...Traditions Elements of Religious Traditions In striving to understand religious traditions it is important to understand what religion is. The common translation of religion is “to join again,” “to reconnect” (Molloy, 2010, p. 5). Religion cannot be accurately defined with a single definition because there are many differences. Most definitions found in dictionaries are not completely accurate or complete. Dictionary definitions according to Molloy, 2010, p. 5, indicates religion is a belief system that consists of the worship of a single God or multiple gods, ceremony, ethical and moral code, and prayer. To define better religion one should identify the characteristics commonly found and accepted as religions (Molloy, 2010, p. 5). To identify the elements of religious traditions one must explain religious traditions relationship with the divine, sacred time, sacred space, and their relationship with each other. Scholars believe the following eight elements are commonly found in most religions (Molloy, 2010, pgs. 6-7): * Belief System * Community * Central Myths * Rituals * Ethics * Characteristic Emotional Experiences * Material Expression * Sacredness Understanding the key critical issues in the study of religion will help one understand that there is a vast number of religions with a vast number of beliefs (Johnson, 2013). Religions Relationship with the Divine To identify religious traditions relationship with the divine...
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...immensely profitable trade good; in addition, alcohol was used as a tool of "diplomacy" in official dealings between authorities and natives. Compared with the U.S. population in general, the Native American population is especially at risk for alcohol related consequences. Prior to colonization, the Native Americans had been naïve to the effects of distilled spirits, having used only weaker fermented beverages for religious ceremonies. The cultural beliefs, risk behaviors, consequences, population at risk, a cultural plan of action, ways to modify behavior, and community/national resources regarding Native Americans and alcohol will be discussed. Cultural Beliefs and Assumptions The primitive religions of the Native Americans were based on the culture of Animism. Animism is a religion based on the spiritual idea that the universe, and all natural objects within the universe, has souls or spirits. In this religion it is believed that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, trees, rocks etc. This belief and culture is also extended to thunder storms and rain and geographic features such as mountains, caves or rivers also possess souls or spirits. In religion the Native Americans worship animals, plants, the sun, rain, and wind. In festivals, ceremonies and prayers they try to gain the favor of these gods. The Great Spirit is believed...
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...* Question 1 | | | A _______ approach to the study of religion focuses on myths and doctrines.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | theoretical | Response Feedback: | Good work | | | | | * Question 2 5 out of 5 points | | | Interpretations which are hostile to the place/role of women are ________.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | misogynist | Response Feedback: | Good work | | | | | * Question 3 5 out of 5 points | | | _______ is referred to by such terms as God, Nirvana, Brahman, and so forth.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Unconditioned Reality | Response Feedback: | Good work | | | | | * Question 4 5 out of 5 points | | | Interpretations which overly emphasize the role of men in religion are ________.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | androcentric | Response Feedback: | Good work | | | | | * Question 5 5 out of 5 points | | | A __________ approach to the study of religion focuses on acts of worship.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | practical | Response Feedback: | Good work | | | | | * Question 6 5 out of 5 points | | | ______ are sometimes viewed as attempting to invoke a sacred past by the performance of various specific acts.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Rituals | Response Feedback: | Good work | | | | | * Question 7 5 out of 5 points | | | _______ is not easily defined and is understood...
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...|TAOISM |SHINTO | |HISTORICAL FIGURES and |ShanKara |Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)|Kung Chiu (Confucius) |Lao-Tzu |Amaterasu (Sun Goddess) | |EVENTS |Sri-Rmakrishna | |Mencius |Chuang-Tzu | | | |Mahtma Gandhi | |Hsun Tzu | | | | | | |Chu Hsi | | | |CENTRAL BELIEFS |Henotheistic – Recognize a |Four Noble Truths – (a) all|Jen – Humanity, |Tao – Way or path. |Kinship – Family is seen as| | |single deity and view other|life involves suffering, |benevolence. | |the main mechanism by which| | |Gods and Goddesses as |(b) suffering originates | |Yin and Yang - Chinese |traditions are preserved. | | |manifestations or aspects |from our desires, there can|Li – Ceremonies, rituals, |philosophy representing the| | | |of that supreme God. |be an end to desire...
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...unifying story of how biology and experience sculpt cognitive development. 1. Piaget thought that just as our physical bodies have structures that enable us to adapt to the world, we build mental structures to adapt to the world. 2. He emphasized that children actively construct their own cognitive worlds; he sought to discover how children at different points in their development think about the world and how systematic changes in their thinking occur. B. Processes of development: 3. Schemes are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge; behavioral schemes (physical activities, characterize infancy, and mental schemes (cognitive activities) develop in childhood. a) Older children have schemes that include strategies and plans for solving problems; b) By the time we reach adulthood, we have constructed an enormous number of diverse schemes. 2. Assimilation occurs when new information is incorporated into existing schemes. 3. Accommodation occurs when learners adjust their schemes to fit new information and experiences. 4. Equilibration is the grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system. Continual refinement is an inherent part of development. C. Equilibration and Stages of Development 1. Equilibrium is a mechanism to explain how children shift from one stage of ...
