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11.September

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Submitted By beyza
Words 2852
Pages 12
Emne: 11.september 2001
Navn: Beyza Karatas
Fag: Historie
Opgavetype: Dansk-historie opgave
Vejleder: Rene Jacobsen
Afleveringsdato: 13.06.14
Skole: Københavns private gymnasium 1.b

Indholdsfortegnelse:
Indledning…………………………………………………………………………………………s.3
Metode:……………………………………………………………………………………………s.3
Fatwa 1998:……………………………………………………………………………………….s.4
Address to a Joint Session of Congress following 9/11 attacks:………………………………….s.5
Verdensbilledet efter angrebet:……………………………………………………………………s.8
Konklusion:………………………………………………………………………………………..s.9
Litteraturliste:……………………………………………………………………………………...s.11

Indledning
Det var en helt almindelig morgen, men i formiddagen skete det som ændrede verdensbilledet, at to amerikanske fly fløj ind i World Trade Centers nord- og sydtårn af 19 arabiske terrorister som havde tilknytning til Al-Qaeda. Der dødede da 2400 uskyldige mennesker. Det var den blodigste og største terrorangreb i verdenshistorie. Det var den begivenhed som ændrede verdensbilledet og verdensbefolknings syn.
I denne opgave jeg vil først fokusere på at redegøre forholdet mellem Vesten og Mellemøsten, derefter vil jeg gerne bruge den retoriske analysemodel til at analysere taler både Osama bin Laden og Georg W. Bush. Efter 11.september har verdensbillede ændret sig og mediernes iscenesættelse af angrebet har også ændret verdensbefolknings syn, jeg vil også gerne komme ind på om USA har ændret deres holdning til Mellemøsten efter 11.september men det kommer jeg ind på, når jeg redegøre for hvordan verdensbilledet er ændret.
Jeg har valgt emnet 11.september 2001, da det er et meget interessant emne fordi der er mange holdninger om situationen og selv i dag er vi i tvivl om hvilke af delene er rigtigt. Da har været mange konflikter mellem USA og Mellemøsten og det har påvirket hele verden. Derfor er det et godt emne at analysere så man kan se forskellen mellem Vesten og Mellemøsten.

Metode
Jeg har valgt at fortage en retorisk analyse af mine primære kilder som er Osama bin ladens Fatwa i 1998 og Address to a Joint Session of Congress following 9/11 attacks som er Georg W. Bushs tale han holdte den 20. september 2001. Min sekundære kilder er 11.september, 102 minutter og ti år efter 11.september 2001, hvilke jeg har brugt til at samle informationer og baggrundsviden.

Hvad er baggrunden for terrorangrebet der fandt sted d. 9/11? Osama Bin Ladens Fatwa 1998
For at undersøge baggrunden for terrorangrebet der fandt sted, vil jeg tage udgangspunkt i Osama bin Ladens Fatwa, han gav i 1998. Osama bin Laden kommer ind på både religiøse og politiske motiver, han opfodre muslimer til hellig krig. We -- with Allah's help -- call on every Muslim who believes in Allah and wishes to be rewarded to comply with Allah's order to kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they find it. Her siger han at det er en muslims pligt at deltage i hellig krig. Han nævner Guds navn i sin tale så det kan få en betydning for muslimer, han gøre det så de føler at det ikke er noget forkert men det er noget de gøre for Guds skyld, han bruge argumenter som Guds vilje, hvor han appeller til lytternes fornuft og logik. Han starter sin Fatwa med at fortælle om Gud, Koranen og profeten, han fortæller hvad det betyder for muslimer og hvad de siger om krigen. ``Praise be to Allah, who revealed the Book, controls the clouds, defeats factionalism, and says in His Book: "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war)"; and peace be upon our Prophet, Muhammad Bin-'Abdallah, who said: I have been sent with the sword between my hands to ensure that no one but Allah is worshipped, Allah who put my livelihood under the shadow of my spear and who inflicts humiliation and scorn on those who disobey my orders.´´ Han siger også i sin tale at Gud har sagt at dem som ikke er med til krigen bliver straffet og der kommer andre ind i stedet dem og at Gud spørg om de heller vælger verden i stedet for ham selv?. ``Almighty Allah also says: "O ye who believe, what is the matter with you, that when ye are asked to go forth in the cause of Allah, ye cling so heavily to the earth! Do ye prefer the life of this world to the hereafter? But little is the comfort of this life, as compared with the hereafter. Unless ye go forth, He will punish you with a grievous penalty, and put others in your place; but Him ye would not harm in the least. For Allah hath power over all things."

