...Any Free Papers, Free Essays, Research Papers, Dissertations Free essays, free example research papers, free term paper samples and free dissertations Skip to content Home About Dissertation Tips Essay Tips Research Paper Tips Term Paper Tips ← Free College Essay Example Free Essay on Childhood Obesity → Annotated Bibliography Sample Posted on September 22, 2011 by admin Free Annotated Bibliography Sample: Atack, Jeremy; Bateman, Fred; Weiss, Thomas “The Regional Diffusion and Adoption of the Steam Engine in American Manufacturing.” The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 40, No. 2. (Jun. 1980): 281-308. By 1900 almost 156,000 steam engines were used in factories. This is where the steam engine first gained popularity. The article also discusses the spread of the steam engine for various uses, one of which became known as the steamboat. In spite of the importance accorded the steam engine during nineteenth-century industrialization, little is known about its rate of diffusion in the United States. Another purpose of this paper is to enhance our knowledge about the spread of this technology. New evidence on steam power use in 1820, 1850, and 1860, combined with published census data from 1870, permits quantitative estimates of the regional variations in timing, pace, and extent of usage before 1900. Brown, Alexander Crosby “The Old Bay Line of the Chesapeake: A Sketch of a Hundred Years of Steamboat Operation.” William and Mary...
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...------------------------------------------------- REsearch Paper By: Asad Rafique July 31, 2014 Professor Russell History 121 July 31, 2014 Professor Russell History 121 Causes Of Civil War Generally, texts have showed that inconsistency between northern and southern financial prudence initiated the Civil War. The industrial revolt in the North, throughout the first few years of the 19th century, resulted into Machine age economy that depend on wage manual worker, not slaves. At the same time, the Southern states continuously to depend on slaves for their agricultural economy and cotton manufacture. South made enormous revenues from cotton, slaves and struggled to sustain them. Northside did not require slaves to maintain their economy so they fought to free abolish slavery as whole from United States. History shows us the agricultural economy was indeed one cause of civil war, but it certainly wasn’t the only cause. Wars are complicated and there causes are not simple understandable. In this research paper we will discuss causes what started the Civil War. A war that separated the nations, ruined harvests, towns, and railroad lines. Many issues embarked the nation into disorder in 1861. Key administrative foundations contain the slow collapse of the Whig Party, the establishment of the Democrat Party and, the 1860’s voting of Abraham Lincoln as president. Religious disagreement to slavery also increased, braced by ministers and protestors such as “William Lloyd Garrison”. Ecological...
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...Micheal Faraday: Father of modern Electricity Faraday was born on September 22, 1791, in Newington (today’s South London), England. His father, James Faraday, was a blacksmith of slender income and challenged health who, with his wife, Margaret, managed to raise a tight-knit family of three children. Faraday's father was of the Sandemanian faith, which Faraday was to adopt as a guiding force throughout his life. When Faraday turned 14, he was apprenticed to a book binder, and during this time, familiarized himself with the teachings of Isaac Watts, a cleric from the previous century. It was Watts's work, The Improvement of the Mind, that put Faraday on the road to self-improvement. In 1810, Faraday began attending meetings of the then recently formed City Philosophical Society, where he heard lectures on scientific subjects, of which chemistry and electricity held the most sway over his imagination. Faraday's relationship with Sir Humphry Davy began when Faraday attended a series of lectures by the famous scientist. Faraday was about to dedicate the rest of his life to bookbinding when, in what turned out to be a happy accident, Davy injured himself as a result of an experiment gone awry, and, in need of a secretary, hired Faraday. Faraday then gave Davy a copy of bound notes from Davy's lectures that Faraday had attended. Davy was impressed, and in 1813, when an assistant at the Royal Institution lost his job, Davy hired Faraday as his replacement. When Davy went abroad...