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...self that moves from one body to the next at rebirth. In Jainism, the soul is uncreated, eternal and has infinite power and knowledge. It therefore has the inherent potential of divinity (that is, perfectly omnipotent, omniscient and free; not a god). By ridding oneself of the karma that obstructs the soul, one can achieve this liberation (moksa). | Karma is the basic principle within an overarching psycho-cosmology in Jainism. Human moral actions form the basis of the transmigration of the soul (jīva). The soul is constrained to a cycle of rebirth, trapped within the temporal world (saṃsāra), until it finally achieves liberation (mokṣa). Liberation is achieved by following a path of purification.[1]The key to understanding the existence of suffering and evil in Hinduism is the central concept...
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...not originate from space; they did exist from ancient faiths which may have been swept away by time. The ancient religion may not be as active as in the past but have continued to influence our present culture. The 19th century had a change in knowledge about other religion, ethics and beliefs and showed a gradation in economy of a state, these stages of progression includes that of Abrahamic to middle age religion, down to their mode of socialization with the environment. ORIGIN OF RELIGION Religion evidence dates back to thousands of years. Archaeologist used apparent burials from Homo sapiens as yardsticks of religious ideas. Other evidence includes symbolic images from middle stone ages, especially that of Africa. However, the interpretation of the paleo-images and their direct meaning with respect to how they relate with religious beliefs remains a controversy, as compared to more recent remains. Various theories have been put down by scholars more recently to supporting the originality and origin of religion rather than believing in earlier claims by Christian beliefs that the world was unreligious (non-religion). Edward Burnett, Tylor, and Herbert Spencer proposed the theory of “Animism” while a renowned archaeologist, john Lubbok described earlier religion as “Fetish”. Other scholars like Max Miller in his theory defined earlier religion as “Hedonism”, while Wilhem Mannhardt used naturalism to describe religion that is, a myth of events of natural happenings. All these...
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...peace and sustainable development which, we know, form the only possible way forward for life on planet Earth. Today, that goal is still a long way off. A global crisis faces humanity at the dawn of the 21st century, marked by increasing poverty in our asymmetrical world, environmental degradation and short-sightedness in policy-making. Culture is a crucial key to solving this crisis. Source: Preface, World Culture Report, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1999. Our cultural values, which often include particular religious beliefs, shape our way of living and acting in the world. Module 11 on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainability explores the importance of indigenous values and spirituality in providing guidance for sustainable living. Such principles and values encourage a spirit of harmony between people, their natural environments and their spiritual identities. The principles for living sustainably that flow from these and other cultural and religious beliefs vary between groups and countries. They have also changed over time as circumstances demand. Despite this diversity, many principles for living sustainably are shared, not only among indigenous peoples, but also between different religious traditions. This module explores the role of culture and religion in providing guidance on ways of living sustainably. It also provides activities which analyse the place of these themes in the school curriculum. Objectives * To develop an understanding of the relationship between...
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...Chapter 8,9,& 10 1. Are Taoism and Confucianism truly religions argue both sides. Taoism and Confucianism are two very different religious traditions of ancient China. Both Taoism and Confucianism cannot clearly be explained as a religion with certain doctrines and rituals as other well –known religions. As religious and social forces, they have coexisted for centuries in China and have spread to other Asian regions. The name Taoism is taken from the title of the book called “Tao Te Ching, which translates to “the way of nature. Taoism is based on the ancient Chinese understanding of the universe. Historically, the origin of Taoist philosophy is unclear, but it is said that the founder of Taoism is Lao-tzu, who lived in the sixth century B.C.E. Taoism can be described in terms of its history and its effects on Chinese people, nut it cannot be clearly delineated as a religion with a certain body of doctrine and rituals of Chinese antiquity. Philosophically, for Taoism, the ideal life is one that is lived in harmony with the way of this shifting nature. By the early centuries of the Common Era, Taoism had been converted into a religion complete with gods, priests, temples and sacrifices. In the modern days, Taoism is mainly associated with charms, exorcisms and magical attempts to prolong life, in which there is a self-generating force called chi (rather than there being a Creator Deity). This force manifests two interplaying aspects: yin and yang. Yin is the dark...
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...Sociology Report — Religion — Date: 3rd December 2014 Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..3 2. 3 Perspectives………………………...……………………………….4 Functionalist perspective Conflict perspective Feminist perspective 3. Muslim in Cham tribe in Vietnam…...……………………………. 4. Mahayana Buddhism...……………………………………………... Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism in Korea and Vietnam Differences in Mahayana Buddhism of Korea and Vietnam Trend towards Buddhism in Western countries 5. References………….......……………………………………………. 1. Introduction A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world. The five largest religious groups by world population, estimated to account for 5 billion people, are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. There are some functions of religion. Firstly, it gives explanation for things that we do not understand such as seasons and supernatural things. So many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe. Secondly, it provides sense of morality and ethics. It sets the guideline for people to behave in right ways. Lastly, it supports people to have power to overcome. Religion often courage people and give strengths. That is why people seek religion when they are depressed...
