ÿy`ª I gvSvix wk‡í GKRb bvix D‡`¨v³vi D‡`¨vM I cwiYwZ

f~wgKv

evsjv‡`k gvbe m¤ú‡` m¤§„× GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K bvix, hv‡`i AwaKvsk `vwi`ª¨, Acyó, AwkwÿZ Ges Mwie| G‡`‡k gwnjv‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM myweav Kg weavq m¤¢ve¨ Kg©Rxwe gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ AvZœKg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Kiv Riæix| GK_v mZ¨ †h, bvix‡`i D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e Avwef©ve evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji GKwU NUbv| w`b w`b Gi ¸iæZ¡¡ e„w× cv‡”Q| hw`I bvixiv A‡bK bZzb bZzb I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK †ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq ¯^í my‡hvM myweav ‡c‡qI A‡bK bvix G‡ÿ‡Î mdj n‡”Q| DbœZ, AbybœZ me †`‡kB wk‡ív‡`¨vM MÖnY‡K wk‡íi cÖe„w×i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wba©viK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| A_©bxwZi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨vM MÖnY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nIqv m‡Ë¡I mvivwe‡k¦ ÿz`ª I gvSvix wk‡í bvix‡`i D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e Avwef©ve GKwU bZzb NUbv| Avm‡j evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i cieZ©x mgq n‡Z bvixiv D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i‡‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k mˇii `k‡K bvix D‡`¨v³v KZ…©K e¨emv cÖwZôvb cÖwZwôZ nIqv ïiæ n‡jI Avwk Ges beŸB‡qi `k‡K GB nvi e„w× cvq| 2001-2005 mv‡j me‡P‡q †ekx cÖwZôvb cÖwZwôZ nq, 2000-2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖvq 50% cÖwZôvb cÖwZwôZ nq|[1] eZ©gvb mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z evsjv‡`‡k bvix‡`i D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ `„pmsKí I KwVb Pvc ‡gvKv‡ejvq mÿg GiKg Avjv`v wKQz ¸Yvejx _vKv `iKvi †Kbbv bvix‡`i Ggb wKQz ‰eix ev cÖwZK~j cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq hv cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î Ki‡Z nqbv| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k, †hLv‡b ÿz`ª I gvSvix wkí n‡”Q cÖe„w×i BwÄb, †mLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki kni I MÖvgv‡j GmGgB Lv‡Z bvix D‡`¨v³v ‡kÖYxi Avwef©ve RvZxq Dbœq‡b GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| m¤úªwZ M„nK‡g©i evB‡i hw`I bvix‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Z_vwc bvixiv GLbI A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~javivq cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ n«vm I cÖPzi Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó GmGgB Lv‡Zi Dbœqb I we¯Í…wZi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| GmGgB LvZ `wi`ª cwiev‡ii Avq e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ mgv‡Ri Avq ‰elg¨ n«vm K‡i | bvix‡`i GKwU e„nr Ask evsjv‡`‡ki AmsMwVZ †ÿ‡Î KvR K‡i| wKš‘ Zv‡`i G Kg©h‡Á AskMÖnY Ges Ae`v‡bi cÖK…Z g~j¨ mgv‡R ¯^xK…Z bq| bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ cÖvß my‡hvM-myweav, AwaKvi BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ I ‰elg¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| `ªe¨ ev DcKiY evRvi, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges A_©vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Kg, mnvqK ‡mev `vbKvixi mv‡_ Kg †hvMv‡hvM Ges cÖwZK~j ev ˆeix wbqg bxwZ BZ¨vw` †g‡b wb‡q bvix‡`i KvR Ki‡Z nq| hvB‡nvK, GKUv Drmvne¨ÄK msev` GB ‡h, GZ euvavwecwË m‡Ë¡I cyiæl cÖvavb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ges RwUj A_©‰bwZK I e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡k P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i GmGgB Lv‡Z bZzb bvix D‡`¨v³v †kªYx w`bw`b DbœwZ Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k ‡gvU e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ 10% Gi Kg e¨emv cÖwZôvb bvix D‡`¨v³v KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ ‡hLv‡b DbœZ A_©bxwZ‡Z G msL¨v 25% Gi †ekx|[2] bvix D‡`¨v³viv bvix‡`i Rb¨ 5.9% PvKzixi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q|[3]

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q ÿz`ª I gvSvix wk‡í GKRb bvix D‡`¨³vi D‡`¨vM I cwiYwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv| Avi G g~j D‡Ïk¨‡K mwVKfv‡e ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wb‡¤§v³ mywbw`©ó jÿ¨¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. GKRb bvix D‡`¨v³vi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi wcQ‡b Kx Kx welq KvR K‡i Zv AbymÜvb Kiv|

2. bvix D‡`¨v³viv e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi evuavi m¤§~Lxb nq Zv Ly‡R †ei Kiv|

3. GKRb bvix D‡`¨v³v cwievi Ges mgv‡R Kx Ae`vb ivL‡Q Zv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|

M‡elYv c×wZ:

g~jZ GwU GKwU eY©bv I e¨vL¨vgg~jK M‡elYv | G M‡elYvq e¨eüZ Z_¨mg~‡n cy‡ivcywi mnvqK Drm e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e M‡elYvwU‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ AbvbyôvbywbKfv‡e wewfbœ bvix D‡`¨v³vi KvQ †_‡K m‡iRwg‡b wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœ bvix D‡`¨v³vi cªwZôvb ch©‡eÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| mnvqK Drm wn‡m‡e we`¨gvb M‡elYv I wewfbœcÎ cwÎKvi wi‡cvU©, I‡qemvBU BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ÿz`ª I gvSvix wkí

Af¨šÍixY Pvwn`v c~i‡Y f~wgKv cvjbmn ißvwb‡hvM¨ DØ„Ë cY¨ ˆZwii gva¨‡g ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wkí †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæË¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wkí g~j¨ ms‡hvRb I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wói †¶‡Î m¤¢vebvgq GKwU LvZ|

¶z`ª wkí[4]

g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis †¶‡Î ÔÔ¶z`ª wkíÕÕ (Small Industry) ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 50 j¶ UvKv †_‡K 10 †KvwU UvKv wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 25-99 Rb kªwgK KvR K‡i|

‡mevg~jK wk‡íi †¶‡Î ÔÔ¶z`ª wkíÕÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 5 j¶ UvKv †_‡K 1 †KvwU UvKv wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 10-25 Rb kªwgK KvR K‡i|

‡Kv‡bv GKwU gvb`‡Ûi wfwˇZ GKwU Kg©KvÛ ¶y`ª wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ n‡jI Ab¨ gvb`‡Û †mwU gvSvwi wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡m†¶‡Î G Kg©KvÛwU gvSvwi wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

gvSvwi wkí[5]

g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis †¶‡Î ÔÔgvSvwi wkíÓ (Medium Industry) ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 10 †KvwU UvKvi AwaK Ges 30 †KvwU UvKvi g‡a¨ wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 100-250 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q|

‡mevg~jK wk‡íi †¶‡Î ÔÔgvSvwi wkíÓ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 1 †KvwU UvKv †_‡K 15 †KvwU UvKv ch©šÍ wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 50-100 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q|

