...1960s Diary Entries Clarence McKinney HIS/135 November 25, 2012 Jennifer Landers 1960s Diary Entries Dear Diary, Today is August 17, 1965 and has been the first day in a week that I could write. The past six days here in Watts have been almost unbearable for me. I take pen in hand to record the events of this past week to have a written account of the horrific things I have witnessed. The Civil Right Act that was passed last year had given me as well as others the hope that the United States was finally on its way to racial equality, but the condition of Watts has not changed for the better. There is high unemployment, substandard housing, and inadequate schools in this district. This has lowered the self-esteem and raised the tempers of the people here. Last Wednesday on the 11th I opened my store as usual at 8am and set about my daily routine. The day progressed normally until I had to leave the store for a bite to eat. As I walked toward the diner I noticed a group of people across the street gathered around something. I could not see what it was as I was still several yards away. As I came closer I realized that a highway patrolman had pulled a car over to the side of the street. My curiosity peaked and I stopped to see what would happen. A white patrolman had a young black motorist on the sidewalk and was administering a sobriety test. I could hear words bantered back and forth between some of the onlookers and the patrolman. Tensions escalated when the patrolman...
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...1960s Diary Entries Lashanda Sanford HIS/135 Karen Rogers 1960s Diary Entries African-American student enrolling in Ole Miss October 1, 1962 The history of America has been far from fair for minorities and we have not been treated equally. We have fought very hard for our rights and many people have lost their lives trying to gain equality for all races. I had always dreamed about going to Ole Miss and after the Supreme Court ruled in James Meredith’s favor in September, my dream finally came true. I never thought that I would have a fair chance at education and I am excited to have the opportunity to be enrolling at such a great university. I will be the first person in my family that is going to attend college and for that, I am grateful. Times have not always been easy especially facing segregation and racial discrimination. James Meredith constantly applied to enroll at Ole Miss but each and every time he was turned down because of the color of his skin. So he did what he had to do and got the NAACP involved and the Supreme Court finally decided to rule in his favor. That moment was very important to me and my family members. Our ancestors were not allowed to learn or attend college simply because of their race, but we now have a chance to make history and make a change! I will be the first to admit that when I heard about the integration of the schools and colleges I did not think...
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...1960's Diary Entries Witness to the assassination of Malcolm X HIS 135 Dear Diary, I am one of many to witness the assassination of Malcolm X. On February 21, 1965 today we have lost a legacy. Malcolm X was a strong speaker, and was moved by many African Americans. He did so much to make us feel connected with our African American heritage. He would say the words that we would think but were scared to say. Malcolm X lost his life by the Nation of Islam; everyone is surrounded by questions of this fearless man’s death. The files The Files of Malcolm X, reveals The Smoking Guns in the FBI reports, which was dated for February 22, 1965, the files declares that Malcolm X had 10 gun shots penetrating to the chest, his thigh and ankle, also there were 4 bullets pleats into his chest and thigh. When his autopsy was done, they found 1 gun being noticed as a millimeter slug, 1 - 45 caliber slugs, with numerous shotgun shots, that were all around and about in his body, torn through the heart of Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. When Malcolm was in prison, he got religious, he wanted to change his criminal past, and became a member in the Nation of Islam. After Malcolm was released he started to preach on street corners. I have to say that Malcolm X was a very brave young man and stand up type of guy that did a lot to make blacks feel more connected to African American heritage. He stood up for African Americans and spoke out words and things that they were too afraid...
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...The 1960’s Diary Entries An African American participant in one of the Selma marches in 1965 And An American soldier fighting during the Tet Offensive 1968 Entries by: Ashley M. Johnson Journal Entre “Our March to Montgomery” Journal Entre- March 6, 1965: Tomorrow is the day we start our march to the State Capitol in Montgomery. Everyone has been directed to a group with an appointed group leader, to help guide us on our 54 mile journey. (According to History.com Staff (2010) I have to admit I am a little scared and excited all at the same time, many white people don’t want us to have the rights to vote and I wonder if we can make this journey safely. Journal Entre- March 7, 1965: This day started with much determination, excitement, fear, and courage. I found it a little settling to see that there were not just blacks lining up to march, but whites too. I then thought at that moment that we could actual accomplish the long journey we had ahead of us, as one. Over the next few hours when we approached the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, I saw the mist of my true fears come out. (Hagler-Geard (2015) White officials attempted to stop our march, most of us started to pray, although our attempts failed, we seem to have angered them more. Shots were fired, at first I thought they were shooting us, but after the clouds of heavy smoke filled my sight and lungs, I became disoriented and confused. (The Harris-Perry (2015) website) I was seeing brutal acts of violence all around...