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...education, anthropology, social services, and psychology. History of Nursing In the 18th and 19th century modern nursing began to take shape. The Catholic’s recruited congregation females committed to the care of the sick within religious group. The Lutherans followed and trained women to facilitate care to the unhealthy, and in 1863 the Red Cross Society, founded in Geneva, Switzerland, devoted a program goal of educating nurses to care for the wounded during the war (s). This program was a success and therefore was the beginning of the formal education process for professional nursing. These first program trained nurses were known as civil nurses there responsibility was to provide care to soldiers (Potter, 2009). Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) began her career in nursing after completing an educational program in Kaiserwerth, Germany at the age of 31. During this time war and disease was devastating the British Army. She was called upon by the government and volunteered her services as well as the services of 38 nurses to care for wounded and suffering soldiers in Turkey. Nightingale found the conditions in the army hospital appalling as well as the rate of death associated with disease and infection. She opposed the conditions and was met with opposition but continued to validate her claims of a cleaner environment. Her strategy was successful when given the...
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...Geni Solis History 1 History Paper Research Draft Professor Kimberlee Dunn March 31, 2015 Susan Brownell Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts on February 15, 1820. Her family was Quaker and they had long activist traditions. She then became a teacher for fifteen years and after that she became active in temperance (susanbanthonyhouse.org). Temperance is something that is the act of personal restraint (en.wikipedia.org). Simply because she was a woman, she was not allowed to lead or even speak at the temperance rallies. Because of this, and having befriended Elizabeth Cady Stanton is what led her to become part of the women’s rights movement in 1852. Not long after this she dedicated her life to women’s rights and suffrage. Most of the subjects she campaigned for were the abolition of slavery, the right for women to own their own property and retain their earnings, and she also advocated for women’s labor organizations. Even though there were people against what she was doing, she ignored the abuse and the oppositions and went and traveled, lectured, and canvassed across the nation for the vote (susanbanthonyhouse.org) She had many accomplishments and trials as her part as an abolitionist. The whole Anthony family moved to Rochester, and shortly after that the whole family became involved in the anti-slavery movement. They even had the anti-slavery Quaker meetings at their farm almost every Sunday (susanbanthonyhouse.org). They were even sometimes joined...
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...To a larger degree, historians have examined the white American businesspeople about the economies and market cultures. This paper going to talk about the African American business and consumer cultures, such as blacks’ culture and entrepreneurship, African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States. Also the African Americans’ buying behavior like the selling strategy makes it success to African American, and what is the reason. At the end going to talk about cross-cultural business, how to do business in the African American community. Known African American’s culture and background history is always helps to be success to avoid the mistakes which you shouldn’t do. Directly relating African American History and African American Business leaders, Pharrell Williams would be the perfect example of how the Black history influences the ways of business in the African American community. A lot of people might argue that he is not business man but he is the biggest entertainment business leader. “Every one of us is an amalgamation not only of all our ancestors, but of their decisions, and in 1831, Ambrose Hawkins was contemplating moving his family from America to Africa. Had he done so, his son Joseph would have been raised in Liberia instead of North Carolina and never would have become Pharrell Williams’s third great-grandfather. As it happens, Ambrose did go to Liberia, but opted for a solo round trip, rather than a family migration. If not for this last minute...
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...National and International Approaches in Social Reporting Author(s): Franz Rothenbacher Reviewed work(s): Source: Social Indicators Research, Vol. 29, No. 1 (May, 1993), pp. 1-62 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27522680 . Accessed: 25/11/2011 03:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Social Indicators Research. http://www.jstor.org FRANZ ROTHENBACHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES IN SOCIAL REPORTING* (Accepted 27 October, 1992) ABSTRACT. National and international in social in western approaches reporting are described. starts with The the outline of current in activities paper Europe are discussed. international The national Further organizations. competing approaches and products of social reporting; the plurality of actors in social topics are the sources and different The only diffusion of ways of its institutionalization. reporting, incomplete inWestern social are offered...