‡Kv‡bv GKwU gvb`‡Ûi wfwˇZ GKwU Kg©KvÛ gvSvwi wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ n‡jI Ab¨ gvb`‡Û †mwU e„nr wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡m†¶‡Î G Kg©KvÛwU e„nr wk‡íi AšÍfy©³ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

D‡`¨v³v

D‡`¨v³v n‡”Q Ggb e¨vw³ †h e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK, cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges Avw_©K SzwK enb K‡i|[6] wZwb Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n GKwÎZ K‡i Drcv`b wbwðZ K‡i| wZwb g~bvdv AR©b K‡ib Ges ÿwZi `vq enb K‡i|

bvix D‡`¨v³v[7]

hw` †Kvb bvix Ôe¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb ev †cÖvcÖvBUix cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix ev †cÖvcÖvBUi nbÕ wKsev ÔAskx`vix cÖwZôvbÕ ev ÔR‡q›U óK †Kv¤úvbx‡Z wbewÜZ cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjK ev †kqvi †nvìviM‡Yi g‡a¨Õ Ab~¨b 51% As‡ki gvwjK nb Zvn‡j wZwb bvix wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡eb|

MÖš’ ch©v‡jvPbv

Aa¨vcK gvmy`v Gg iwk` †PŠayix “The Emerging Role of Women as Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh” Zuvi iPbvq bvix‡`i D‡`¨v³v nIqvi wcQ‡b Kx Kx Dcv`vb fzwgKv cvjb K‡i Zv wba©viY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| e¨emv cªwZôv‡b bvix D‡`¨³viv wK ai‡Yi euvavi m¤§~Lxb nb| wZuwb †`wL‡q‡Qb bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i g~j mgm¨v n‡”Q, FY cÖvwßi mgm¨v, `ÿZv Dbœq‡b cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve Ges wecYb my‡hvM myweavi Afve| ga¨mZ¡‡fvMx‡`i †`ŠivZœ¨, KvuPvgvj msMÖn Ges hvbevn‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§~Lxb nb bvix D‡`¨v³viv| Aa¨vcK †PŠayix Zuvi M‡elYvq †`Lvb †h, evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK M„neay cvwiev‡ii Avw_©K Afve cyi‡Y bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Qb|

Ave`yj gCb Ges Avdwib nK “A Preliminary Investigation of Urban Female Entrepreneurs: A study of female entrepreneurship of Dhaka Metropolitan Area” Zv‡`i iPbvq XvKv gnvbMi GjvKvq bvix D‡`¨v³viv †h mg¯Í evuavi m¤§~Lxb nb Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv 51 Rb bvix D‡`¨v³vi e¨emv cwiPvjbvMZ `ÿZvi cÖK…wZ, wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ cÖfve, RbmsL¨vZvwË¡K Z_¨ BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dci M‡elYv K‡i‡Q| Zuv‡`i M‡elYv n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Mo eqm 25-40 eQi| bgybvi 70% DËi`vZv weevwnZ Ges mšÍvb Av‡Q| 60% K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨v‡q covïbv K‡i‡Q hvi g‡a¨ 27% R‡bi ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i wcZv gvZviv mvaviY gvby‡li †P‡q †ekx wkwÿZ Ges 73% bvix D‡`¨v³v D”P Ges D”P ga¨weË †kÖYxi| AwaKvsk bvix D‡`¨v³vi ¯^vgx e¨vemv K‡i Ges 20% bvix D‡`¨v³vi ¯^vgx Zv‡`i‡K cÖZ¨ÿ¨fv‡e mnvqZv K‡i| bgybvi 90% †ekx bvix D‡`¨v³v †mev Lv‡Zi mv‡_ RwoZ| gvÎ 3% Drcv`b Lv‡Zi mv‡_ RwoZ, bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i 55% †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv †hLv‡b 45% GKK gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q| bgybvi 60% bvix D‡`¨v³v cuvP eQi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg mgq a‡i D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Qb, bvix cwiPvwjZ 60% cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvixi msL¨v 1-3 R‡bi g‡a¨ hvi AwaKvskB bvix| Zv‡`i mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv AcÖvwZôvwbK, AwaKvs‡ki †Kvb cÖvwZôwvbK cÖwkÿY †bB| myZivs GKwU e¨emv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z †h cwiPvjbvMZ `ÿZv cÖ‡qvRb Zv Zv‡`i †bB| Zviv e¨vemv ïiæi ch©v‡q Avw_©K mgm¨vi m¤§~Lxb nq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB Avevi wb‡R‡`i e¨vw³MZ mgm¨vi K_v e‡j‡Qb|

Avey mv‡jn “A profile of the women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh” Zuvi M‡elYvq †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb bvix D‡`¨³viv wKfv‡e DØy× n‡q e¨emvq cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q Ges G wel‡q Zv‡`i `ÿZv cwigvc Ges Kg©KvÛ g~j¨vq‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Q| wZuwb, cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ggb 20 Rb‡K bvix‡K M‡elYvi Rb¨ ‰`eµ‡g bgybv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb K‡ib| wZuwb Zvi M‡elYvq †`wL‡q‡Qb, bgybvi 95% D‡`¨v³v weevwnZ Ges 75% Gi eqm 30-45| e¨emv ïiæ Kivi mgq Zv‡`i Mo eqm wQ‡jv 40| Zv‡`i wkÿvMZ ‡hvM¨Zv Avgv‡`i RvZxq wkÿvi nvi A‡cÿv †ekx Ges bgybvi 75% ¯œvZK ev ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWMÖxavix| bgybvi bvix D‡`¨v³viv ïay ZË¡MZ cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 80% bvixi †Kvb e¨emvwqK e¨vKMÖvDÛ ev AwfÁZv wQ‡jvbv| ïaygvÎ 15% bvixi 5-15e Q‡ii e¨vemvwqK AwfÁZv Av‡Q Ges bgybvi 5% bvixi GKB ai‡bi e¨vemv Kivi AwfÁZv Av‡Q | bgybvi 90% bvix D‡`¨v³v wbR D‡`¨v‡M Ges 10% DËivwaKvi my‡Î e¨vemvq G‡m‡Q| M‡elYvq Av‡iv †`Lv hvq †h, bgybvi 60% bvix D‡`¨v³v Drcv`b LvZ, 25% †mev LvZ Ges 15% evwYR¨ Lv‡Zi mv‡_ hy³| cÖvq 45% bvix D‡`¨v³v c~Y©Kvjxb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM K‡i Ges 10% bvix evB‡ii Kg©x QvovB wb‡Ri e¨vemv wb‡R cwiPvjbv K‡i| bgybvi AwaKvsk bvix A_©vr 60% †¯^”Qvq D‡`¨v³v n‡q‡Q| 40% bvix D‡`¨v³v e¨emv‡K A_© Av‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e, 35% bvix cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z e¨emv ïiæ K‡i‡Q| 60% bvix D‡`¨v³v cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi mgm¨vi K_v e‡j‡Q| 20% bvix Zv‡`i cwievwiK Li‡Pi 100% e¨emv‡qi Avq n‡Z LiP K‡i| 30% bvix e‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i cvwievwiK †gvU Av‡qi 25%-50% e¨emv †_‡K Av‡m|

