...Attitudes Attitudes, Job Attitudes, Personality and Values Attitudes Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events Cognitive Component The opinion or belief segment of an attitude Affective Component The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude Behavioral Component An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something 1 2 Nature of Evaluations Underpinning Attitudes • Attitudes not represented on single continuum e.g. totally +ve to totally –ve • Rather, evaluate attitude objects on both positive and negative dimensions (Cacioppo et al 1977) – – – – positive attitude = Hi +ve reaction & Lo -ve reaction negative attitude= Lo +ve reaction & Hi –ve reaction indifference = Lo +ve reaction & Lo –ve reaction ambivalence = Hi +ve reaction & Hi –ve reaction The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes Individuals seek to reduce this gap, or “dissonance” Desire to reduce dissonance depends on: • Importance of elements creating dissonance • Degree of individual influence over elements • Rewards involved in dissonance 4 • Since evaluations of attitude objects ‘automatic’ some consider attitude formation to be a reflex e.g. Chaiken et al., 1996 – But range of personal and social factors influence nature of our evaluations Measuring the A-B Relationship Recent research indicates that attitudes (A) significantly predict...
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... 1. What Are Organizations? Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social Inventions mean that their essential characteristic is the coordinated presence of people. The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * Goal Accomplishment: organizational survival and adaptation to change are important goals. The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. Example: People have to be motivated to join and remain in organization; carry out their basic work reliably, productivity, quality and service; be willing to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skill; and be flexible and innovative. * Group Effort: organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish goals. The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations to get people to practice effective teamwork. 2. What Is Organizational Behaviour? Organizational behaviour refers to the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. 3. Goals of Organizational Behaviour are effectively predicting, explaining, and managing behaviour that occurs in organizations. * Predicting organizational behaviour and events. * Explaining organizational behaviour and events in organizations. (Why event occur). * Managing organizational behaviour by taking appropriate...
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...Classify People - Individual differences Approach Personality Intelligence Values and Beliefs Individual differences Approach Personality Definition Defined as an individual differences in feeling, mood, attitude, thinking, and behaving FACT: Personality forms generalized pattern Explaining Personality Trait Perspective of Personality Biological Perspective of Personality Cognitive Perspective of Personality Trait Perspective of Personality Personality is a set of traits Thinking, Behaviour or Feeling enduring over time (don’t change Quickly) Funny adventurous Talkative Introvert Extrovert Trait Perspective of Personality Enduring over time Disposition (Acting in a particular way in certain situation) Trait 1 Trait 2 Trait 3 Trait 4 Trait 5 Personality Generalized pattern Trait Perspective of Personality FACT: All people have same traits but with different degree -FACT: There Are 3 Types of Trait Cardinal Trait Secondary Trait Central Trait Trait Perspective of Personality Trait Types Cardinal Trait Dominant Trait Secondary Trait Trait Exhibited in a certain Situation Central Trait Characterize an individual’s daily interaction Trait Perspective of Personality - almost 18,000 different traits - Eysenck grouped these traits into 4 Main Traits Extroversion Introversion Neuroticism Stability - Big Five Personality Traits There are five trait dimensions that are stable...
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...WISCONSIN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MBA PROGRAM ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR VENUE: POSTGRADUATE ROOM 3 DAY: SATURDAYS TIME: 11.30 AM - 2.30 PM LECTURER: DR ABDULAI KUYINI MOHAMMED Course description Effective management of human resources within organizations requires an understanding of various behavior and processes. Managers need to know why people behave as they do in relation to their jobs, their work groups and their organizations. This knowledge of individuals’ perceptions, motivational attitudes and behavior will enable managers to not only understand themselves better, but also to adopt appropriate managerial policies and leadership styles to increase their effectiveness. The focus of instruction in this course will move progressively through the individual, group and organizational levels of behavior and will examine the interrelationships of behavioral phenomena among these levels. In addition, concepts such as motivation, leadership and communication and their relevance to organizational behavior will be examined Objectives At the end of this course you should be able to: * develop your skills in analyzing organizational issues and developing appropriate recommendations to enhance organizational performance; * enhance your understanding of human behavior at the individual, interpersonal and organizational levels; * acquire knowledge about concepts and frameworks that can be used to build your management effectiveness; *...
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...benefits. Therefore, respecting employee in the organization is the key for successful company and that can be achieve by understanding individual differences. Behaviours, values, personalities, and attitudes are different for each person. Considering these diverse traits lead the employees to the most appropriate in achieving organization. Since individuals are different, it is accepted that each employee behave in different ways. The key for companies is meeting individual diversity as a real opportunity and moving it into an advantage. There are three main important individual differences that organisations should focus on, values, personality and attitudes. Values: According to Howard (1988), values are the basic structures of culture. However, values can be applied in management to develop relationships with people. Values can be defined as the beliefs of individual or a group which they have an emotional investment (clegg S. et.al, 2011). Schwartz (1992) describes some values as ‘trans-situational’. These values in one’s life without considering the situation in which you find yourself, they do not change and stay with you. Schwartz (1992; 1996) defines ten important values which are: achievement, benevolence, conformity, hedonism, power, security, self-direction, stimulation, tradition, and universalism. Personality: Psychologists have defined personality as a combination of stable characteristics which clarify the behaviour...