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...the late of 1637, John Harvard became a freeman. This position allows him to have privileges, political rights and 120 acres of land. In the year of 1638, John Harvard died in Charlestown because of tuberculosis (Encyclopedia.com, 2004). He donated his whole library and half of his estate to an unknown college, which then named as Harvard College and eventually became Harvard University. This is the most significant contribution made by John Harvard throughout his lifetime. From the amount of his bequest, John Harvard could be one of the most ‘wealthy’ emigrants. John’s library which was donated to Harvard College consists of two hundred and sixty volumes and indicates his professional studies and his general scholarship (Josiah Quincy, 1860). It gave a huge impact on education in the history and also in the recent era. The Harvard College Library has grown from the four hundreds books that are donated by John Harvard (hcl.harvard.edu, 2014).With the financial help and library from John Harvard, Harvard University admitted students and educated them on theology, logic and mathematics. John Adam, the second president of the United States, was graduated from Harvard College. During his learning in Harvard college, his knowledge of Greek, Latin, rhetoric and logic has deepened and so other knowledge (John Adams Historical Society, 2014). Without John Harvard as Harvard College benefactor, the college will not have sufficient resources to educate John Adam and other citizens. Harvard...
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...to begin with a definition of the concept. Conspiracy is a human activity involving more than one person. The parties to this activity are advancing basically the same or common objectives, and are advancing objectives which, by very reasonable standards, are personally harmful, evil or destructive. And, finally, they're doing all this either in secret or without fully advertising in advance what they're planning to do, and certainly not to their potential victims. It is also important to note that the definition says the parties to a conspiracy are doing the same things, or advancing common objectives, but not at all necessarily are they all doing so for the same personal reasons or motivations. So the essential focus of conspiratorial research should be on the actions of individuals, not merely their backgrounds or organizational affiliations. Down through the ages there have been many secret societies and conspiratorial movements desired absolute rule of the world, the overthrow of all existing governments, and the final destruction of all religion. It is possible to trace the origins and developments of these many movements, such as the early anti-Christian mysticism of the Gnostics; the conspiracy against orthodox Islam and for world power that was founded by Hasan Saba in Persia in 1090 A.D. as the Order of the Assassins; the Catholic Order of the Knights Templar, whose heretical leaders imitated the Assassins' system for the destruction of Christianity. During the thirteenth...
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...Some get lucky and others either get caught and deported back to Mexico or, worse yet, trafficked and sold into a life of servitude (slavery). “Although it’s the 14th largest economy in the world, rural Mexico is still very unequal. Depending on the measure, between one-third and one-half of Mexicans live in poverty and up to 18 percent live in extreme poverty, unable to meet their basic food needs.” ("Bread For The World Institute", 2011). In this paper I will discuss death rates, risks and benefits (to include programs) of crossing through the desert for an undetermined future in the United States of America. I will also focus on the trafficking and prostitution rings between the United States and Central America. By the end of this paper I will have explained how and why these issues of Central American’s immigrating into the United States meet the specifications of the Social Structure Theory because of the poverty disturbance in their system. * Understanding the Social Structure Theory Moffitt (2015), “Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher. Spencer compared society to a human body. In the same way each part of the body works in harmony with other parts, each part of society works in harmony with all other parts. If we want to understand the...
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...SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research Journal of Thyroid Research Volume 2011, Article ID 809341, 10 pages doi:10.4061/2011/809341 Review Article Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark Correspondence should be addressed to J. Lindholm, j.lindholm@ofir.dk Received 15 January 2011; Accepted 17 March 2011 Academic Editor: Marian Ludgate Copyright © 2011 J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The last part of the 19th century was a period of great achievements in medicine and endocrinology. The thyroid gland evolved from being considered a rudimentary structure to an organ related to specific diseases. The singular importance of iodine became acknowledged. Graves-Basedow’s disease was described. Surgical treatment evolved with extraordinary speed. Theodor Kocher observed that the clinical picture in patients after total thyroidectomy was similar to the one seen in cretinism. In 1850, the first case of hypothyroidism or myxedema was described. Less than 50 years later, effective treatment was introduced. Another 50 years later, autoimmune thyroiditis was ascertained as the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism (in areas with no iodine deficiency). This paper gives a short...