wcRym KvwšÍ †PŠaywi Ges †eMg byiæbœvnvi “Women Entrepreneurs of Rural Industries in some selected Area” Zv‡`i M‡elYvq †`wL‡q‡Qb AwkwÿZ I ¯^í wkwÿZ bvix euvk Ges †e‡Zi KvR cQ›` K‡i Ges Ab¨vbœ wkí K‡g©i g‡a¨ †hgb †mjvB, ‡cvkvK ˆZix Ges Ggeª‡qvWvwi BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i _v‡K| bgybvi 79% bvix D‡`¨v³v n‡q‡Qb RxweKvi ZvwM‡` cwiw¯’wZ eva¨ K‡i‡Qb Av‡qi Drm Ly‡R †ei Ki‡Z| M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, 63% bvix D‡`¨v³v Zv‡`i e¨emvi Kv‡R cwiev‡ii evB‡ii †jvK wb‡qvM K‡ib| 73% bvix D‡`¨v³vi Avq Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Ges 12% bvix D‡`¨v³vi Avq Zv‡`i ¯^vgxiv wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| 33.33% bvix D‡`¨v³v D‡jøL K‡ib e¨emv ïiæ Kivi mgq Zviv MÖvgevmx I cÖwZ‡ekx Øviv Ges 7.69% bvix Zv‡`i ¯^vgx Ges ¯^vgxi cwiev‡ii Øviv euvavi m¤§~Lxb nb| G QvovI cyuwRi Afve Ges cY¨ wecY‡bi mgm¨vI Ab¨Zg mgm¨v|

bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i mvgwRK I cvwievwiK Ae¯’v

evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’v Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Zzjbvq GKUz ‡ekx iÿYkxj Ges G †`‡ki gvbyl A‡bKUv ag©fxiæ| G †`‡k bvix‡`i M„nK‡g©i evB‡i G‡m KvR KivUv‡K mgvR I cwievi Lye fvj †Pv‡L †`‡Lbv| Avevi ag©I bvix‡`i‡K Aeva †gjv‡gkvi gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii evB‡ii cyiæ‡li mv‡_ KvR Kivi AbygwZ †`qbv| ZviciI ¯^vaxbZvi cieZ©x Kv‡j A_©vr mˇii `k‡K bvixiv D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡i| ax‡i ax‡i bvix D‡`¨v³vi msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡k kn‡i MÖvgv‡ji A‡bK bvixB M„nK‡g©i cvkvcvwk Avqea©Kg~jK wewfbœ KvR K‡i _v‡K| Gmg¯Í Kg©Rxwe bvix‡`i mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Ae¯’v ¯’vb‡f‡` wewfbœ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| gvBWvm (2009) KZ©©„K cwiPvwjZ GK M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, Òevsjv‡`‡ki 77.87% bvix D‡`¨v³v GKK cwiev‡i A_©vr ïaygvÎ ¯^vgx mšÍvb wb‡q emevm K‡i| gvÎ 4.44 % bvix D‡`¨v³vi wcZv AwkwÿZ Ges 29.95% Gi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv GmGmwmi wb‡P, 5.89% bvix D‡`¨v³vi gvZv AwkwÿZ Ges 60.10% Gi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv GmGmwmi wb‡P Ges 1.35% bvix D‡`¨v³vi ¯^vgx AwkwÿZ Ges 16.43% Gi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv GmGmwmi wb‡P| AwaKvsk A_©vr 35.27% bvix D‡`¨v³vi wcZv e¨emvqx,21.93 % PvKzixRxwe, 12.75% K…lK Ges 4.54% AemicÖvß Avevi AwaKvsk Z_v 77.87 % bvix D‡`¨v³vi gv M„wnbx| ‡ewkifvM A_©vr 54.01 % bvix D‡`¨v³vi ¯^vgx e¨emvqx, 22.71% PvKzwiRxex Ges 2.90%bvix D‡`¨v³vi ¯^vgx K…lK| bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© AwaKvsk Z_v 64.64% bvix wQ‡jv Mw„nbx Ges 17.49% wQ‡jv Qv&Îx| A_©vr bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡`i †Kvb AwfÁZv wQ‡jv bv|Ó[8]

c~‡e©v³ cwimsL¨vY we‡lølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i cvwievwiK e¨vKMÖvDÛ LyeB fv‡jv, AwaKvsk Z_v cÖvq mKj bvix D‡`¨v³vi wcZv gvZv ¯^vgx wkwÿZ, wcZv Ges ¯^vgx fv‡jv PvKzix ev e¨emv K‡i| Gme bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vbI fv‡jv, †hvM¨ gh©v`v I m¤§vb wb‡q mgv‡R emevm K‡i| bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i cwiev‡ii Awkÿvi nvi Avgv‡`i RvZxq wbiÿiZvi nv‡ii †P‡q A‡bK¸Y Kg|

bvix D‡`¨v³vi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv

wkÿv gvbyl‡K †cÖiYv †`q, Drmvn †hvMvq, mvg‡b GwM‡q hvIqvi mvnm evovq Ges gvby‡li g‡bi msKxY©bZv `yi K‡i gb‡K eo I cÖmvwiZ K‡i †Zv‡j K‡i †Zv‡j| †h †Kvb Kv‡R wkÿv Riæix, AZ¨vek¨Kxq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i N‡i evB‡i A‡bK euvav I P¨‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i KvR Ki‡Z nq| Avi †h †Kvb euvav ev P¨‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv I AwfÁZv Acwinvh©| wkwÿZ I AwfÁ gvbyl †h †Kvb evuav mn‡RB †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ M‡elYv n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †gvUv‡gvwU cÖvq me bvix D‡`¨v³vB Kg †ekx wkwÿZ Ges Gme bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i g‡a¨ K‡qKR‡bi Avevi †ckvMZ wWwMÖI Av‡Q| gvBWvm (2009) KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GK M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, 97.29 % bvix D‡`¨v³vB wkwÿZ, Zv‡`i AwaKvsk A_©vr 30.63 % D‡`v³vi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv gva¨wgK cv‡ki wb‡P,26.2% gva¨wgK, 22.1% D”Pgva¨wgK, 15. 4% ¯œvZK Ges 4.6% ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖavix|[9] G K_v mZ¨ †h, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix D‡`¨v³viv hw`I D”PwkwÿZ ev D”P †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ bq Z_vwc Zuviv Zv‡`i mnRvZ †gav I m„wókxjZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q e¨emv †ÿ‡Î mdj|

