...1. INTRODUCTION The term “Exchange rate” is referred to as the value of the money of one country compared to the money of another country exchange rate movement is therefore the fluctuation in the value of a country’s currency when compared to another country at particular time period. The importance of foreign exchange rate on inflow of foreign private investment has been traced by Obadan (1994) who noted that its importance as the center pieces of the investment environment derives from the argument that a sustained exchange rate misalignment in terms of over-valuation or under-valuation is a major source of macro economics disequilibrium which spells danger for investment. A stable exchange rate encourages, foreign and local investor into such an economy. This is because, an over-valued exchange rate discourage export and negatively affect the foreign private investment Salako (2004). Further state that there is a long run equilibrium relationship between investment inflow to Nigeria and variables such as nominal effective exchange rate. A high foreign exchange rate increase the prices of goods and services and discourage exportation while at the sometime encourages importation of goods which are cheaper. This has negative effect on the investment and with such factors investors withdraw their money from such an economy (Solomon, 2012). It is therefore imperative to state that foreign exchange rate is a significant factor that determines investment in...
Words: 5088 - Pages: 21
...Title: Complexities of the U.S Financial System Students Name: Shellie Richardson Professor’s Name: Karin Torres, MBA Course Title: Principles Of Finance Date: July 28, 2013 The United States financial (wealth) system is largely considered to be the most recognized system in the world. Financial markets are designed to skillfully direct the movement of money and savings and investments in the economy. By doing this the United States financial system stimulates the growth and the production of money, goods and services. The combination of an established and secure financial markets and institutions systems, in addition to a varied collection of financial goods and services , will meet the needs of borrowers, lenders and investors therefore the overall economy can be maintained. How does the U.S. Financial market impact the economy, businesses, and individuals the fact is that an established and securely operating financial market plays an important role in contributing to the strength and productivity of an economy? There is a strong correlation between financial market development and economic growth. For example, in Chapter 1 of their 2001 book, Financial Structure and Economic Growth, editors Demirgüç-Kunt and Levine concluded: Financial markets (such as those that trade stocks or bonds), instruments (from bank CDs to futures and derivatives), and institutions (from banks to insurance companies to mutual funds and pension funds) provide opportunities for investors to...
Words: 1036 - Pages: 5
...1. Introduction The exchange rate volatility and its impact on the volume of international trade has been studied Intensively during 1970’s when the world economy shifted from fixed exchange rate to free floating Exchange rate. The hypotheses may be that if the exchange rate volatility is higher than it will generate Uncertainty of the future profit from export trade. To diminish the uncertainty investors can go for Currency hedge and minimize the uncertainty related to international trade in short time. In long the Run, exchange rate volatility may also affect trade indirectly by influencing firm’s investment decision. However, the commercial investors have limited possibilities of trading claims to future operational Cash flows. Hence they are forced to shift away to less risky markets. According to these arguments, traders are risk averse, and hedging is expensive or impossible. Therefore, exchange rate volatility will reduce risk adjusted profit from foreign trade. The high degree of volatility and uncertainty of Exchange rate movements since the beginning of the generalized floating in 1973 have led policy makers and researchers to investigate the nature and extent of the impact of such movements on the volume of trade. However, the studies dealt with the exchange rate volatility and its effect on trade flows have yielded mixed results. On one hand, a number of studies have argued that exchange rate volatility will impose costs on risk averse market participants...
Words: 5364 - Pages: 22
...4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Title INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS MARKET SIZE AND LIQUIDITY MARKET PARTICIPANTS KINDS OF FX TRANSACTIONS COMPONENTS OF FX TRADING EXCHANGE RATES AND ITS USES GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET TRENDS DIFFERENT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS WHICH LINKS THE FOREX MARKET GLOBALLY BASIS OF COMMUNICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS CONCLUSION BIBLOGRAPHY Page no. 7 9 11 12 14 16 22 25 35 37 39 40 42 5 GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS 6 Introduction The foreign exchange market is the biggest financial market in the world. Every day, transactions worth about 3.98 trillion dollars are carried out within the market. The major aim of introducing the foreign exchange market is to facilitate international trade by enabling businesses to perform transactions outside their local currency. The market operates round the clock from Monday through Friday. Foreign Exchange is the simultaneous Buying of one currency and paying for it with another at an agreed price (exchange rate) for settlement on an agreed date. FOREX is an acronym for FOReign Exchange. In the foreign exchange market today, a trader can purchase some amount of international currencies by paying with a different currency. This type of foreign exchange market started to develop in the 1970s, which was about thirty years after foreign exchange was introduced. Some important features...