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...1960's Diary Entry Aaron Cobb His-135 April 21st, 2013 Joseph Woodard 1960's Diary Entry Diary Entry #1 Today we have lost a legacy. Malcolm X was one of the greatest and most influential African Americans the world has ever known. He did so much to make us feel connected with our African American heritage. He would say the things we were thinking but were too afraid to say ourselves. He taught us to stand up for ourselves and our rights as black men. Who knew that a troubled young boy would become a powerful and educated leader? As a young trouble maker doing prison time, it was during his ten years in prison that he educated himself as well as introducing himself to the Nation of Islam teachings. After serving a couple of prison stints he even became a minister of numerous temples in Boston, Philadelphia and New York. He also started a newspaper titled “Muhammad Speaks” which touched on controversial views about his idea that blacks were superior. He became second in command to Elijah Muhammad but they butted heads and ended up going their own ways. Elijah stuck to his ideas of Nation of Islam, while Malcolm X focused on what true Islam taught. He felt that the Civil Rights Movement had the blacks begging the whites for freedom, and he was not a fan of begging. He instead advocated black power and black consciousness even if it resulted in violence. He had several famous speeches, including “Black Man’s History”, “The Black Revolution”, and “God’s Judgment...
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...1960s Diary Entries By William L Martin IV August 14, 2015 HIS/135 - THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE SINCE 1945 Instructor: ROBYN JAMES 1960s Diary Entries 1-Dear Diary, There is so much anger in this place and sometimes it feels as if that is all that exists anymore. The African American community is tired. They are frustrated. They are angry and rightfully so. We have been mistreated in a nation that claims that it is the freest nation in the world and we have been oppressed to the point to where we are not even treated as people. Many of us feel as if we are not and this makes us even angrier. We are people. We are human beings. We have feelings and we love our families just as every other person in our nation does and yet we are treated as secondary. Why is this? What is it about the color of our skin that makes us so different? People have different color eyes, how is this any different? Tonight I witnessed a man speak from his heart about the plight of not just the African American community but to us. He spoke from his heart to address us not as individuals but he spoke to us a nation. For the time that he spoke we were a united nation of all colors and peoples. We were not individuals but we were a country coming to terms with ourselves as we aged. It really did feel as if we were coming of age. This man took the rage and hopelessness that he felt in the air, (it was electric) and channeled that energy into something that we should have been doing all along. ...
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...Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812, (New York, Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, INC., 1990). Reviewed by: Amanda Doran A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard was written by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Ulrich was born and raised in the Rocky Mountain West and moved to New England in 1960 where she has resided ever since. Laurel is the author of many articles, essays and books including The Age of Homespun (2001) and Goodwives (1982). Her articles and essays were written on early American history. Laurel’s book, A Midwife’s Tale, won her the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1991. She also assisted with a documentary production of her book which aired on PBS. Her work can also be found on the award-winning website, dohistory.org (Ulrich, 1990). In the eighteenth century women didn’t play a role in politics or hold any high position in their community which was worth noting. Because of this, the lives of these women are left somewhat a mystery. Ulrich uses the diary of Martha Ballard, a midwife who practiced in Hallowell, Maine, along with other documents such as: prison logs, newspapers, court documents, and town records to bring to life the lives of late eighteenth century women. Ulrich’s purpose for this book is simple, she shows the day to day lives of women in the late eighteenth century and how they played a crucial role in their society. Ulrich organizes her book into chronological chapters providing excerpts from Ballard’s diary at the beginning of each...
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...Diary Entries Week 4 1960s Diary Entries Witness and store own to Watts Riots Aug. 13, 1965 I am fearful of the riots that have been growing now for a couple of days. They are getting more violent and have heard that they are looting stores. I am more afraid that they may try and get into my store and take everything. There are signs that there was some looting already on this street. There are many youths, standing on the streets still littered with broken glass and debris from the previous night’s melee. The crowd stared unsuspectingly at me whenever I come out of my store to gauge how things are. Around 4 pm a car had stopped in the street, blocking traffic after being hit repeatedly by rocks and bricks. A police car raced down the street by my store, rounding up three youths. A car drove by a short time later driven by a white man and I heard someone yelled out, “It’s a white man, get him.” A barrage of bricks and rocks struck the car, knocking out windows and leaving ugly dents. The driver lowered his head from sight and accelerated. Thank goodness he was able to get away. Aug. 14 1965 Today is not looking any better than it did yesterday. More and more people are loitering in the streets. I went to go outside and heard remarks that maybe they should start looting the stores. Well I rushed back inside and locked up. I had a gun under the register that I got out so I could scare of anyone who tried to break in. A short time later, a group of about 20...