‰eevwnK Ae¯’v

wewfbœ M‡elYv n‡Z †`Lv hvq, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix D‡`¨v³viv AwaKvskB weevwnZ| A_©vr AweevwnZ Ae¯’vq Lye Kg msL¨K bvixB D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e GwM‡q Av‡mb| bvix D‡`¨v³viv weevwnZ nIqvi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| bvix‡`i N‡ii evB‡i KvR Kiv‡K Avgv‡`i mgvR e¨e¯’v mnRfv‡e †bqbv hvi Rb¨ wcZvgvZv nq‡Zv B”Qv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i Kb¨v‡`i‡K weev‡ni c~‡e© G †ckvq Avm‡Z wbiærmvwnZ K‡i GB f‡q †h hw` †Kvb Kzrmv i‡U hvq, †g‡q we‡q w`‡Z bv cv‡i| weevwnZ bvix‡`i †ÿ‡Î myweav †h, †h‡nZz †ekxifvM bvix G †ckvq Av‡m cwiev‡ii Avq e„w× K‡i GKUz DbœZ I m”Qj Rxebhvcb Kivi Rb¨ Ges G †ckvq Avmvi c~‡©e ¯^vgx Ges ¯^vgxi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvB Zviv mgv‡Ri KUz K_v Ges Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v Lye mn‡RB mvnm I `„p wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i ¯^vgxiv h‡_ó mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡Kb| gvBWvm (2009) KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GK M‡elYvh †`Lv hvq, bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i g‡a¨ weevwnZ gwnjv 82.90%, AweevwnZ 10.63%, ZvjvKcÖvß 1.35% Ges weaev 4.15%|[10]

bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i eqm

Avgv‡`i mgv‡R bvix‡`i N‡ii evB‡i KvR KivUv‡K Ggwb‡ZB evuKv †Pv‡L †`Lv nq Dciš‘ e¨emv Kiv G †Zv gnvcv‡ci KvR| KviY bvix‡`i e¨emv Ki‡Z n‡j mg‡q Amg‡q N‡ii evB‡i _vK‡Z nq, cY¨ ˆZixi KuvPvgv‡ji Rb¨, cY¨ wecY‡bi Rb¨ A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ Z_v cyiæl gwnjv mevi mv‡_B †jb‡`b ev †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Ki‡Z nq| GgZe¯Ívq bvix‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri A‡bK KUy K_v ïb‡Z nq| Avevi bvix‡`i we‡kl K‡i weevwnZ bvix‡`i msmv‡i A‡bK KvRKg© Ki‡Z nq A_©vr msmvi mvg‡j Zvic‡i Ab¨vbœ KvR| GQvovI bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Av‡iv bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨vi ‡gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq hv †_‡K cyiæl D‡`¨v³viv A‡bKUv gy³| ZvB bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z eqm GKUv ¸iæZ¡cY© welq A_©vr eq‡mi cwic°Zv Qvov bvixiv Gme mgm¨v †gv‡Kv‡ejv K‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z cvi‡ebv| gvBWv‡mi (2009) GK M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, 28.02% bvix D‡`¨v³vi eqm 21-30, 41.64 % Gi eqm 31-40 Ges 18.36% Gi eqm 41-50 A_©vr 88.02% bvix D‡`¨v³vi eqm 21-50 Gi g‡a¨|[11]

D‡`¨v³v nIqvi KviY

wewfbœ M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, AwaKvsk bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡i‡Qb cwiKwíZfv‡e bq ˆ`eµ‡g A_©vr wewfbœ NUbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z| †ewkifvM bvix cvwievwiK ¯^”QjZv I RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨emv‡qi c_ †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq cwiev‡ii GK e¨vw³i Av‡q msmvi cwiPvjbv Kiv KóKi weavq bvixiv Av‡qi c_ wn‡m‡e e¨emv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib †Kbbv e¨emv ¯^vaxb †ckv, msmv‡ii KvRKg© K‡i e¨emv cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| PvKzix Ki‡Z n‡j GKUv wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ Awd‡m _vK‡Z nq | bvixiv †ewkifvM‡ÿ‡Î cvwievwiK e¨q wbe©v‡n mnvqZv Ki‡Z, ‡KD †KD mšÍv‡bi wkÿvi LiP †gUv‡Z ev mšÍvb‡K fv‡jv ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kiv, Avevi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb Ges mgvwRK I cwievwiK Rxeb Dc‡fvM Kiv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y G †ckv MÖnY K‡i| wKQz bvix wk‡ív`¨v³v wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri K¨vwiqvi M‡o †Zvjv Ges GKRb mdj e¨emvwqK e¨vw³Z¡ wn‡m‡e weR‡qvjøvm Kiv, A‡b‡K g~j¨evb wKQz GKUv Kivi D‡`¨‡k¨ e¨emv‡K ‡ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Avevi †KD †KD evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b wb‡R‡K DrmM© Kiv, †eKvi‡Z¡i Awfkvc †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy&³ ivLvi Rb¨, †KD ev ïay RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e G c_ ‡e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb|

e¨emvq cÖ_g cyuwRi Drm

e¨emv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ cy&uwR Avek¨K| hw`I AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î cyiæl D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ cuywRi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb †Kvb mgm¨v mgm¨v nqbv| cyiæliv e¨vsK, exgv I wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb I AvZœxq-¯^Rb †_‡K mn‡RB FY wb‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ FY`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i FY †`Iqvi Rb¨ c_ †P‡q e‡m _v‡K| wKš‘ bvix‡`i †ÿ‡Î †cÖÿvcU wfbœ| e¨emv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ cu&ywR msMÖn bvix‡`i Rb¨ Ab¨Zg evauv| Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2008) KZ…K cwiPvwjZ GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq,

‡Uwej : e¨emvi cÖv_wgK cuywR[12]
|e¨emvi cÖv_wgK cuwRi Drm |% |
|wbR¯^ mÂq |61 |
|wcZvgvZv |39 |
|¯^vgx |18 |
|¯^vgxi cwievi |6 |
|wbKU AvZœxq |2 |
|eÜz-evÜe |3 |
|miKvix evwYwR¨K e¨vsK |1 |
|‡emiKvix evwYwR¨K e¨vsK |1 |
|GbwRI |5 |
|Ab¨vb¨ miKvix cÖwZôvb |3 |

hw`I evsjv‡`‡ki wkí I e¨emv evwY‡R¨i Dbbœq‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸wji fzwgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKš‘ ‡‡Uwej †_‡K †`Lv hvq bvix‡`i FY `v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zviv m¤ú~Y© †bwZevPK AvPiY K‡i gvÎ 2% bvix Zv‡`i e¨emv‡qi cÖv_wgK cuywR miKvix I †emiKvwi e¨vsK †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| G †ÿ‡Î GbwRI‡`i fzwgKvI D‡j¨L Kivi gZ bq A_©vr GbwRI †_‡KI bvixiv †Zgb †Kvb mnvqZv cvqbv| Ges wewfbœ miKvix cÖwZôvbI bvix‡`i‡K G †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZv K‡i bv| AwaKvsk bvix D‡`¨v³viv Zv‡`i wZ‡j wZ‡j Rgv‡bv ¯^í mÂq w`‡q e¨emv ïiæ K‡ib| Gme bvix‡`i wcZv gvZv †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ cÖmvwiZ K‡ib|

