...Question 1: Do you believe that people have an unconscious mind? If so, how does it affect thoughts, feelings, and behavior? Answer: unconscious mind, term for thoughts or motives that lie beyond a person’s normal awareness but that can be made available through psychoanalysis. Any repressed sexual desires, aggressive impulses, or irrational thoughts and feelings are reportedly stored in your unconscious. I believe that people have an unconscious mind, most of the time we vouch for ourselves that our we are in control. We are driven to behave the way we do, and we are seldom in control. Unbelievable, but I think it is true. When we think before we decide or act, we do so with our conscious mind. But life is full of actions at every step and every moment, not all of which are results of our conscious decisions. There are several actions which are controlled by the subconscious mind. We are not in control of the actions governed by our subconscious mind. Understanding this can actually help us better understand people around us. It can help us improve relations. We do certain things out of conscious mind, whereas most of our actions are dependent on the subconscious mind. They are like reflex action in some ways, but different in many ways. In case of physical reflex action, there is some action or disturbance in or around you, and before you know or you realize it, your body reacts to the disturbance. But immediately after the reflex action, you know how your body has...
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...1. Do you believe that people have an unconscious mind? If so, how does it affect thoughts, feelings, and behavior? I do believe that people have an unconscious mind. If we didn’t then in that state of mind when people are unconscious they would not be able to breath or their heart would fail. 2. Have you ever changed a strongly held attitude? What caused the change for you? For a long time I used to be very selfish. Reason being growing up I use to see people being taken advantage of and never wanted to be put in that position. The thing that changed this was the fact that I got older and much wiser and realized that I could not be like this for the rest of my life. My mother also sat me down and spoke to me about having that king of attitude. So the cause for me changing my ways was maturity and also influence from someone I look up to. 3. Do you believe that you are free of prejudice? After reading this chapter, which of the many factors that cause prejudice do you think is most important to change? Yes I do believe I am free of prejudice. I believe that implicit bias is the most important cause of prejudice in most people the book describes implicit bias under the category of a mental shortcut. If implicit bias is the sum of generations of stereotypes, and learned behavior, than it must be the most important factor. 4. Have you ever done something in a group that you would not have done if you were alone? What happened? How did you feel? What have you...
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...Explain how the use of substances alters a person’s state of consciousness, including depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Include in this explanation what happens to the neurotransmitters and body chemicals as well as how you might recognize whether a person at work or in your family is in an altered state of consciousness due to the influence of drugs. Depressants and Stimulants act 100% opposite of each other. Depressant actually slow down your brain function. Depressants such as Alcohol are used on a daily basis. Due to the impaired functions of the brain, depressants are used to help feel calm, reduce stress, and reduce anxiety. However due to the impaired functions it causes you to act unlike yourself and slower functioning make normal activities dangerous. Stimulants are completly opposite. Putting the mind on steroids in a way they make your body go into overdrive which could lead to helath issues. Due to the hyper activness your metabolism is increased and you consume fuel much faster. This can cause paranoia and anxiety, and in high enough doses even death. Hallucinogens are a total different story. As it is different for every person, every drug, and every dose. They affect the perception of the user, causing them to “trip”. As stated it affects the users perception of reality, the technical term being sensory hallucinations. · This question has five parts. One of the cornerstones of Freudian theory is the concept of the unconscious not to be...
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...children to escape from the reality of being a murderer and being responsible for the death of his family. At the end, Andrew became mentally ill himself for refusing to accept reality. This is the story of the Movie “Shutter Island” which is an example for what is called “Defense Mechanisms” and how they have a huge effect on our lives. Due to the fact that everyday people are faced with problems, stress, conflict and emotional pain, the mind needs to be protected against these painful feelings. As a result, “Defense Mechanisms” play an important role during these times in order to protect the mind from Stress and Anxiety by “unconsciously” denying reality and refusing it. Although Defense Mechanisms have positive side that they protect the individual against painful thoughts and experiences but using them without awareness can be destructive. “Defense Mechanisms” were researched by Sigmund Freud who’s an Austrian neurologist who became well known as “Father of Psychoanalysis”. Freud defined “Defense Mechanisms” as people’s unconscious behavior to cope with distress and anxiety; in other words they are ways that people use “unconsciously” to escape from painful experiences which they do not want to deal with or think about. Freud identified some types of “Defense Mechanisms” that can be used by a person while trying to defend himself against...
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...of looking at how people distance themselves from a full awareness of unpleasant thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Psychologists have categorized defense mechanisms based upon how primitive they are. The more primitive a defense mechanism, the less effective it works for a person over the long-term. However, more primitive defense mechanisms are usually very effective short-term, and hence are favored by many people and children especially (when such primitive defense mechanisms are first learned). Adults who don’t learn better ways of coping with stress or traumatic events in their lives will often resort to such primitive defense mechanisms as well. Most defense mechanisms are fairly unconscious – that means most of us don’t realize we’re using them in the moment. Some types ofpsychotherapy can help a person become aware of what defense mechanisms they are using, how effective they are, and how to use less primitive and more effective mechanisms in the future. Primitive Defense Mechanisms 1. Denial Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of early childhood development. Many people use denial in their everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of their life they don’t wish to admit. For instance, a person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply deny they have a drinking problem...
