...In modern times, the term “consumerism” has been associated with a preoccupation with the acquisition of goods and commodities. Traditionally, it has been used with negative connotations – as a “problem” that indicates a lack of discretion among “buyers” and “consumers” regarding what goods to buy and why to buy them in an increasingly commercialized environment. Among Marxist thinkers especially, what happened has been linked to exploitation under industrial capitalism. Consumerism has been associated with the growth of industrial capitalism in Europe from the 18th century and its global spread thereafter – a development that was accompanied by economies of scale and increases in production and productivity. Such increases were sustained by growth in demand, both in the immediate neighbourhood of centres of production and further a-field. Improvements in technology and extensive use of the division of labour enabled manufacturers to produce on a large scale for “wants”, “needs” and “fashions”. Commercialisation of leisure and the penetration by innovative manufacturers, of religious practices, public health, and education reinforced the habits of acquisition and increasing “consumption”. In European society, in these circumstances, availability of goods ceased to be a substantial problem. Rather, more important were means to ensure that they were in demand and “consumed”. If this was not achieved, “gluts” and economic depressions would take place, affecting employer...
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...Theatre History Many general characteristics of eighteenth century English comedy are clearly visible in The School for Scandal. Setting The Theatre There were many innovations in scenery, lighting, and costumes during this period. Possibly the most significant innovation was the enlarging of the theatres. This resulted in a difficulty for the audience in the back of the theatre to have a clear view of the action upon the stage and the hearing of certain scenes was rendered more than difficult. Consequently, actors had to adapt to the altered conditions, and their performances became louder and more vibrant. The stage lighting was bright, as most attention was focused on the actors and what they were doing. There was a very close link between the actor and the audience at the time. Many plays of the time include direct-address conventions such as asides, a presentational mode that permits an actor to share his thoughts and feelings with the audience. Theatres in the 18th century had stages with huge aprons which made it possible for an actor to play quite close to the audience, so he could deliver an aside as a thought shared with the public. It was not difficult for an actor to achieve confidentiality, but it did require considerable skill and practice on his or her part to seem confidential and yet reach out to everyone in the auditorium. The period saw an increased activity in the preparation of new scenes. Instead of the stock scenery of former times, fresh...
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...The way of life in this modern society has developed itself over hundreds of years. Still, however changed, the values of today's society remain from the period of Regency England. Regency England, being the super power of the world in the 18th century, imposed the morals and ethics upon the world as they did their own country, where people were expected to abide by. Jane Austen illustrates the values of this prejudiced society through Pride and Prejudice, which involved the role of women as a major, governing over their marriages for economic sustainability and their lack of authority. Austen's controversial novel was adapted into a feature film which presented the real and gritty society as how it truly was during the time of Regency England; before the adaptation was released, Austen's work was paralleled in 20th century India as the transformation, Bride and Prejudice. These films realise for their audience the significance of Regency England to the forming of modern society's own values, and how it became the foundation of such principles with their own being the role of women. In the late 18th century England, women were demoted to secondary roles in society with respect to property and social responsibilities through the many laws and morals binding women's rights. Rather than being capable of owning property, women were subjected with the role of marrying for economic sustainability. By remaining true to the novel, Pride and Prejudice (film) supported this view throughout...
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...Question 1 By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic | a. | saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced. | | b. | established a system of male democracy. | | c. | suffered a decline in economic prosperity. | | d. | permanently expelled the House of Orange. | | e. | continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. | 1 points Question 2 The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her _______ accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. 1 points Question 3 The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century | a. | occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. | | b. | was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. | | c. | showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. | | d. | was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin. | | e. | resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. | 1 points Question 4 In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a | a. | gerrymander. | | b. | tenured seat. | | c. | sinecure. | | d. | pocket borough. | | e. | good job. | 1 points Question 5 Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was | a. | Russia. | | b. | Prussia. | | c. | Great Britain. | | d. | Austria...
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...central to femininity in early modern Europe, and the eighteenth century was no exception. In some ways, the family grew in its importance to female identity in the Enlightenment age. Education played a prominent role and became encouraged more than ever before, but mainly on the basis of their eventual role as mothers. Women’s reproductive function became their sole claim to significance. Mothers and wives were elevated as man’s partners in preparing a new generation of enlightenment thinkers and workers. In order to fulfill the enlightenment idea of femininity, an eighteenth-century women needed the social position, the fertility and the resources of the middle class to permit her to focus all of her attentions upon nursing and educating them. Many such as career woman, Mary Wollstonecraft, vigorously protested against the subjection of women and argued against being reckoned as a frivolous sex and ridiculed by writers. She made the argument for women to receive a careful education in order to contribute to society and become more notable and against the slavish obedience to share rights in order emulate the virtues of man. Other scholars such as J.A Sharpe criticized the view of a women’s first duty as obedience and subordination to her husband, as well as how marriage consisted of mutual support and equal contribution. This view of marriage became a milestone for the role of women in the eighteenth century as women progressed from being obedient and subordinate to their...