D‡`¨vM MÖnYKv‡j euvav

evsjv‡`‡k †gvU RbmsL¨vi cªvq A‡a©K bvix wKšÍy LyeB Kg msL¨K bvix M„nK‡g©i evB‡i A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ| cÖvPxb hyM †_‡KB evsjvi bvixiv ˆKk‡i wcZvi Aaxb, †hŠe‡b ¯^vgx Ges e„× eq‡m cy‡Îi wbqš¿bvaxb| eZ©gv‡b bvixiv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í AvZœwbf©ikxj n‡”Q, cvwievwiK e¨‡q Ae`vb ivL‡Q, mšÍvb‡K fv‡jv ¯‹y‡j fwZ© Kiv‡”Qb| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i G iÿYkxj mgvR I cwievi e¨e¯’v bvix‡`i‡K N‡ii Pvi ‡`Iqvj †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z wewfbœfv‡e evuav cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| KL‡bv G evuav mgvR †_‡K KL‡bv Avevi wbR cwievi †_‡K| †ekxifvM euvav Av‡m a‡g©i Avei‡Y| a‡g©i wewfbœ wewa wb‡l‡ai fyj e¨vL¨v w`‡q bvix‡`i ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z evuav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| cwievi †_‡K cÖ_g ev †ekx evuav Av‡m wcZvgvZv †_‡K| AwaKvsk wcZvgvZv Pvqbv Zvi †g‡q e¨emv KiæK †Kbbv e¨vemvi †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i A‡bK cyiæ‡li mv‡_ ‡gjv‡gkv Ki‡Z nq, mg‡q Amg‡q GLv‡b †mLv‡b hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z nq, Avi GRb¨ wcZvgvZv‡`i mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨vw³i KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi KUz K_v ïb‡Z nq| wcZvgvZvi ci euvav Av‡m mšÍvb, ¯^vgx Ges kïo evoxi ‡jvKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Ges Avð‡h©i welq cÖ†qvRb Qvov bvix wb‡RB GB †ckvq Avm‡Z ivwR _v‡Kbv| ¯^vgx mšÍvb bvix‡`i e¨emvq Avm‡Z cQ›` K‡ibv KviY mšÍvb Zvi gv‡qi Av`i †¯œn †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e| gv Zvi mšÍvb‡K mgq w`‡Z cvi‡ebv GUv mšÍvbiv †g‡b wb‡Z Pvqbv Ges ¯^vgxI Pvq Zvi ¯¿x ‡hb Zvi Rb¨ N‡i e‡m A‡cÿv K‡i, evmvq †divi mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯¿xi gyL †`L‡Z Pvq me ¯^vgxB| †Kvb ¯^vgxB GUv Pvqbv †h Zvi ¯¿x cicyiæ‡li mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv Ki‡e|

bvix‡`i e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi aib

wewfbœ M‡elYv n‡Z Rvbv hvq bvixiv mvaviYZ cÖPwjZ, AcÖPwjZ, cvwievwiK e¨emv, kÖg wbf©i, ißvbx g~Lx I AvaywbK cÖhyw³ wbf©i wkí BZ¨vw` †kªYxi e¨emv cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| bvix‡`i ‡QvU †QvU wewfbœ Drcv`b BDwbU Ges e¨emv‡qi ai‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i KuvPvgvjmn n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨vw`i Drcv`b, Zv‡uZi Kvco ˆZix I myZv KvUv| Szwo, gv`yi, gvQ aivi Rvj Ges bvwi‡K‡ji †Qveiv Øviv wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ ˆZix Kiv, ‡XwK‡Z avb Ges Nvwb‡Z †Zj fvbv, cvU w`‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ ˆZix Ges Zv wewµ Kiv, gvwU w`‡q wewfbœ wbZ¨ e¨envh© Ges †mŠwLb wRwbm cÎ ˆZix, †eZ I evuk w`‡q cÖ‡qRbxq AvmevecÎ ˆZix I wewµ Kiv, †ikg Pvl, †ik‡gi Kvco ˆZix, gay ˆZix, w¯‹b wcÖ›U I evwU‡Ki KvR Kiv,Ggeª‡qvWvwi, †cvkvK †Zix, gywo †Zix, Lv`¨ ˆZix (ïKbv Lvevi c¨v‡KURvZ ev LyPiv wewµ), Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY, Kvôwkí I dvwY©Pvi, †Svjv¸o ‰Zix, we‡kl cvZvi ˆZix wewo Drcv`b, `ya Ges `y»RvZ cY¨ ˆZix, is Ges Qvcv KviLvbv, eB evavB, Kb‡dKkbvix, bvm©vix Ges D`¨vb BZ¨vw` †QvU †QvU BDwb‡U cY¨ mvgwMÖ Drcv`b I e¨emvi mv‡_ bvixiv RwoZ| Bnv Qvov M„nwfwËK †i÷z‡i›U (¯œ¨vK&ª, Lvevi, Pv Ges Kb‡dKkbvix ‰Zix) Ges `wR© GLb kn‡i Ges MÖv‡g GKwU cwiwPZ †ckv, M„nwfwËK †`vKvb`vix MÖvgxb GjvKvq AwZ cwiwPZ| wewµi D‡`¨‡k¨ KeyZi cvjb, ÿz`ª e¨emv we‡kl K‡i M„nwfwËK ÿz`ª e¨emv, wewµi D‡`¨‡k¨ dzj Drcv`b Ges dy‡ji †`vKvb, cvLv Ges Uzwc ˆZix BZ¨vw` MÖvgxb GjvKvq bvix‡`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| ‡QvU ‡QvU †`vKvb, d‡UvKwc †mev, eywU‡Ki †`vKvb, M„nwfwËK †cvkvK KviLvbv,†cBw›Us Ges wMÖwUsm KvW© ˆZix, KvM‡Ri †Vv½v ˆZix Ges wewµ, wcVv ˆZix, iv¯Ívi cv‡k Lvev‡ii †`vKvb n‡”Q kn‡ii bb dvg© Kvh©µg| bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ D™¢ve‡bi d‡j bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ wewfbœ †ÿÎ †Zix n‡q‡Q ‡hgb K…wÎg dzj ˆZix, ißvbxi D‡`¨‡k¨ Lo KzUvi mvnv‡h¨ Uzwc ˆZix, ‡jLvi e¯‘ Ges KvW© Qvcv‡bv, is Kiv Ges Qvc †`Iqvi Rb¨ QvP †Zix Kiv, †RvovZvwj w`‡q Kzkb ˆZix, Mv‡g©›U‡mi RyU w`‡q Zzjv ˆZix, †Ljbv ˆZix, Bwg‡Uk‡bi AjsKvi ˆZix BZ¨vw`|

e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î euvav ev mgm¨v

e¨emvq bvixiv cÖvqB bZzb, AbwfÁ I cÖwkÿYwenxb ZvB Zv‡`i‡K e¨emv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z †h‡q bvbv ai‡bi P¨v‡jÄ I evauv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq ‡h, bvix D‡`¨v³viv wb‡¤œv³fv‡e evuavi m¤§~Lxb n‡q _v‡K;

1. ga¨mZ¡‡fvMx cyiæl mieivnKvix, wVKv`vi Ges ißvbxKviKiv e¨emv †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i wewfbœ `~e©jZvi my‡hvM †bq|