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...19 Freudian & Humanistic Theories MODULE 455 448 449 432 Photo Credit: © Colin Anderson/ Getty Images A. Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory B. Divisions of the Mind C. Developmental Stages D. Freud’s Followers & Critics E. Humanistic Theories Concept Review F. Cultural Diversity: Unexpected High Achievement G. Research Focus: Shyness 434 436 438 440 442 447 H. Application: Assessment—Projective Tests Summary Test Critical Thinking Can Personality Explain Obesity? Links to Learning 450 452 454 Introduction Personality Ted Haggard founded New Life Church in the basement of his house 25 years ago and became a prominent author and national evangelical Christian leader with a congregation of 14,000 worshippers in the largest church in Colorado. He is married with five children and has boyish dimples and a warm smile. In 2006, at the peak of his career, a male prostitute accused Haggard of having a three-year sexual affair with him and of using drugs. is accusation was alarming not only because Haggard was a married pastor, but also because he publicly supported a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. When the accusations were first broadcast on the news, Haggard confessed to church officials, saying, “Ninety-eight percent of what you know of me was the real me. Two percent of me would rise up, and I couldn’t overcome At the height of his career, it” (Haggard, 2006a). Then, in Ted Haggard, well-known pastor, a television news interview the confessed...
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...detail. Dr. Crabb’s first book, Basic Principles of Biblical Counseling, was published in 1975. The basic parts and theories of his system, along many changes in theology and emphasis’ will be also explained in detail. Crabb (1975) believes that ". . . the most basic problem of every human being is his separation from God, a gulf made necessary by the fact that God is holy and we are not" (p. 17). Crabb, like most other Christian counselors, claims that his system is biblically based. The foundation of Crabb’s counseling style is the Bible. God has revealed truth to us in two ways, general and special revelation. Crabb (1987) believes that,". . . many Christian counselors have adopted a method of study that treats the bible as helpful, informative, and insightful- but neither authoritative nor sufficient" (p. 37). The bible is to be allowed the final word. The questions that are answered by the Bible are authoritative. Dr. Crabb divides problems into two categories, the first category are those resulting from natural or physical causes. This would include such things as a chemical imbalance, and learning disabilities brought on by common, perceptual disfunctions. The second category is composed mostly of problem that are essentially moral. Crabb believes the Bible is sufficient for providing a framework, that is able to direct the counselor in dealing with every problem. The Bible speaks meaningfully to every area of life. "The Bible teaches principles that can comprehensively guide...
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...Chapter 1 notes: What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Some people might think that psychologists are interested only in problem or abnormal behaviors. In fact they are interested in every aspect of human thought and behavior. Perhaps the best way to introduce psychology is to look at what topics interest psychologists. The Fields of Psychology Two major organizations American Psychological Association (APA), founded over 100 years ago, and the American Psychological Society (APS), founded in 1988. Developmental Psychology Development psychologists study human mental and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Child psychologists focus on infants and children. Adolescent psychologists, who specialize in the teenage years. Life-span psychologists, who focus on the adult years. Physiological Psychology Physiological Psychologists investigate the biological basis of human behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Neuropsychologists are primarily interested n the brain and the nervous system. Psychobiologists specialize in the body’s biochemistry and in the way that hormones, psychoactive medications (such antidepressants), and “social drugs” (such as alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) affect people. Behavioral geneticists investigate the impact of heredity on both normal and abnormal traits and behavior. Experimental Psychology Experimental psychologists conduct...
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...assumptions. Each perspective has its strengths and weaknesses and has something different to our understanding of human behaviour. There are six perspectives in psychology, which are: Behaviourism Social learning Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Biological The biological approach The biological approach examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviours from a biological and physical point of view. Arnold Gesell (18808-1961) believed that development occurred to a sequences of maturational processes. For example, development in the womb follows a fixed set of stages: the heart begins to form first, along with a rudimentary nervous system. Bones and muscles develop next and over time the organism developed into a fully functioning human being, ready to be born. Through Gesell’s observations and research, Gesell concluded that children go through predictable stages of growth. Gesell’s theory form the basis for just about every other developmental theory. Gesell believed that child development occurs according to a predetermined, naturally unfolding plan of growth. Gesell created a spiral-like pattern to describe how children develop. The cycles describe six stages occurring at half-year intervals, which last longer as a child grows. For example, younger children move through cycle far more rapidly than older children. Gesell identified six stages of growth: Smooth Break-up Sorting-out Inwardsing Expansion Fitting together Maturational...
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...Chapter 1—What Is Psychology? Learning Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what psychology is and how it developed. Describe six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe two movements that reflect a positive approach to psychology. Evaluate careers and areas of specialization in psychology. Apply some strategies that will help you succeed in psychology. After studying Chapter 1, you will be able to: Define psychology. Describe the influence that philosophy, biology, and physiology had on the beginnings of psychology as a science. Compare the two early scientific approaches in psychology: structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology:...