Words: 11549 - Pages: 47
...A Paper Presentation on EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE Theme: International Finance & Trade Institute Name: Symbiosis Institute of International Business (SIIB), Pune Student Name: 1) Swapnil Rathi 2) Kuldeep Joshi Contact No: Swapnil – 9860222020 Kuldeep – 9028029154 Email id: swapnilrathi@siib.ac.in kuldeepjoshi@siib.ac.in 1 ABSTRACT The exchange rate is the rate at which the supply for a currency meets the demand of the same currency. As foreign exchange rates are affected by a number of factors, the equilibrium exchange rate in turn, are also influenced by its supply and demand. Hence equilibrium is achieved when a currency's demand is equal to its supply. Analysing the equilibrium levels of the exchange rates plays a crucial role in the policy making decisions of the policymakers. Exchange rates have a major influence on the prices faced by the consumers and producers throughout the world and the consequences of misalignments can be extremely costly to the nations involved. Therefore economists have developed number of methodologies for calculating the exchange rates. Each methodology involves conceptual explanations and/or imprecise estimates of key parameters and different methodologies which generate different calculated values for equilibrium exchange rates. This makes it difficult to have much confidence in estimates derived from any single methodology on its own. By the same token, it suggests that, ideally, policymakers should inform their judgments through...
Words: 7425 - Pages: 30
...Effect of RMB Exchange Rate on China’s Inflation Contents Chapter 2 Literature review 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Exchange rate pass-through effect 3 2.2.1 Narrowly defined exchange rate pass-through effect 3 2.2.2 Broadly defined exchange rate pass-through effect 4 2.2.3 Complete and incomplete exchange rate pass-through 5 2.3 Relevant theories of exchange rate pass-through 7 2.3.1 Theory of complete exchange rate pass-through 7 2.3.2 Theory of incomplete pass-through 9 2.4 Empirical research on exchange rate pass-through 13 2.5 Summary and reflection 16 Reference 19 Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical researches on exchange rate pass-through effect. Specifically, this chapter firstly introduces the definition of exchange rate pass-through effect, incomplete and complete exchange rate pass-through. Then, this chapter analyses the theory of exchange rate pass-through effect, with focus on the reasons for the common incomplete exchange rate pass-through effect. After theoretical analysis, this chapter reviews and analyses the empirical research on exchange rate pass-through effect. A major part in this section is the review of the perspective and method for analysing exchange rate pass-through effect. Empirical researches generally referred to McCarthy (2000)’s research method, used VAR model, and selected specific area and time window data to empirically analyse exchange rate pass-through via...
Words: 6617 - Pages: 27
...Finance). Spring 2013-2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1- INTRODUCING THE BOP CONCEPT: 1.1) Brief History 5 1.2) Basic Definition 5 1.3) System of Recording 7 1.3.1) Identifying Transactions 7 1.3.2) The Debit & Credit System 9 2- GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE BOP: 2.1) Main Components 12 2.1.1) Current Account 12 2.1.2) Trade Balance 15 2.1.3) Capital Account 16 2.1.4) Financial Account 18 2.1.5) Errors & Omissions 22 2.2) Complications 23 2.2.1) Accounts Interrelation 23 2.2.2) Deficit & Surplus Dilemmas 25 3- BOP FROM EQUILIBRIUM TO DISEQUILIBRIUM 3.1) BOP in Equilibrium 27 3.1.1) Equilibrium Conditions 27 3.1.2) Equilibrium Model 27 3.1.3) Types of Equilibrium 29 3.2) BOP in Disequilibrium 29 3.2.1) Causes of Disequilibrium 29 3.2.2) Types of Disequilibrium 32 3.2.3) Consequences of Disequilibrium 33 3.2.4) Measures to Eliminate Disequilibrium 33 3.2.5) Demonstrating Disequilibrium 35 4- STUDYING THE LEBANESE BOP 4.1) Historical Events: 1999 and before 37 4.2) Major Events of the Decade: 2000-2008 38 4.3) Recent Events: 2009-2010 40 5- CONCLUSION Importance of BOP 44 1- INTRODUCING THE BOP CONCEPT 1.1 Brief History The balance of payments (BOP) basically measures the payments that flow between any individual country and all other countries. Historically these flows simply were not carefully measured...