2. eZ©gvb cyiæl wbqwš¿Z cvBKvix evRv‡i bvixiv Amnvq|

3. wb‡R‡`i kvixwiK Aeq‡ei Kvi‡Y bvix‡`i Rb¨ Pv`vevR gv¯Ívb‡`i cÖwZnZ Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o Ges gv¯Ívb‡`i Pvwn`vbyhvqx Puv`v w`‡Z Zviv Pv‡ci g‡a¨ _v‡K|

4. †jb‡`‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î cyiæl Askx`viiv bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i cÖvqB A‰bwZKfv‡e cÖZvwiZ K‡i Ges cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z †M‡j wec‡`i SzwK †e‡o hvq|

5. ‡hme DcKiY ev †mevmg~n bvix‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv evov‡Z cv‡i, †hgb FY, KvPvgvj mieivn, wecYb myweav Ges bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` M„nwfwËK bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i ‡m me DcKiY I †mevmg~n cvIqvi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K|

6. ‡hme bvixiv c`©v †g‡b P‡j Zv‡`i e¨vs‡K hvZvqvZ Kiv, Zv‡`i c‡Y¨i Rb¨ DcKiY ev KvuPvgvj µq Kiv A_ev Rbmg¤§y‡L Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i wecYb BZ¨vw` KwVb KvR e‡j g‡b nq| †Kbbv Gme Kv‡R cyiæl‡`i mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM I Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq|

7. e¨vsK FY cvIqvi Rb¨ †h Rvgvb‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq, MÖvgxb bvixiv mvaviYZ ‡mme e¯‘MZ m¤ú‡`i gvwjK bq, hv RvgvbZ †i‡L Zviv e¨vsK FY †c‡Z cv‡i| Gme m¤ú‡`i gvwjK mvaviYZ cyiæl|

8. bvixiv mvaviYZ `wi`ª Ges Zv‡`i wkÿv Ges AvZœwek¦v‡mi h‡_ó Afve i‡q‡Q|

9. gnvRb Ges cvBKvwi mieivnKvixiv bvix‡`i KwVb mgm¨vq †d‡j †Kbbv bvixiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q memgq F‡Yi Rv‡j Ave× _v‡K| bvix‡`i mvgvb¨ Av‡qi AwaKvskB Gme F‡Yi my` cÖ`v‡b †kl n‡q hvq|

10. bvixiv cÖvqB †hŠb wbcxo‡Yi wkKvi nb|Ges wbivcËvRwbZ Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i PjvP‡ji Dci wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv nq|

11. bvix‡`i AvBwb Ávb Kg Ges cÖvqB Zviv †eAvBwb ûgwK Ges †dŠR`vix Aciv‡ai wkKvi n‡q _v‡K|

12. GLbI cuywR bvix‡`i Rb¨ g~j mgm¨v Ges AwaK my‡`i nvi bvix‡`i wewb‡qv‡M wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|

13. `ÿ kÖwg‡Ki Ach©vßZv, bvix‡`i wecYb myweav Ges mwVK weµq †K‡›`ªi Abycw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` bvix‡`i e¨vemv‡qi ‡ÿ‡Î wKQz eo ai‡bi euvav|

14. evwK‡Z cY¨ wewµi †ÿ‡Î A_© Av`vq mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i|

15. ‡Mv`vgRvZKi‡bi myweav Ges RvqMvi Afv‡e bvixiv Zv‡`i cY¨ b‡ó nIqv ev Pzwi hvIqv BZ¨vw` KwVb mgm¨vq †fv‡M|

16. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y c‡Y¨i g~j¨ Kg ivLv nq|

Ab¨vbœ mgm¨vi g‡a¨ †µZviv mwVK g~j¨ †`qbv Ges cvBKviiv evwK‡Z cY¨ wb‡q hvq| DbœZ hš¿cvwZ, Kjv‡KŠkj BZ¨vw` cÖvwßi Afve, KvPvgvj msMÖ‡ni mgm¨v, ga¨mË¡‡fvMx‡`i †`ŠivZœ, cwienY I wecYb mgm¨v, cwiPvjbv Ges Drcv`b `ÿZvi Afve, ¯^v¯’¨Ki Kg© cwi‡ek Ges cÖwkÿY myweavi Afve BZ¨vw`| Avevi miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ Ges AvqKi bxwZ bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i AbyK~‡j bq Ges wKQz AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK FY c×wZ mnR bq| m‡e©vcwi ˆa‡h©i Afve bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Ab¨Zg mgm¨v|

GKRb bvix D‡`¨v³vi cwiev‡i Ae`vb

GKRb bvix cwiev‡i KL‡bv gv, KL‡bv †evb, KL‡bv Kv‡iv Kb¨v, Avevi Kv‡iv ¯¿x Ges Kv‡iv cyÎeay| ZvB GKRb bvixi Ggwb‡ZB cwiev‡i A‡bK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| meviB Zvi Kv‡Q wKQz bv wKQz cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| cwiev‡i †QvU m`m¨iv †hgb Av`i †¯œn I fvjevmv Pvq †Zgwb e‡qv‡R¨ôiv Pvq †mev| me `vwqZ¡B bvix‡K cvjb Ki‡Z nq| bvixi G Ae`v‡bi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb mvg¨ev‡`i Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, ZvB wZwb e‡j‡Qb-

Òwe‡k¦ hv wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi Kj¨vYKi

A‡a©K Zvi Avwbqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi biÓ

Kwe bRiæ‡ji mgq‡K wcQ‡b †d‡j AvR‡K Avgiv †h bZzb Z_¨ cÖhyw³ mg„× GB mf¨Zvi ØvicÖv‡šÍ, †mLv‡b G‡mI cwievi Ges mgv‡R bvixi Ae`vb A‡bK| GKRb bvix D‡`¨v³v cwievi I M„‡ni e¨q enb Kiv, ev”Pv‡`i wkÿvi LiP ‡gUv‡bv, cvwievwiK e¨emv‡qi Avw_©K mgm¨v n«vm Kiv, cwiev‡ii bvix wkÿvq Ae`vb ivLv, cwiev‡i †eKviZ¡ n«v‡m Ae`vb, cwiev‡ii Rb¨ mvgvwRK m¤§vb AR©b BZ¨vw` wewfbœfv‡e cwiev‡i Ae`vb iv‡L| GQvov wb‡Ri e¨emv‡K w¯¯’wZkxj ivLv, GKRb mdj bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii mybvg AR©b, bvix Dbœq‡b cwiev‡i m‡PZbZv e„w×, cvwievwiK †evSv n«v‡m Ae`vb ivLv, cvwievwiK eÜb w¯’wZkxj ivLv Ges mK‡ji mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ eRvq ivLv, mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b †hŠ_ mnvqZv, cwiev‡i Avq ea©bg~jK Kvh©µ‡g Ae`vb ivLv, cwiev‡i †eKvi bvixi cÖwZ gb‡hvM †`Iqv, ciev‡i Avw_©K m”QjZv AR©b, cwiev‡ii wec‡` Avw_©K mnvqZv BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i| Avevi AvaywbK I myLx Rxeb hvc‡b mnvqZv, A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i cvwievwiK m¤§vb e„w× Kiv, cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i weev‡n mnvqZv Kiv, RxweKv AR©bKvix wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wek¦vm AR©b Kiv, mgv‡R cwiev‡ii B‡gR I gh©v`v Dbœh‡b Ae`vb, Rwg µ‡q Ae`vb, wb‡R cwiev‡i †evSv bv n‡q e¨w³MZ e¨q enb Kiv BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv myPviæfv‡e cvjb K‡i cwiev‡i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb Dbœq‡b Abb¨ fzwgKv cvjb K‡i|