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...Chapter 1—What Is Psychology? Learning Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what psychology is and how it developed. Describe six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe two movements that reflect a positive approach to psychology. Evaluate careers and areas of specialization in psychology. Apply some strategies that will help you succeed in psychology. After studying Chapter 1, you will be able to: Define psychology. Describe the influence that philosophy, biology, and physiology had on the beginnings of psychology as a science. Compare the two early scientific approaches in psychology: structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental...
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...Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Conscious information processing enables us to exercise control and to communicate our mental states to others. Beneath the surface, unconscious processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks. Our daily schedule of waking and sleeping is governed by a biological clock known as circadian rhythm. Our sleep also follows a repeating cycle. Awakening people during REM sleep yields predictable “dreamlike” reports that are mostly of ordinary events. Freud’s view that dreams can be traced back to erotic wishes is giving way to newer theories, for example, that dreams help us process information and fix it in memory or that dreams erupt from neural activity. Studies of hypnosis indicate that, although hypnotic procedures may facilitate recall, the hypnotist’s beliefs frequently work their way into subjects’ recollections. Hypnosis can be at least temporarily therapeutic and has the potential of bringing significant pain relief. Hypnosis may be an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday splits in consciousness. Psychoactive drugs also alter consciousness. Depressants act by depressing neural functioning. Although their effects are pleasurable, they impair memory and self-awareness and may have other physical consequences. Stimulants act at the synapses by influencing the brain’s neurotransmitters. Their effects depend on dosage and the user’s personality and expectations. Hallucinogens ...
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...seconds." Gladwell begins his introduction with the story of a kouros – an ancient Greek sculpture of a young naked male – that was acquired by the J. Paul Getty Museum in 1983. Kouroi are very rare. As a result this particular kouros was being sold for $10 million. Because of the hefty price tag, the Getty Museum was very careful when testing to see if the kouros was a forgery. However, after 14 months of analysis, the Getty determined that the kouros was in fact real, and bought the statue. Many scholars did not agree that the kouros was real. To them, something about the statue didn’t look right. When Thomas Hoving, the former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, looked at the statue the first word that came to his mind was “fresh”. When Angelos Delivorrias, director of the Benaki Museum in Athens, first laid eyes upon the statue he felt a wave of immediate disgust. For a long time the validity of the kouros was hotly debated. Finally, the Getty’s case began to fall apart. As it turned out, a lot of the documents used to prove the statue’s authenticity were forged. Also, as experts began to examine the statue in great detail, they came to the realization that it used a hodgepodge of styles from many different places and time periods. Today, the statue is widely considered to be a fake. Fast And Frugal A few years back, a group of scientists at the University of Iowa discovered that human beings experience subconscious reactions (sweaty palms etc…) to...
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...and complexities of human personality, Adler evolved a basically simple and parsimonious theory. To Adler, people are born with weak, inferior bodies—a condition that leads to feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence on other people. Therefore, a feeling of unity with others (social interest) is inherent in people and the ultimate standard for psychological health. More specifically, the main tenets of Adlerian theory can be stated in outline form. The following is adapted from a list that represents the final statement of individual psychology (Adler, 1964). Alfred Adler postulates a single "drive" or motivating force behind all our behavior and experience. By the time his theory had gelled into its most mature form, he called that motivating force the striving for perfection. It is the desire we all have to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and closer to our ideal. It is, as many of you will already see, very similar to the more popular idea of self-actualization. "Perfection" and "ideal" are troublesome words, though. On the one hand, they are very positive goals. Shouldn't we all be striving for the ideal? And yet, in psychology, they are often given a rather negative connotation. Perfection and ideals are, practically by definition, things you can't reach. Many people, in fact, live very sad and painful lives trying to be perfect! As you will see, other theorists, like Karen Horney and Carl Rogers, emphasize this problem. Adler talks about it, too...
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...Final Exam Review – Psychology 101 INTRODUCTION You are influenced by: 1. Physiology of your nervous system 2. 5 Senses 3. Cognition – Thinking and Problem Solving 4. Social Environment 5. Personality 6. Stress & psychological disorders Psychology is the science of what? Behavior * Science Aspect * Based on Experiments * Behavior * What is behavior? Observable through * Neural * Verbal * Social * Etc. * What is behavior driven by? * Mind * Body * Environment Basic Research vs. Applied Research * Basic Research is the seeking of more knowledge but not to solve a problem * Applied Research is using knowledge to solve a problem Figuring out what a part of the brain does is an example of? Basic Research Knowing what a part of the brain does and using that information to analyze why a part of a person’s brain isn’t working correctly? Applied research BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOLOGY Who established the first laboratory devoted to Psychology, when, and where? * William Wundt, 1879, Leipzig, Germany Before 1800, questions of the mind were reserved for what field? * Philosophy From 1800 to 1879, rapid advances took place in what field? * Physiology Early psychology applied what methods to the study of the mind? * Physiological NEURONS 1600: Descartes & the Garden of St. Germain * Statues “came to life” as...
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