De tre områder, forurettelse, der er omtalt i Osama bin Ladens tale er erklæring - Arabien, Irak og Jerusalem - vil være velkendt for iagttagere af det mellemøstlige afsnit. For muslimer, som i Vesten nogle gange er en tendens til at glemme, men dem fortrolige med islamisk historie og litteratur ved, det hellige land. For muslimer, ingen stykke jord når de er tilføjet til realm af islam nogensinde kan blive endeligt afkald på, men ingen sammenligner i betydning med Arabien og Irak… Third, if the Americans' aims behind these wars are religious and economic, the aim is also to serve the Jews' petty state and divert attention from its occupation of Jerusalem and murder of Muslims there. The best proof of this is their eagerness to destroy Iraq, the strongest neighboring Arab state, and their endeavor to fragment all the states of the region such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Sudan into paper statelets and through their disunion and weakness to guarantee Israel's survival and the continuation of the brutal crusade occupation of the Peninsula.

Osama bin ladens mål var at fordrive ikke-muslimer (især amerikaner) fra de muslimske lande og det gjorde han i sin Fatwa ved at sige at det er Guds ordner. Bin laden ville gerne have at alle amerikaner døde og var væk fra de muslimske lande. The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, "and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together," and "fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah." Hvilke holdninger kommer til syne i Bushs tale ”Address to a Joint Session of Congress following 9/11 attacks”
20. september 2001 holdte Georg W. Bush en tale til nation, vedrørende de foregående terrorangreb 11.september 2001. Det er meget tydeligt i talen at den er til nationen, og til steder i verden som er imod terrorismen. Han siger i sin tale at det er vigtigere end nogensinde at samle nationen samt hjælpe hinanden i krisetiden.
Denne tale er meget vigtig i Bushs karriere, fordi han ved at han er nød til at stå frem som en leder. For at fange og inddrage lytterne bruger Bush en del retoriske virkemidler såsom ``we´´, ``us´´ og ``our´´ for at tydeliggøre at USA er fælles om det som er sket.

``Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom.´´ Han gør det også tydeligt at der os og der er dem. Der er de gode som er amerikanerne og der er de onde såsom terroristerne. Man kan på ingen måde sammenligne de to, det viser også at Bush tager stærkt afstand til terroristerne. Han fortæller også om hvordan Taliban regimet fungerer og derefter kritisere han det uden at han siger noget kritik direkte. Når han taler om regimet virker han lidt ironisk og lidt jokende. ”A man can be jailed in Afghanistan if his beard is not long enough.”
Han siger også i sin tale at de er misundelige på deres velfungerende demokratiske land. Han siger at de er en stærk nation med en stærk befolkning. Så Al-Qaeda har skabt uro ved at vælge USA som mål. Bush siger også at det er misundelsen som der har skabt had mod USA. ``They hate what they see right here in this chamber -- a democratically elected government. Their leaders are self-appointed. They hate our freedoms -- our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.´´ Han mener at det er USA som forbillede der er den perfekte billede for andre lande og det er derfor der er lagt had og derfor er USA udsat for terror.
Bush kommer til udtryk flere gange i sin tale at amerikanske folk er uforstående overfor sådan et voldsomt angreb. Americans are asking, why do they hate us?
Bush spiller enormt meget på folkets følelser, hvor han hele talen nævner tapre mænd der kæmpede på flyvene, pårørende eller folk der har haft en stor indflydelse og hjulpet meget til ved selve angrebene. Han personliggør situationen og derfor bliver det hele ekstra følsomt. Han får folk til at føle medlidenhed ved at bruge en af de mistede under angrebet. ”Passengers like an exceptional man named Todd Beamer.” Men samtidig får han også folk til at blive glade overfor at nogen gjorde noget og sådan får han følelserne frem i folk. ”We will not forget South Korean children gathering to pray outside our embassy in Seoul”. Folks følelser bliver helt sikkert påvirket af børn, så han nævner også de koreanske børn som bad foran den amerikanske ambassade i Seoul. Bush har været smart, ved at tage de koreanske børn med i talen, selvom det ikke var noget stort var det alligevel et godt træk af Bush for intet får følelserne frem i folk som børn.