GKRb bvix D‡`¨v³vi mgv‡R Ae`vb

mKj gvbylB mgv‡Ri m`m¨, ZvB mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e G‡Ki cÖwZ Ac‡ii `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| mgvRe× n‡q emev‡mi g~j K_vB n‡”Q ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv/ cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii Z‡iÕ (Kvwgbx ivq)| G g~jgš¿‡K gv_vq ‡i‡L Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix D‡`¨v³viv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i mgvR‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi †Póv Ki‡Q| bvix D‡`¨v³viv Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, `wi`ª gvbyl‡K mnvqZv,mgvR Dbœq‡b mnvqZv, bvix‡`i e¨emv‡q GwM‡q Avm‡Z Drmvn cÖ`vb, Mwie I Amnvq bvix‡`i mnvqZv Kiv, bvix‡`i mgv‡Ri †evSv †_‡K m¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kiv, bvix‡`i Avw_©K mnvqZv Kiv BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mgvR‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| G QvovI Dbœq‡b bvixev`x Av‡›`vjb ïiæ Kiv I †bZ…Z¡ †`Iqv, ¯^v¯’¨myiÿv †mevq Ae`vb ivLv, bvix‡`i AvZœwbf©ikxj n‡Z mnvqZv Kiv, Ab¨vb¨ bvix e¨emvqx‡`i mnvqZv Kiv, bvix‡`i AvZœwbf©i nIqvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv, mgv‡Ri Rb¨ mybvg AR©b Kiv, AwkwÿZ‡`i Rb¨ Kg© ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv, evj¨ weevn‡iv‡a c`‡ÿc MÖnb Kiv, ag©xq wkÿv `v‡b Ges Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv, wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i Av‡jvwKZ Kiv, gvby‡l gvby‡l ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv, bvix‡`i Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkÿY Av‡qvR‡b mnvqZv Kiv, `wi`ª Ges †eKvi‡`i †UªW jvB‡mÝ †c‡Z mnvqZv Kiv, mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡K mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ m¤úªmviY Kiv, †hŠZz‡Ki weiæ‡× RbgZ m„wó Kiv, wkï‡`i Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv, `wi`ª‡`i e¯¿ mieivn Kiv, bvix‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv, bvix‡`i g‡a¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx m„wó Kiv, ÿz`ª wkí ¯’vc‡b mnvqZv Kiv, wkky‡`i wkÿv MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ Kiv, mvgvwRK ‰elg¨ n«vm Kiv, bvix‡`i †mŠ›`h©¨ I ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZb Kiv, mgv‡Ri GwZg I `wi`ª wkï‡`i mnvqZv Kiv, wkïm`b cÖwZôv Kiv Ges webvg~‡j¨ cÖwkÿY †`qv, mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv, mgv‡R kvwšÍ Ges GKZv cÖwZôvq D‡`¨vM MªnY, bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva Kiv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Kvh©µg bvix D‡`¨v³viv MÖnY K‡i mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb|

mdj D‡`¨v³v nIqvi ¸Yvejx

mdjZv meviB AvKv•Lv, Kvgbv, evmbv| mK‡jB mdj n‡Z Pvq wKš‘ mdj n‡Z cv‡ibv| ‡h †Kvb Kv‡R mdj n‡Z n‡j AšÍwb©wnZ I Aek¨ cvjbxq wKQz ¸Yvejx _vKv `iKvi| Ggwb Ggwb mdjZv Kv‡iv `iRvq G‡m bvov †`qbv| mdjZv AR©b K‡i wb‡Z nq, GUv †Kbv hvqbv wKsev n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv hvqbv| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ _v‡K mZZv, m„wókxjZv, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, eyw×gËv, D”PvKv•Lv Ges D‡`¨vM msµvšÍ Ávb | D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e mdj nIqvi Rb¨ wkÿvMZ Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e, `iKvi nq `ÿ Kg©xevwnbx I gvby‡li mv‡_ fv‡jv e¨envi Ges m‡e©vcwi _vK‡Z n‡e g~jab|

bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i AR©b

D‡`¨vM, cÖ‡Póv Ges mdjZv G †hb GKwU AciwUi cwicyiK| D‡`¨v‡Mi ci cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv mdjZvi Rb¨, Avi cÖ‡Póv mdjZv Av‡b, Avevi mdjZv bv _vK‡j †KD D‡`¨vM †bqbv cÖ‡Póv _v‡Kbv| A_©vr D‡`¨vM, cÖ‡Póv Ges mdjZv PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z nq| ZvB bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i eo AR©b n‡”Q RvZxqfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ A_©vr RvZxq D‡`¨v³v cyi毋vi jvf| G QvovI AvZœwbf©ikxjZvi Z…wß, wb‡R‡`i mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi Dbœqb, e¨emv‡q †gvUv‡gvwU mdj, cwiev‡ii Avw_©K w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv, mgv‡R cwiev‡ii gh©v`v e„w×, cwiev‡ii Avw_©K mnvqZv, e¨emv‡q mdjZv Ges mybvg AR©b, e¨emv‡q w¯’wZkxjZv|

civgk©

wewfbœ M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix D‡`¨v³viv AwaKvskB ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Drcv`b cÖwZôvb ev ÿz`ª e¨emv evwY‡R¨i mv‡_ RwoZ Ges Zviv Ggb ai‡bi mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL nq †h ¸‡jv mgvR I miKvi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³, cwievi, mgvR I ivóª mevB wg‡j hw` bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvavb K‡i Zv‡`i Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q wb‡q hvB Zvn‡j evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i `iev‡i DbœZ †`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf Ki‡Z Lye †ekx mgq jvMvi K_v bv| bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i wPwýZ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv mycvwik Kiv hvq-

1. cÖ_‡gB bvix D‡`¨v³‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi weeiY I wVKvbvmn GKwU WvUv‡eR ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges wbw`©ó mgq ci ci mUv nvjbvMv` Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg ïiæi Av‡M hZ cÖwµqv Av‡Q mewKQz mnR Ki‡Z n‡e Ges bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZ Dc‡Rjvq gwnjv welqK Kg©KZ©vi Aax‡b GKwU †mj _vK‡e †hLvb †_‡K bvix D‡`¨v³viv cÖ‡qvRbxq me ai‡bi civgk© I †mev ‡c‡Z cv‡i|

3. cÖwZwU †Rjvq GKwU K‡i bvix D‡`¨vM welqK cÖwkÿY †K›`ª ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges H cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g AvDUwiP cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z K‡i cÖwkÿKiv cÖwZ Dc‡Rjvq †h‡q bvix D‡`¨v³v Ges m¤¢ve¨ bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i mswkøó wel‡q cÖwkÿY w`‡Z cv‡i|