Words: 15514 - Pages: 63
...A STUDY ON FOREIGN EXCHAGE AND ITS RISK MANAGEMENT Project submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Project Report titled “A STUDY ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND ITS RISK MANAGEMENT” submitted by me to the Department “XXXXX” is a bonafide work under taken by me and it is not submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree diploma / certificate or published any time before. Name and Address of the Student Signature of the Student Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my profound gratitude to XXXX, Faculty M.B.A for his guidance and support all through the completion of the project. I also express my hurtful thanks to XXXXX for providing valuable suggestions in completions of the project. I take this opportunity to acknowledge unreserved support extended to me by the Project and Training team of HCL TECHNOLOGIES. I am very much indebted to the dedicated and experienced staff of MBA. It is indeed a pleasant task and small effort to thank all the people especially some of my friends who have contributed towards the successful completion of this project work. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their endearing support and cooperation which has made me complete this project fruitfully. SUMMARY A Multinational company...
Words: 11334 - Pages: 46
... Foreign Exchange Market with Hedging Instruments In partial fulfillment of the requirements of for award of Master of Management Studies Through Atharva Institute of Management Studies under the guidance of Prof. Aditi Mahajan Submitted by Paras Gada MMS Batch: 2010 – 2012. DECLARATION I, Mr. Paras Gada of Atharva Institute of Management Studies pursuing Masters of Management Studies hereby declares that I have completed this project on “Foreign Exchange Market with Hedging Instruments” for the Academic period 2010 – 12. The Project has not formed the basis for award of any other degree, associates, fellowship or any other similar titles. This information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge. Place: Mumbai Date: 3rd April, 2012 Signature of the Student ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The present work is an effort to throw some light on ‘Foreign Exchange market with Hedging Instrument’ the work would not have been possible to come to the present shape without the able guidance, supervision and help to me by number of people. With deep sense of gratitude I acknowledged the encouragement and guidance received by Prof Aditi Mahajan, for completion of my project report. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Paras Gada, a student of Atharva Institute of Management Studies, of MMS SEM IV bearing Roll No. 12 and specializing in Finance has successfully completed the project titled “To study Foreign Exchange market with...
Words: 10858 - Pages: 44
...Abstract If there was only one currency in the world, there would not have been any need for foreign exchange market, foreign exchange rates or foreign exchange. But in a world of many national currencies, the foreign exchange market plays the crucial role of providing the requisite machinery for making payments across borders, transferring funds and purchasing power from one currency to another, and determining the exchange rate. The fundamental changes in foreign exchange, or FX, market began to take form in 1970′s along with the increasing internationalization of financial transactions and the change of many economies into floating exchange rate system from fixed rate system. Over years, these changes have transformed the foreign exchange market into the world’s biggest and most dynamic market today. The daily turnover of global FX market currently amounts to many trillions of dollars. The objective behind this entire project is to get the basic understanding about an Indian foreign exchange market, Forex Instruments available in India, its functioning, Forexregulators& players. Project has emphasis more on numerical data gathered through different reliable sources to comparing and analysis the performance so far by Indian foreign market with other countries and their currencies which holds a dominant position in the global foreign exchange market. As in the rest of the world, in India too, foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in existence. The...
Words: 14130 - Pages: 57
...Sharekhan Ltd for their valuable support and cooperation during the entire tenure of this project. I thank my faculty guide Mr. Raviraj Gohil who helped me out at every critical situation that i faced in my project and gave us his valuable advice to solve problems. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I feel great pleasure by presenting this project. As a student of PGDM of ‘Shanti Business School Ahmedabad’, there is a subject of partial training followed by project report. I have done this project to get knowledge about “A study of Monetary Policy impact on Indian Stock Markets” For this I have done training in Sharekhan Ltd, Adajan, Surat. The project examines the influence of monetary policy variables such as Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio and Statutory Liquidity Ratio on stock market performance for the period of...
Words: 9604 - Pages: 39
...INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT BANGALORE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT REPORT ON STUDY OF FOREX MARKET IN INDIA AND COMAPARATIVE STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS WITH RESPECT TO HARVEST FUTURES CONSULTANTS INDIA Pvt Ltd. Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Business Administration (2010-2012) affiliated to IIPM, BANGALORE Under the guidance of Prof. ZAKARIA SUBMITTED BY ABHISHEK JAIN – F10A165, DINESH REDDY F V – F09BB05, B G HARI NATH REDDY- F10A157, HARISH NAGARAJ – F10A106, RISHI KUMAR BHARGAVA – F10A134, VENKATA SWARUP KUMAR – F10A110. CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE This is to certify that the project work titled “STUDY ON FOREX MARKET IN INDIA & COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS WITH RELEVANCE TO FOREX MARKET WITH RESPECT TO HARVEST FUTURES CONSULTANTS INDIA Pvt Ltd”, is a bonafide work of ABHISHEK JAIN, DINESH REDDY, HARI NATH REDDY, HARISH NAGARAJ, RISHI KUMAR BHARGAVA, VENKATA SWARUP KUMAR carried the partial fulfillment for the award of degree MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION of INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNING & MANAGEMENT under my guidance. This project work is original and not submitted earlier for the award of any degree of any other University/Institution. Signature of Guide Name of the guide ZAKARIA, IIPM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our profound gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in the preparation of this project report...