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...Organizational Behaviour Book Notes Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define organizations and describe their basic characteristics. Organization – social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social inventions – coordinated presence of people or a group of people * Goal accomplishment * Group effort – organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish their goals. * Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group efforts. 2. Explain the concept of organizational behaviour and describe the goals of the field. Organizational Behaviour – the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. * The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. i. Certain behaviours are necessary for survival and adaptation: 1. they have to be motivated to join and remain in the organization; 2. carry out their basic work reliably, in terms of productivity, quality, and service; 3. be flexible to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skills; and 4. be flexible and innovative. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how to get people to practice...
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...relates to a Small or Medium Enterprise (SME) or a much larger global organization. Therefore it is essential that business leaders have a firm understanding of all aspects that contribute to organizational effectiveness; this includes an understanding of how individual differences contribute to this. This paper considers how organizational effectiveness can be enhanced by organizations having a thorough understanding of individual (employee) differences and how these differences affect the contribution of the individual on the business. Additionally this paper considers how organizations may exploit this knowledge and gives consideration to the most significant barrier to such exploitation. 2. Organizational Effectiveness All organizations strive to be effective and much effort is expended in achieving and measuring organization effectiveness. Whilst the definition of ‘organization’ does not necessarily have to relate to a business or company in every instance, for the purpose of this paper the term will relate to a ‘business organization’ and therefore organizational effectiveness will relate to achievement of organizational goals or business objectives. “From the perspective of an employee, the extent to which an organization can provide satisfaction of the needs associated with the following range of variables is a major consideration in judging the effectiveness of the organization” (Bartram, Robertson and Callinan, 2002, p. 2): • money...
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...Chapter One 1. Organizational Behaviour (OB) – The study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. 2. Organizations – Groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. 3. Organizational Effectiveness – A broad concept represented by several perspectives including the organization’s fit with the external environment, internal subsystems configuration for high performance, emphasis on organizational learning and ability to satisfy the needs of key stakeholders. 4. Open Systems – A perspective which holds that organizations depend on the external environment for resources, affect that environment through their output and consist of internal subsystems that transform inputs into outputs. 5. Organizational Efficiency – The amount of outputs relative to inputs in the organization’s transformation process. 6. Organizational Learning – A perspective which holds that organizational effectiveness depends on the organization’s capacity to acquire, share, use and store valuable knowledge. 7. Absorptive Capacity – The ability to recognize the value of new information, assimilate it and use it for value-added activities. 8. Intellectual Capital – A company’s stock of knowledge, including human capital and structural capital and relationship capital. 9. Human Capital – The stock of knowledge, skills and abilities among employees that provides economic value to the organization. 10. Structural Capital –...
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...organizational behaviour (OB) The study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. organizations Groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. organizational effectiveness A broad concept represented by several perspectives, including the organization’s fit with the external environment, internal subsystems configuration for high performance, emphasis on organizational learning, and abil-ity to satisfy the needs of key stakeholders. open systems A perspective which holds that organizations depend on the external environ-ment for resources, affect that environment through their output, and consist of internal subsystems that transform inputs to outputs. Internal Subsystems Effectiveness According to the open systems perspective, an organization’s effectiveness isn’t just its fit with the external environment. Effectiveness is also how well the company internally transforms inputs into outputs. organizational efficiency The amount of outputs relative to inputs in the organization’s transformation process. structural capital Knowledge embedded in an organization’s systems and structures. relationship capital The value derived from an organization’s relationships with customers, suppliers, and others. high-performance work practices (HPWP) A perspective which holds that effective organizations incorporate several workplace practices that leverage the potential of human capital. stakeholders Individuals...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION The field of organizational behaviour and the related discipline of management science began investigating organizations in terms of culture as early as the 1930s. The final phase of the famous Hawthorne studies at the Western Electric Company marked the first systematic attempt to use a concept of culture to understand the work environment. While an important step forward in qualitative research, the investigation was rather blunt and the understanding of organizational culture remained fairly primitive during the following decades. Organizational culture works a lot like this. Every company has its own unique personality, just like people do. The unique personality of an organization is referred to as its culture. In groups of people who work together, organizational culture is an invisible but powerful force that influences the behaviour of the members of that group. “Based on John McLaughlin in his article in www.study.com he declare that organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs, which governs how people behave in organizations”. These shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress, act, and perform their jobs. Every organization develops and maintains a unique culture, which provides guidelines and boundaries for the behaviour of the members of the organization. Let's explore what elements make up an organization's culture. Organizational culture is composed of seven...