4. e¨emv cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B webvg~‡j¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ hv‡Z bvix D‡`¨v³viv cwiwPZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q cÖwkÿY †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|

5. bvix D‡`¨v³viv hv‡Z Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³ I Ava~wbK hš¿cvwZ mn‡R Ges ¯^íg~‡j¨ †c‡Z cv‡i †m e¨emv_v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

6. †Kv¤úvbx †iwR‡÷ªkb, ‡UªW jvB‡mÝ, wUb bv¤^vi Ges Ab¨vbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ msMÖn Ges f¨vU cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †hb †Kvb nqivwbi wkKvi bv nq †m wel‡q jÿ¨ ivKv `iKvi|

7. mdjfv‡e cÖwkÿY mgvwßi ci miKvix- ‡emiKvix e¨vsK, exgv I Avw_©K FY `vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi n‡Z ¯^ímy‡` mnR cÖwµqvq RvgvbZwenxb F‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

8. cÖwZwU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK KZ kZvsk my‡`i nv‡i (my‡`i nvi Aek¨B Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg n‡Z n‡e) Zvi cÖ`Ë F‡Yi KZ kZvsk bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i eva¨Zvg~jK cÖ`vb Ki‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mvK©yjvi Rvwi K‡i wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| Avevi G Kvh©µg ïay mvK©yjvi Rvwii g‡a¨ mxgve× ivL‡j Pj‡ebv evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K gwbUi Ki‡Z n‡e|

9. evwYwR¨K e¨s‡Ki cÖwZwU kvLvq bvix‡`i Rb¨ Avjv`v †mj _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i AMvwaKviwfwˇZ †mev †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| bvixiv †hb FY MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î nqivwbi wkKvi bv nq †mw`‡K KZ…c‡ÿi `„wó w`‡Z n‡e|

10. bvix‡`i RvgvbZwenxb F‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

11. bvix‡`i Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i b¨vh¨g~j¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ga¨mË¡‡fvMx mieivnKvix, wVKv`vi I cvBKviiv hv‡Z bvix‡`i Amnvq‡Z¡i my‡hvM wb‡Z bv cv‡i ev Zv‡`i VKv‡Z bv cv‡i †m w`‡K `„wó `v‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv `i‡Kvi|

12. cÖwZwU Dc‡Rjvq mßv‡n GKw`b bv n‡jI AšÍZ 15 w`‡b GKw`b bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i c‡Y¨i myiwÿZ cvBKvix evRv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

13. cÖwZwU nvU, evRvi, kwcsgj BZ¨vw`‡Z bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i c‡Y¨i cmiv mvR‡bvi Rb¨ Avjv`v bvix KY©vi ev †d¬vi _vK‡e ‡mLv‡b cwic~Y© wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z cv‡i|

14. bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i weKí c‡Y¨i Avg`vbx eÜ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv we‡`kx `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

15. bvix D‡`¨³v‡`i Ki, ïé BZ¨vw` gIKzd K‡i †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i †Kbbv G‡Z A‡bK bvix DrmvwnZ n‡e|

16. Bf wUwRs I bvix wbh©vZb msµvšÍ hZ AvBb Av‡Q Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z bvixiv wbivc‡` PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|

17. AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi Dbœqb NUv‡Z n‡e| we‡klK‡i bvix‡`i wbivcËvi Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e¯’v ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|

18. bvixiv hv‡Z D‡`¨v³v wn‡me GwM‡q Av‡m †m Rb¨ mdj bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rbmg‡ÿ cyi毋v‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov B‡j±ªwbK&ª I wcÖ›U wgwWqvq bvix‡`i D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e GwM‡q Avm‡Z e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

19. bvix D‡`¨v³v‡`i mšÍvb‡`i ¯‹z‡j fwZ©‡Z †KvUvi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

20. m‡e©vcwi RvZxq bvix Dbœqb bxwZ 2008 Gi c~Y© ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Dcmsnvi

bvix‡`i‡K cwiev‡ii fvi enb Ki‡Z nq Ges wb‡R‡`i Av_©mvgvwRK DbœwZi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK evuav AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK bvix‡K †`Lv hvq wewfbœ ai‡bi euvav AwZµg K‡i mdj D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K AvZœcÖKvk Ki‡Z | cwievi I mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Zv‡`i GB Ae`vb mvÿ¨ enb K‡i †h, Zviv wb‡R‡`i mnRvZ kw³ Øviv †h †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ †gvK‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLb bvixiv Zv‡`i Av_© mvgvwRK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© cy‡ivcywi m‡PZb Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ †h †Kvb ai‡bi my‡hvM myweav MÖnY Kivi mvnm Zv‡`i Av‡Q| MÖvgxb evsjv‡`‡ki bvix‡`i wPÎ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q, bvixiv mvnm mÂq K‡i‡Q me ai‡bi evuav †f‡½ N‡ii Pvi †`Iqvj †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m D‡`¨v³v Ges Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e M„‡ni evB‡i KvR Ki‡Z hv AZx‡Z bvix‡`i Rb¨ mgv‡R MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQ‡jv bv| bvix D‡`¨v³viv wb‡R‡`i Av_© mvgwRK gvb Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g AvR Zviv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í mdjZvi GK GKwU avc AwZµg Ki‡Q| †Kvb wKQzB Zv‡`i Avi wcQy nVv‡Z cvi‡ebv †Kbbv bvixiv AvR wk‡L‡Q wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi ‡h †Kvb evuav ev P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| bvix D‡`¨v³viv AvR ïaygvÎ AwaK kw³kvjx I mvnmxB bq Zviv AwaK `ÿ, †hvM¨, m‡PZb Ges mymsMwVZ| bvix D‡`¨v³viv AvR Avgv‡`i †`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Q Ges kw³kvjx Ges mg„× RvwZ MV‡b ¸iæZ¡cyY© fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

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ÔRvZxq wkíbxwZ-2010Õ, wkí gš¿YYvjq, XvKv, evsjv‡`k| www.cacci.org.tw/Journal/2003%20Vol%201/The%20Emerging... voices.yahoo.com/challenges-women-entrepreneurs...

-----------------------

[1] `¨v †WBwj ÷vi, XvKv, 4GwcÖj 2011|

[2] `¨v †WBwj ÷vi, XvKv, 4GwcÖj 2011|

[3] `¨v †WBwj ÷vi, XvKv, 22RyjvB 2010|

[4] ÔRvZxq wkíbxwZ-2010Õ, wkí gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, evsjv‡`k, c„. 10|

[5] ÔRvZxq wkíbxwZ-2010Õ, wkí gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, evsjv‡`k, c„. 10|

[6] Kanika K. (ed), Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Business Administration ( Dellhi: Lakshay Publication, 2003), p. 92.

[7] ÔRvZxq wkíbxwZ-2010Õ, c„. 12|

[8] Micro Industries Development Assistance and Services (MIDAS), Study on Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs: Bangladesh Perspective (Dhaka: 2009), pp. 66-70

[9] MIDAS, p. 64

[10] MIDAS, p70.

[11] MIDAS, pp. 67-68

[12] !6