Words: 13683 - Pages: 55
...IBUS%3100%–%TEXTBOOK%NOTES% CHAPTER%1%–%GLOBALIZATION% WHAT%IS%GLOBALIZATION?% • Globalization:+ shift% towards% a% more% integrated% and% independent% world% economy% –% away% from% distinct% national% economic%units,%towards%one%huge%global%market% Merging%of%historically%distinct%and%separate%national%markets%into%one%huge%global%marketplace% Argument%–%tastes/preferences%of%consumers%in%different%nations%beginning%to%converge%to%some%global%norm%% Standardized%products%such%as%CocaTCola,%McDonald’s%and%iPods%help%create%a%global%market%% Significant%differences%still%exist%between%national%markets%along%many%dimensions,%i.e.%tastes/preferences,%distribution% channels,%value%and%business%systems,%and%legal%regulation% Most%global%markets%–%markets%for%industrial%goods%and%materials%that%serve%universal%need% Sourcing%of%goods/services%from%locations%around%the%globe%to%take%advantage%of%national%differences%in%cost%and%quality% of%factors%of%production%+ Aim%is%to%lower%overall%cost%structure%of%an%entity%and/or%improve%quality/functionality%of%product%offering%+ Impediments% to% global% production% include% –% formal/informal% barriers% to% trade,% barriers% to% foreign% direct% investment,% transportation%costs,%and%issues%associated%with%economic%+%political%risk+ Regulation,%management,%and%policing%of%global%marketplace%necessary%as%markets%globalize%further% General+Agreement+on+Tariffs+and+Trade+(GATT):+international%treaty%that%committed%signatories%to%lower%barriers%...
Words: 25065 - Pages: 101
...Block IV MACROECONOMICS – II UNIT 17 Inflation 1-14 UNIT 18 Banking and Money Supply 15-31 UNIT 19 International Trade and Balance of Payments 32-50 UNIT 20 Economic Indicators 51-62 UNIT 21 Business Cycles 63-71 UNIT 22 Economic Growth, Development and Planning 72-84 Economics for Managers Expert Committee Dr. J. Mahender Reddy Vice Chancellor IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Prof. Y. K. Bhushan Vice Chancellor IU, Meghalaya Prof. Loveraj Takru Director, IBS Dehradun IU, Dehradun Course Preparation Team Prof. Ramalingam Meenakshisundaram IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Pushpanjali Mikkilineni IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Pijus Kanti Bhuin IU, Sikkim Ms. Preetaq Dutta Rai IU, Jharkhand Ranchi Prof. S S George Director, ICMR IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Dr. O. P. Gupta Vice Chancellor IU, Nagaland Prof. D. S. Rao Director, IBS, Hyderabad IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Ms. Hadiya Faheem IFHE (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad Mr. Mrinmoy Bhattacharjee IU, Mizoram Aizawal Prof. Tarak Nath Shah IU, Dehradun Mr. Manoj Kumar De IU, Tripura Agartala © The ICFAI University Press, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from The ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad. Ref. No. Eco Mgrs SLM – 09...
Words: 28786 - Pages: 116
...The Tobin Tax And Its Effects On The Foreign Exchange Market International Business Thesis By Mark Hansen 290587-1563 & Nina Johansen 140988-1838 Advisor Niels Blomgren-Hansen 17.05.2010 Executive summary In this thesis a financial transaction tax in the form of the Tobin Tax is examined as a means to reduce volatility on the foreign exchange market. James Tobin original proposal is presented followed by his 1995 paper and Frankel’s contribution to the discussion. Frankel gives merit to Tobin’s line of reasoning on reducing stability by dividing investors into short-term speculators and long-term fundamentalists and defines the former’s activities as destabilizing and the latter as stabilizing. However, we find this segmentation problematic since it is not possible to divide the market participants into these categories in the foreign exchange market. Many of the short-term investors do not necessarily speculate or disregard fundamentals, but rather try to avoid risk. Accordingly, many of the short term market movements are instead stabilizing. Therefore, the Tobin Tax would not only deter the destabilizing transactions, but also the stabilizing ones. If the foreign exchange market is in fact excessively volatile as Tobin argues then the tax could possibly have a positive effect by throwing sand in the wheels and thereby slowing short-term reactions. Our findings suggest that the foreign exchange market is in fact highly volatile, but we find no convincing...
Words: 24467 - Pages: 98