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...Foundations: c. 8000 B.C.E.–600 C.E. Major Developments 1. Locating world history in the environment and time 1. Environment 1. Geography and climate: Interaction of geography and climate with the development of human society a. Five Themes of Geography – consider these 1. Relative location – location compared to others 2. Physical characteristics – climate, vegetation and human characteristics 3. Human/environment interaction – how do humans interact/alter environ a. Leads to change 4. Movement – peoples, goods, ideas among/between groups 5. Regions – cultural/physical characteristics in common with surrounding areas b. E. Africa first people – 750,000 years ago started to move 1. moving in search of food c. Role of Climate – End of Ice Age 12000 BCE – large areas of N. America, Europe, Asia became habitable – big game hunters already migrated 1. Geographical changes - 3000 BCE Green Sahara began to dry up, seeds to forests – N. America 2. Effect on humans – nomadic hunters didn’t move so much a. Settle near abundant plant life – beginning of civilization b. Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply 3. milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean...
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...Introduction The title of the story is The Rain Came by Grace Ogot. The author of the story is Grace Ogot or also known as Grace Emily Akinyi. She was born on 15 May 1930, near Kisumu, central Nyanza Region in Kenya. In achievement, she became the first African woman writer in English who published fiction by the East African Publishing House. Her stories such as Land Without Thunder (1968), The Other Woman (1976), and The Island of Tears (1980) provides the traditional Luo life. Most of her fiction stories are according with the customs, history and traditions of the Luo tribe in Kenya, which has the second largest ethnic group. The Luo tribe lived for most part near Lake Victoria. Her formal writing reflects the addition of her formal learning with the traditions in her life. All her collections of writings reflect her personal love towards the stories of her culture. Grace Ogot passed away in April 2010. 1. Character and characterizations The main character or the primary character is Oganda which means “beans” due to her very fair skin. She is the chief’s only daughter around at the tender age to married and also the protagonist in this story. She is a very traditional and great woman where she willing to sacrificed herself so that the Luo will have rain. She also loves to imagine her future where she imagined which man should be the best man to married. Oganda is very disappointed on her people which they willing to give her up to sacrifice. Lastly, she...
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...conducting fiscal policy in a way that abuses Keynes’ theory on government spending, and, as a result, why Keynes would not support the American government in their spending endeavors, despite using his theory as their justification. I will be critiquing the application of Keynes’ theory from the Austrian, specifically the works of Friedrich A. Hayek, and Monetarist perspectives, supported by arguments given by Milton Friedman. Section 1: Keynes’ Theory on Government Spending John Maynard Keynes published his famous work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, in 1936, during the Great Depression. Economies all over the world were suffering severely from the Great Depression, and there was little hope of economic recovery in the near future. Keynes agreed with the classical economist’s notion that the economy would correct itself in the long run, but was famously quoted, “In the long run we will all be dead,” which perfectly reflects people’s growing doubt in their economies during the Great Depression. Motivated by this belief Keynes, a British economist, challenged Classical economic thought, which was the mainstream economic theory at the time, “…[C]lassical economics offered...
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...WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1 1. To what did the Latin religio refer? a) The Latin word L. religionem (nom. Religio) is defined as “a respect for what is scared, reverence for the gods”, and according to the text refers to the fear or awe a person feels in the presence of a spirit or a god. 2. Taoism and Confucianism are nontheistic religions, that is, religions for which belief in God or gods is nonessential. While gods are not alien to either Taoism or Confucianism, belief in/of gods is not central to either tradition. What are a couple of other religions that can be called nontheistic religions? a) A few additional examples of some nontheistic religions are Agnosticism, Atheism, Buddhism, Secular Humanism and Scientology. 3. What is Paul Tillich's definition for religion, and why do Hopfe and Woodward consider its development too broad? a) Paul Tillich defines religion as, “that which is of ultimate concern”. Hopfe and Woodward consider the development of Tillich’s definition of religion too broad for a world religions course because a philosophical exploration of Tillich’s definition of religion, yields many an individuals personal belief of what is of ultimate concern hardly lending to the general understanding of popular or mainstream religions they hope to accomplish in this text. 4. Explain E. B. Tylor's theory concerning the origin and evolution of religion. What is animism, and to what, "ultimately" and "finally," did Tylor think it evolved? a) E.B. Tylor’s theory...
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...Strategy………………………………………………………..…….15 Accessing the Country…………………………………………………..15 Discipleship and Church Planting Strategy…………………………...16 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....18 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………......20 Figures – Physical Map of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia…………………………..3 Introduction The Kazakhs of Mongolia are a people untouched by the gospel fire and the redeeming love of Jesus Christ. The Kazakh’s of Mongolia are the largest ethnic minority group in Mongolia, numbering over 100,000 and mainly live in the western province of Bayan Ulgii. These nomadic people migrated from their homeland of Kazakhstan and are a people rooted in tradition and ancient customs, which make the gospel fire difficult to ignite within their hearts. Figure 1: Physical Map of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia. The country of Mongolia is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Joshua Project gives the Kazakh’s of Mongolia a 1.2 on their progress scale, which means there are less than 2% Evangelicals and less than 5% Christian...
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