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...Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Michelle E. Raines Lindenwood University Abstract This paper reconnoiters the reasoning behind prostitution, focusing mainly on the motives of an 18th century woman. The goal of this research is to provide readers with an explanation of why women resorted to prostitution for freedom. The paper will arrange for you primary sources supporting that prostitution plateaued because of lack of expression, racism, and feminism during the 18th century. The business of prostitution was so important to our society because it allowed women to join the workforce. Unfair treatment spawned one of the greatest highlights of women in this era that this paper will display for you. Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Prostitution is recorded as beginning in 1721 when the French government sent women to the colony so the settled men would refrain from having sex with the Native Americans. These women had found that sex trade created them more freedom/independence instead of marriage. Soon after, the red-light district was formed to segregate the prostitutes. The act of selling sex was not illegal in the US and the law had not known the term “prostitution”. The law had no understanding of what to do, women were still social outcasts and officials looked for petty crimes to target these certain women. So we ask why these women turned to prostitution; freedom was sought through sexual acts due to the...
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...tense of the verb, tread, but also a noun that described a line or path of English grass that was a different shade of green than the rest of the field. Following the lengthy tutorial, the members of the Abroad Squad, simply said, “Far out,” and went searching through the verdant fields of North Philly for some trod to smoke. Members of the Guffawed Squad were the class clowns, cut-ups, and practical jokers. If you received a perfumed letter inviting you to a romantic rendezvous with the most beautiful girl in the class, heard your cadaver whisper your name, or watched an animated skeleton make an obscene gesture in the Anatomy lab, a member of the Guffawed Squad was probably responsible. The Odd Squad was made up of students who didn't fit into any other squad. Members of the Odd Squad were squads unto themselves, living legends, and one-of-a-kinds. A few members of the Odd Squad were also known as retreads, a term that identified those students who had left other professions to enter Medicine. If the members of the Odd Squad had one thing in common, it was that they were different. Unpredictable and frequently misunderstood, the members of the Odd Squad seemed secure in their notoriety. Unlike the rest of the class, the members of the Odd Squad appeared capable of maintaining their identity throughout the potentially dehumanizing process of medical education. The Shod Squad was a veritable All-Star team. Every member of this elite group was also a member of at least one...
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...Expectations Regarding Literary Masterpieces ENG/106 March 31, 2014 Expectations Regarding Literary Masterpieces Coming in to a new class can be a daunting experience, especially when one does not know what to expect. It can also be an exciting experience, especially when one has a special fondness for the subject being taught. As a psychology major, ENG/106 is not a required class. As a bibliophile, there was no question that I would use the need to fulfill an elective requirement as a reasonable excuse to take this class. There are many preconceived notions around the study of literary masterpieces, and some people have a hard time pushing past the bitter memories of stuffy high school English teachers and 30 page book reports on Crime and Punishment to be worked on over summer vacation. I am lucky enough to have had a wonderful experience with the classics, and my expectations for ENG/106 come from a place of fondness, respect, and genuine awe. With that being said, there is more to understanding literary masterpieces than simply enjoying a good read; one should also recognize the preconceived notions that often come with the subject, as well as have an understanding of why literary masterpieces are important and how they influence modern society. My Experiences and Expectations My experience with literary masterpieces began at age seven when I first read Charlotte’s Web. While that may not be considered a literary...
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...What Was the Agricultural Revolution? The agricultural revolution was a period of agricultural development between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology It was difficult for people living in an advanced industrialized society to fully comprehend the life of a modern farmer, much less farmers were living before the Industrial Revolution. Up until the end of the eighteenth century, the vast majority of people were farmers who lived lives that were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." for the vast majority of people, until the advent of an agricultural revolution that started in Great Britain during the early 1700s, reached North America by the mid-1800s, and continues to this day in all but the most benighted of nations. But the pace quickened during the start of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, and changes that had previously taken centuries and generations began to occur within decades. By 1750, the English agriculture was the best in the world. It was also fully integrated into a market economy. The dominance of the British Empire in world affairs during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ensured that these agricultural improvements were widely distributed. In the late 18th century (at the start of the industrial revolution): 15 to 20% of the land was owned by the farmers themselves, and 75% of the land was owned by large...
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...in Germany and England in the 1770s, by the 1820s it had swept through Europe, conquering at last even its most stubborn foe, the French. It traveled quickly to the Western Hemisphere, and in its musical form has triumphed around the globe, so that from London to Boston to Mexico City to Tokyo to Vladivostok to Oslo, the most popular orchestral music in the world is that of the romantic era. After almost a century of being attacked by the academic and professional world of Western formal concert music, the style has reasserted itself as neoromanticism in the concert halls. When John Williams created the sound of the future in Star Wars, it was the sound of 19th-century Romanticism--still the most popular style for epic film soundtracks. Beginning in the last decades of the 18th century, it transformed poetry, the novel, drama, painting, sculpture, all forms of concert music (especially opera), and ballet. It was deeply connected with the politics of the time, echoing people's fears, hopes, and aspirations. It was the voice of revolution at the beginning of the 19th century and the voice of the Establishment at the end of it. This last shift was the result of the triumph of the class which invented, fostered, and adopted as its own the romantic movement: the bourgeoisie. To understand why this should have been so, we need to look more closely at the nature of the style and its origins. Origins: Folklore and Popular Art Some of the earliest stirrings of the Romantic...