Bush anvender også meget patos i sin tale, så han kan spille på folks følelser. Det er også meget nemmere at påvirke sårbare folk, og fordi hele befolkningen er så sårbare er det nemmere at påvirke dem. Han bruger bandwagon effekten til at påvirke befolkningen. Det er en simpel men effektiv effekt. Det går ud på at hvis alle gør det, så gør jeg det også. Det lidt ligesom domino effekt, hvis den ene hjælper med oprydning gør alle de andre også. Bush siger også i sin at man har mulighed for at hjælpe. ``Those who want to give can go to a central source of information, libertyunites.org, to find the names of groups providing direct help in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.´´ Når det er Bush som siger det giver det et indtryk af at de også skal hjælpe til. Han spiller meget på deres følelser ved at sige at det synd for deres nation og de er nød til at gør noget ved det.
Han nævner flere gange i talen at andre lande står ved USA's side i kampen mod terrorismen og der bruger han bangwagon effekten igen. Han får folk til at tage stilling og vælge side ved at sige ”Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorist.” Mange vælger selvfølgelig at være sammen med USA, de gider ikke være det land som støtter terrorisme.
Bush siger også at det ikke er USA som der har valgt at gå i krig men tværtimod Al-Qaeda der har tvunget dem til det. Han får USA og befolkningen til at fremstå som uskyldige ofre, som er tvunget til at svare igen ved at bekrige Afghanistan. Når Bush bruge dette argument kan han samtidig godt virke troværdig fordi nationen er blevet svækket også er de nemmere at påvirke dem til at gå i krig mod Afghanistan.

Hvordan ændrede verdensbilledet sig efter angrebet? Og hvordan har mediernes iscenesættelse af angrebet ændret verdensbefolkningens syn på 9/11?
Verdensbilledet ændrede sig på afgørende vis. Enhver som havde beskæftiget sig med internationale relationer. Terrorangrebet mod tvillingtårnet fik den største betydning som enkeltstående begivenhed. Terror har aldrig ramt verden på den måde. Terrorangrebet der skete 11.september 2001, har ændret verdensbilledet, verden blev opdelt imellem amerikanerne og terroristerne. Angrebet som var en øjenåbner der afklarede begrebet terror og satte tingene i et helt nyt perspektiv. Nye lovgivninger var de første konsekvenser, men der er også konsekvenser for terrorangrebet i dag af krigen i Afghanistan. Mange uskyldige er blevet dræbt i krigen i Afghanistan, og det danner grundlag for spørgsmålet om det er det hele værd? Kampen mod terror vil fortsætte lige uanset hvad, om det ofrene værd eller ej. Efter den 11. september har verden fået et nyt syn på terror.
Medierne har en stor betydning i at verdensbefolkningens syn er ændret, nogle nyheder og nogle aviser er pyntet op af journalisten. Journalisterne kan ændre på mange ting, og sådan kan det husket hele livet. Bin Ladens Fatwa er på arabisk og for at vi kan forstå det oversætter de det også kan vi læse det i avisen. Men hvad nu hvis bin Laden ikke har sagt de ting, hvad nu hvis de er kommet med ekstra negative ting?
Medierne havde en stor betydning da terrorangrebet, hele verden så det hele ske over tv. Men medierne reagerede ikke på den rigtig meget, de fremfik racismen frem imod araber og andre lande i Mellemøsten. Racismen og ondskaben voksede mod personer af arabiske herkomst. Andre lande i Mellemøsten blev ofte forvekslede med araber og ofre for fremmedhad. Er alt det her sandt? Er det ikke noget andet bag det her? Hvorfor vælger Al-Qaeda lige præcis USA, når de er så stærke og har så meget magt? Er USA så uskyldig? Alt det her kører rundt i ens hoved, men det er så svært at finde svaret. Nu så ``tror´´ vi at det er Al-Qaeda som står bag i det hele.
USA har ændret deres holdning til Mellemøsten efter 11. september hvor 19 arabiske terrorister flyver ind i tvillingtårnet. USA's præsident som var Georg W. Bush den 11.september 2001, siger at det er fordi de misunder deres perfekte land. Men er det nu rigtigt? Er det hele Al-Qaedas skyld? Har USA slet ikke gjort dem ondt? Måske startede det hele derfor? Vi ved ikke helt hvem den rigtige skyldig er.

Konklusion
11.september 2001, kom den største terroraktion nogensinde i USA. World Trade Center blev ramt af kaprede fly. Omkring 2400 civile mistede livet under terroraktionen. Det var Georg W. Bushs opgave at samle op på tingene, hvilket han bl.a. gjorde i en af hans taler til nationen, han formåede at samle nationen og den vestlige verden, ved at argumentere for den kommende krig mod terror. Osama bin Laden holdte en Fatwa i 1998 med det formål at alle amerikanere skal dø, han bruge argumenter som Guds vilje, hvor han appeller til lytternes fornuft og logik. Effekterne af 11.september 2001 har været store, idet det er et historisk vendepunkt på mange måder. Angrebet som var en øjenåbner der afklarede begrebet terror og satte tingene i et helt nyt perspektiv. Men er vi helt klar over hvad der sker i hele verdenen?
Osama bin Laden argumenter i sin Fatwa med Guds vilje, han bruger meget appelformerne, hvor han rammer folks følelser, logik og fornuft. Han ved hvordan han skal argumentere med Guds navn og vilje. Han bruger de rigtige argumentationer.
Georg W. Bush overbeviser lytterne ved bruge appelformene rigtige. Fordi befolkningen er sårebare det tidspunkt han holder sin tale så han snakke til dem med medfølelse og det gør ham som en god leder i deres øjne, han vil jo gerne bekrige Afghanistan fordi de angreb dem. Han argumenter med medfølelse og der bruger han så patos, egos og logos. Han snakker med logik og fornuft og rammer deres følelser.
Det hele er så forvirrende at man ikke kan finde den rigtige skyldig. Måske er det en hel tredje der står bag i alt det her som er sket?