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...(1995) stated that organizational behaviour is about the study of human’s behaviour in an organization which included the understanding, prediction and control of human behaviour. In any organization, individual members made up the whole organization structure. So, individual is the most important element that influences the organizational behaviour. No matter individual acting alone or in the group, how they behave may affect the whole organization. Therefore, it is important for a manager to understand the behaviour of individuals, groups and patterns of structure within an organization in order to enhance organizational effectiveness. INDIVUDUAL CHARACTERICTICS IN AN ORGANIZATION Individual Differences Iindividual differences are the basis of diversity in an organization which forms different individual behaviour. It can forms creativity and satisfaction at work but can also be the root of conflict and frustration. Manager has the responsibility to understand different individual characteristics in order to determine whether he or she matches the requirement of the organization as well as for the purpose of rewards and punishments towards their performance. First of all, Individual can be differs in the form of personality, ability and intelligence. Other than that, some biographical characteristics also form individual differences. These different attributes and characteristics shape one’s values and performance in an organization. Biographical Characteristics Biographical...
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...1.0 Introduction: What is Organisational behaviour? According to Stephen P and Timothy A (2007), Organizational Behaviour is the study which enables an organisation to examine the impact of individual, groups and structure’s behaviour within an organisation. The implementation of such knowledge will eventually improve an organisation’s effectiveness. Organizational behaviour is a field of study and this study is actually concerned about three determinants of behaviour in an organization. Which are : • • • Individual Groups Structure Moreover organizational behaviour helps manager to gain knowledge about Individual, Groups and the effect of structure on behaviour and to apply that knowledge into practice. Organizational Behaviour encompasses a wide range of topics. Although there is still some dispute regarding the importance of each topics, there appears to be general agreement that OB includes the core topics of motivation, leader behaviour and power, inter-personal communication, group structure and processes, conflict, work design and work stress. From the above discussion, it can be said that OB is concerned with the study and understanding of individual and group behaviour in an organization and how their behaviour influence the overall performance of an organization. 1 1.1 Objective: This report is created as an academic requirement of the “Organisational Behaviour” course. It has been prepared to meet the requirement of formal report preparation part that demands...
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...So many factors influence an individual's behaviour that it is impossible to accurately predict what behaviour will be in all situations. Why then should managers take time to understand individual differences? Human behaviour is difficult and every individual has different behaviour from another, the challenge of an effective organization is in positively matching the task, the manager and the subordinate. According to Hamid Keshavarz, under best situation, a manager would first study the duty, then decide the necessary skills and assemble a team that complement each other skills. Thus creating an enriching and conflict free team. In reality, a manager has to use the remaining resources for a given task, and must have the capability to understand the differences in individual behaviours and use them properly to increase the cooperation. In order to understand individual behaviour and personalities, it is important to understand the basics of human cognition. There is too much factors that influencing individual behaviour. According to Ashim Gupta, the factors that may occur to influencing individual behaviour is abilities, gender, race, perception, attribution, attitude and personality. For abilities, usually abilities of a person are the natural or learnt traits. Abilities can be categorised into mental and physical abilities and different task requires different level of the two. Mental abilities characterize the brainpower, person’s deductive reasoning, and memory, analytical...
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...is at the heart of competitive advantage, particularly when it comes to sustaining high performance. Bain & Company research found that nearly 70% of business leaders agree: Culture provides the greatest source of competitive advantage. In fact, more than 80% believe an organization that lacks a high-performance culture is doomed to mediocrity. At a time when enterprises can stretch around the globe, culture is the glue that holds a complex organization together. It inspires loyalty in employees and makes them want to be a part of a team. It motivates people to do the right thing, not just the easy thing. At companies with winning cultures, people not only know what they should do, they know why they should do it. Yet, while business leaders recognize culture’s crucial role, research also indicates that fewer than 10% of companies succeed in building a winning culture. The best companies succeed, we found, on two dimensions simultaneously. First, every winning culture has a unique personality and soul that cannot be invented or imposed. Based on shared values and heritage, the company’s character needs to be discovered from within.Second, winning cultures usually embody six high-performance behaviours that are common to...
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...Defining Organizational Behaviour Page 4 • A field of study that investigate the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within organizations; its purpose is to apply such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. B. Challenges in the Canadian Workplace Page 6 Challenges at the Individual Level 1. Individual Differences 2. Job Satisfaction 3. Motivation 4. Empowerment 5. Behaving Ethically Challenges at the Group Level 1. Working With Others 2. Workforce Diversity Challenges at the Organizational Level o Improving Customer Service o Stimulating Innovation and Change o The Use of Temporary (Contingent) Employees o Improving Quality and Productivity o Developing Effective Employees o Helping Employees with Work-Life Balance o Creating a Positive Work Environment o Responding to Globalization Chapter 2 A. Perception Page 38 What is Perception? • The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their environment. Why is it important? • Because behaviour is based on perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. • The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Why we study perceptions? • To better understand how people make attributions about events. We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality. The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth...
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