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...This assignment traces the history of Human Resource Management from the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century to present times. The assignment discusses key periods and movements in this field and expands on their contribution to modern Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management can be described as "The comprehensive set of managerial activities and tasks concerned with developing and maintaining a qualified workforce - human resources - in ways that contribute to organisational effectiveness." (DeNisi and Griffin) A HISTORICAL REVIEW. The Industrial Revolution. The momentum for the industrial revolution grew through the 17th century. Agricultural methods were continually improving, creating surpluses that were used for trade. In addition, technical advances were also occurring, for example the Spinning Jenny and the Steam Engine. These advances created a need for improved work methods, productivity and quality that led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Adam Smith. In 1776, Adam Smith wrote about the economic advantages of the division of labour in his work The Wealth of Nations. Smith (1776) proposed that work could be made more efficient through specialisation and he suggested that work should be broken down into simple tasks. From this division he saw three advantages: - the development of skills - time saving - the possibility of using specialised tools. Smith's suggestions led to many changes in manufacturing...
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...(vocaboly.com). “…The very first cooking school in Boston was teaching the art of American cooking as well as preparing the students to pass on their knowledge to others in turn” (vocaboly.com). Everyone has to learn somewhere, and this was the first school to really kick everything off and set the flow for future cooks to become professionals. Many students were taught there, to share and use the knowledge that they have obtained out in the world. It’s incredible how only one school started such a phenomenally large organization today. “The first cookbook ever written was by Fannie Merrit Farmer in 1896 who also attended the Boston cooking school and whose book is still used as reference even today.” (vocaboly.com) A cookbook made in the 18th Century is still used in today’s world. That shows you how important of a profession this is and was from the very...
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...electromagnetic induction principle. Looking back to in different times is an utmost privilege to the extent that, one is able to know how that particular time contributes and plays a significant role to present and future. Moreover, one has the chance to reflect and evaluate what was that particular time all about and to consider the greatest innovation e.g. technology known to it. The economic phenomenon known as the Industrial Revolution is one of two fundamental transformations of the economic environment in human civilization (the other was the introduction of agriculture). Industrialization first took shape in the late 18th century in Western Europe, particularly Britain. During the first decades of the 19th century, its features quickly spread to places like France, Germany, Belgium, and the United States. In the first years of the 20th century, it spread to places outside of Europe...
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...just edging out “totes” for “totally” and “cray” (or “cray-cray”) for “crazy.” What accounts for the meteoric rise of YOLO, and how has it gone virtually unnoticed by nonmillennials? Its appeal to the youthful is self-evident. YOLO as a shorthand mantra defines youth, on a certain level. What is teenagehood if not the adventurous, often foolhardy, desire to test the limits of acceptable behavior—because hey, why not? YOLO! The carpe diem sentiment of “you only live once” has a long history predating its punchy acronymic clipping. Garson O’Toole, on his Quote Investigator blog, traces variations on the theme back to the 18th century, as in this line from Samuel Richardson’s novel “Clarissa”: “We live but once in this world; and when gone, are gone from it for ever.” The exact wording of “you only live once” begins cropping up in the late 19th century, and by 1937 it was popular enough to be used as the title of a Fritz Lang film noir. One wry elaboration, credited to the comedian Joe E. Lewis in 1952, is “You only live once, but if you work it right, once is enough.” Today’s young purveyors of YOLO do indeed appear to be trying to work it right, though what that means is up for debate. Eble’s students illustrate its typical use, as a carefree tag to explain an impulsive choice: “You want to park illegally in this spot? YOLO!” “Should I buy these shoes or pay rent? YOLO!” The word has also found favor as a verb, as in this Yelp review of a Jersey City pizzeria: “All the...
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...John Ryan 2.00 pm class Industrial Revolution paper During the period from the early 18th century to the mid 19th century people experienced many changes that had an impact on their lives such as technical advance, development of transport, trade, better organization of output or new financial structures. All these achievements happened spontaneously and were not planned. Economy was in process of rapid change and it gave many opportunities for people to gain wealth as well as social advancement. Almost every aspect of people’s lives was influenced in some way. This essay would like to argue that there were many innovations during this era; however, the biggest changes that people went through were industrialization and trade. Industrialization stalled the manual labour and set off the machine-based manufacturing. This major shift was closely associated with new rules for workers who had to adapt to new system. Furthermore, free trade became a phenomenon that brought profit and gave domestic workers job opportunities. Industrialization was one of the major aspects during the Industrial Revolution. It brought changes in organization of production, managerial oversight and relationship between employer and labourer had changed as well. Old relationship between master and his worker disappeared because now hundreds of workers were employed in the company. Because the industrialization was new for everybody, there were no experienced workers. Therefore everybody could learn...
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