically and socially at the same time without damaging the environment. Some business groups are trying to find a solution for the urban sprawl issues based on ecological modernization. According to...
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...People make choices every day – decisions as big as choosing a career or a marriage mate and as small as selecting what to wear or what to eat. Even seemingly small decisions, however, can have far-reaching effects. In today’s virtually borderless society, the food we choose to eat affects not only ourselves but also our communities, our ecosystems and even the global economy. Therefore, we need to think globally and act locally. We need to widen our horizons and think about how what we choose to consume affects the environment and the people around us in both the short-term and the long-term. First, the global market itself has pros and cons. A global market ideally creates opportunities for more people to provide goods and services more cheaply, which in turn makes more jobs available. Additionally, it allows consumers complete access to many products that would otherwise be difficult, if not impossible, to acquire. However, in order to do any good in the long term, the system must be sustainable (Collins, 2010). That said, today, the global market is realistically not so. Decentralization, which functions by having smaller groups of people specialize in a certain niche product that is then dispersed globally, is socially unjust, creating pockets of wealth while a large majority of people work hard for less money in their local currency (Norber & Gorelick, 2013, para 5). The high demand for one specific area’s natural resources results in frequent over-farming, which...
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...My Hometown I have many memories of my hometown. I began to grow up almost 30 years ago in Cuba's Capital. Then, Havana seemed different, compared to how it is todays. In these three decades Havana's architecture has been changing as well as the systems of urban transportation, and the opportunities of job. Actually it's Castro's Havana totally frozen on the time? There are several differences among my hometown 30 years ago and it now in the present. Between those 30 years Havana it has been changing architectonically. On one side a lot of homes and publics buildings have been neglected, and they are becoming dilapidated. Moreover the need to transform, both, the interior and the facades of houses to create several small spaces. Also, in some private places the decoration is not appropriate, subtracting beauty to the public ornamentation. Comparing to years ago is disrespecting to the original form from the foregoing in my hometown. The transportation system has changed over these 30 years. Earlier people used mainly public transport, bus and local taxis. All at a low price as possible for everyone. In contrast, today, there is good public transport and people mainly use private vehicles more than 50 years ago as taxis and pedicabs called up or bicycle taxis. Likewise, other types of taxis that only the state can pay people more economically. Moreover, the population has increased, creating more job opportunities privately previously did not exist...
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