Litteraturliste:
Bøger:
* Andersen Erslev Lars, Crone Manni, Hansen Peter, Hemmingsen Ann-Sophie, Holm Ulla, -Hove Søren og Stockmarr Leila – ti år efter 11.september 2001: DIIS 2011. * Diwyer Jim & Flynn Kevin – 102 minutter: Aschehoug, 2005 * Redigeret af Grøndal- Fenger Malene – 11.september 2001: Aarhus universitetsforlag, 2011
Internetsider:
http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Magtforhold_og_sammenspil/11._september http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm http://www.faktalink.dk.bib153.bibbaser.dk/titelliste/sept/?searchterm=9.11 --------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Magtforhold_og_sammenspil/11._september
[ 2 ]. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
[ 3 ]. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
[ 4 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm
[ 5 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm
[ 6 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm
[ 7 ]. Dwye Jim & Flynn Kevin – 102 minutter: Aschehoug: 2005
[ 8 ]. Redigeret af Grøndal- Fenger Malene – 11.september 2001: Aarhus universitetsforlag, 2011
[ 9 ]. Andersen Erslev Lars, Crone Manni, Hansen Peter, Hemmingsen Ann-Sophie, Holm Ulla, -Hove Søren og Stockmarr Leila – ti år efter 11.september 2001: DIIS 2011.
[ 10 ]. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
[ 11 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm

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...INTRODUCTION. The September 11 terrorist attacks on the world trade had far reaching effects on American foreign policy. Several changes occurred and a new general priority was created in national security. The entire American populace awoke to the fear of an amorphous enemy Al Qaeda, a terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden which had declared war on the US by taking the battle to the very shores of America. Over 3000 people were killed when on the 11th of September 2001 two hijacked planes were flown into the he World Trade Centre destroying the twin towers, a third struck the pentagon building while the fourth heading for the White House was brought Down by its hostage passengers who courageously laid down their lives for the nation. The attacks were unprecedented considering the fact that The United States had been attacked before by terrorist. In 1993 the World Trade Centre was bombed, in 1988 US embassy bombing took place in Kenya and Tanzania and in and  October 2000 the USS Cole Bombing took place in Yemen 1 just to mention a few. The attacks were considered an act of war and as such required decisive action which was clearly spelt out by President George W. Bush in his September 20th joint address to congress that same year. "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated…And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven...

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September 11th 2001 A Cause And Effect Of 9/11

...The horrific tragedy in which September 11th, 2001 occurred some people hijacked a plane and sent it crashing into the world trade center towers. Soon after another aircraft was struck and sent the towers toppling. Just then a third airline was crashed into the pentagon in Virginia. The effect it caused on many people was disturbing and hurtful. Some survived not many though. The response of the policeman in New York and the firefighters was fast at every corner stood NYPD directing people to different streets while others tried to escape the inside. The two actions of nine-eleven given actions where people asks many nine-eleven survivors on planes if the hijackers were Iraq thinking now Iraq and Mr. Hussien. They say 44% of people thought...

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September 11, 2001

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...Corpuz, Maria Erika A. TC202 – BUSSFIN (September 11, 2015) 1. The external forces helped in a way that they are allowing to borrow or lending money to the company. They gave funds that were used in making the products that his company will sell. They are also the ones who helped Phillips to sell his products. 2. Aaron Phillips’ company became successful because he loves what he is doing. He is a hardworking person ever since he is still a child. He doesn’t let anything or anyone put him down or let him give up. Phillips’ is determined to make his company grow and become successful, and it happened. He made sure that his products will be known everywhere, by him doing marketing in any way they can. His dedication on becoming successful and having a great future made him what and where he is now. 3. The competencies that Phillips’ appear to possess that he is very good when it comes to handling a business. Aaron Phillips’ knows how to handle money and be responsible at a very young age. And he also very good in advertising his product and making it stand out. He knows how to handle his employees and to manage them. 4. The factors that were probably important in the decision to sell Kink BMX products abroad are that the products should have the best quality and that many people would buy their products when they will sell it in other countries. Corpuz, Maria Erika A. TC202 – BAFBANA (September 11, 2015) 8 Trends ...

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