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...Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 3HR England Ashgate Publishing Company Suite 420 101 Cherry Street Burlington, VT 05401-4405 USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Killick, Tim British short fiction in the early nineteenth century : the rise of the tale 1. Short stories, English – History and criticism 2. English fiction – 19th century – History and criticism 3. Short story 4. Literary form – History – 19th century I. Title 823’.0109 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Killick, Tim. British short fiction in the early nineteenth century : the rise of the tale / by Tim Killick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-6413-0 (alk. paper) 1. Short stories, English—History and criticism. 2. English fiction—19th century—History and criticism. 3. Short story. 4. Literary form—History—19th century. I. Title. PR829.K56 2008 823’.0109--dc22 2007052226 ISBN: 978-0-7546-6413-0 Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1 Overview: Short Fiction in the Early Nineteenth Century Part I: Criticism, History, and Definitions Part II: Short Fiction in the Periodical Press 5 5 22 2...
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...Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 3HR England Ashgate Publishing Company Suite 420 101 Cherry Street Burlington, VT 05401-4405 USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Killick, Tim British short fiction in the early nineteenth century : the rise of the tale 1. Short stories, English – History and criticism 2. English fiction – 19th century – History and criticism 3. Short story 4. Literary form – History – 19th century I. Title 823’.0109 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Killick, Tim. British short fiction in the early nineteenth century : the rise of the tale / by Tim Killick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-6413-0 (alk. paper) 1. Short stories, English—History and criticism. 2. English fiction—19th century—History and criticism. 3. Short story. 4. Literary form—History—19th century. I. Title. PR829.K56 2008 823’.0109--dc22 2007052226 ISBN: 978-0-7546-6413-0 Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1 Overview: Short Fiction in the Early Nineteenth Century Part I: Criticism, History, and Definitions Part II: Short Fiction in the Periodical Press 5 5 22 2...
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...Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 3HR England Ashgate Publishing Company Suite 420 101 Cherry Street Burlington, VT 05401-4405 USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Killick, Tim British short fiction in the early nineteenth century : the rise of the tale 1. Short stories, English – History and criticism 2. English fiction – 19th century – History and criticism 3. Short story 4. Literary form – History – 19th century I. Title 823’.0109 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Killick, Tim. British short fiction in the early nineteenth century : the rise of the tale / by Tim Killick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-6413-0 (alk. paper) 1. Short stories, English—History and criticism. 2. English fiction—19th century—History and criticism. 3. Short story. 4. Literary form—History—19th century. I. Title. PR829.K56 2008 823’.0109--dc22 2007052226 ISBN: 978-0-7546-6413-0 Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1 Overview: Short Fiction in the Early Nineteenth Century Part I: Criticism, History, and Definitions Part II: Short Fiction in the Periodical Press 5 5 22 2...
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...CHAPTER 4 WUNDT AND GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY The book which I here present to the public is an attempt to mark out a new domain of science. —Wilhelm Wundt, 1874 PREVIEW AND CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Chapters 2 and 3 describe the context out of which modern psychology emerged in the nineteenth century. Philosophers, interested in the same fundamental questions about the human mind and behavior that occupy psychologists today, began to speculate about the need to examine these issues scientifically. At least one nineteenth-century British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, even proposed the development of a scientific psychology. Meanwhile, physiologists and physicians in Europe made great strides in furthering our understanding of the physiology of the nervous system and, in particular, of the brain. This chapter examines how this experimental physiology combined with philosophical inquiry to create a new experimental psychology in Germany in the late nineteenth century. The chapter opens with a brief discussion of some aspects of German education that made it attractive to American students, and then continues with a look at how Gustav Fechner’s psychophysics provided a standardized set of methods for studying sensory thresholds. The creation of the ‘‘New Psychology’’ and its first laboratory by Leipzig’s Wilhelm Wundt forms the focus of the middle of the chapter. The chapter ends with consideration of three other important German psychologists, Hermann Ebbinghaus, G. E. Muller, and Oswald...
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