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...1960’s Diary Entries Ashley M. Martinez HIS/135 Kim Schuchmann Diary Entry 1 Witness to the assassination of Malcolm X Unfortunately, I have witnessed one of the most influential people of my time life taken too soon. Malcolm Little, also known as Malcolm X became a powerful leader, especially among younger blacks, as a result of his intelligence, his oratorical skills, and his harsh, uncompromising opposition to all forms of racism and oppression (Brinkley, 2012, p. 817). Prior to his achievements Malcolm X was once a drug addict and a pimp who served time in prison. He soon joined the Nation of Islam, which was once an obscure black nationalist group. Malcolm X was one of the most notable civil rights activist. Among his many contributions to the civil rights movement, were instilling that African Americans and White Americans were no different and gave African Americans the courage to protect themselves and what they believed “by any means necessary” (The Learning Network, 2012). The Nation of Islam had a great impact on Malcolm X, he quickly climbed the latter in this organization and began preaching the word Black Muslims. Later on, he began to disagree with the leader of the Nation of Islam over the direction of the organization. In 1964, Malcolm X parted ways with the Nation of Islam and converted to traditional Islam. The organization he once cared and spoke for was what caused his tragic death. At 39 years old, on February 21 1965, “Malcolm X was shot...
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...In the 1960s, a time when American views towards crime and punishment were relentless, Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood was a shock to society as it challenged the prevailing attitudes towards criminals. Throughout the era, society often demonized criminals and thought that they were unworthy of a second chance. The belief of the time was that these individuals were inherently evil and deserved only the harshest punishment: death. In the context of these perceptions, Capote began his novel about the brutal murders of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas. While conducting his research, Capote got to know the perpetrators of the crime, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock. Instead of condemning Smith and Hickock as irredeemable monsters, Capote chose to give his readers another perspective on them. By strategically choosing how to...
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...Week 4 1960s Diary Entries Witness and store own to Watts Riots Aug. 13, 1965 I am fearful of the riots that have been growing now for a couple of days. They are getting more violent and have heard that they are looting stores. I am more afraid that they may try and get into my store and take everything. There are signs that there was some looting already on this street. There are many youths, standing on the streets still littered with broken glass and debris from the previous night’s melee. The crowd stared unsuspectingly at me whenever I come out of my store to gauge how things are. Around 4 pm a car had stopped in the street, blocking traffic after being hit repeatedly by rocks and bricks. A police car raced down the street by my store, rounding up three youths. A car drove by a short time later driven by a white man and I heard someone yelled out, “It’s a white man, get him.” A barrage of bricks and rocks struck the car, knocking out windows and leaving ugly dents. The driver lowered his head from sight and accelerated. Thank goodness he was able to get away. Aug. 14 1965 Today is not looking any better than it did yesterday. More and more people are loitering in the streets. I went to go outside and heard remarks that maybe they should start looting the stores. Well I rushed back inside and locked up. I had a gun under the register that I got out so I could scare of anyone who tried to break in. A short time later, a group of about 20 young men started...
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...of Fine Arts Program in Visual Arts Contact information for instructor: Department of Art + Art History MM Campus, VH 235 Preferred mode of contact: alpesh.patel@fiu.edu Office hours: By appointment on Tuesdays and Thursdays (preferably after class). Course description: This course examines major artists, artworks, and movements after World War II; as well as broader visual culture—everything from music videos and print advertisements to propaganda and photojournalism—especially as the difference between ‘art’ and non-art increasingly becomes blurred and the objectivity of aesthetics is called into question. Movements studied include Abstract Expressionism, Pop, and Minimalism in the 1950s and 1960s; Post-Minimalism/Process Art, and Land art in the late 1960s and 1970s; Pastiche/Appropriation and rise of interest in “identity” in the 1980s; and the emergence of Post-Identity, Relational Art and Internet/New Media art in the 1990s/post-2000 period. We will focus primarily on artistic production in the US, but we will also be looking at art from Europe, South and East Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Emphasis will be placed on examining artworks and broader visual culture through the lens of a variety of different contextual frameworks: formal, authorial, socio-cultural, and identity-based (race, class, gender, and sexuality for instance). Course structure: In each class, we will often discuss several artworks (produced in the last 10 to 15 years) that will then...
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...pulse of the heart: & all one’s mind wd. run out in talk” (Diary 4: 216)–so Woolf declared in her diary during her one and only journey around Ireland in May 1934. For her descriptions of the landscape and the people she met (mainly the Anglo-Irish gentry) are as ambivalent as her now infamous reading of James Joyce’s Ulysses. But Woolf’s response to Ireland, and more particularly to Irish writing is only part of the story. As a contemporary, how was Woolf read in Ireland, if she was read at all, and what, if any, impact has she had on Irish writing? For the contemplation of “Virginia Woolf in Ireland,” both as a traveler and a reader of Irish culture, politics and literature, and as someone to be read through her various publications, provokes a proliferation of research possibilities about both writer and country. In this essay I wish to sketch out a preliminary map of these possibilities, showing some of the potentially complex and intriguing routes that require further exploration, in relation to Woolf studies, in particular the European Reception of Woolf, and in relation to Ireland and its own literary history. So the paper is divided into three sections: briefly, Virginia Woolf literally in Ireland, reading Virginia Woolf in Ireland from the 1920s on, and three Irish women reading Woolf–Elizabeth Bowen, Mary Lavin and Edna O’Brien.1 Woolf’s interest in Ireland before and after her visit there is evident from her diaries, letters and fiction. Her concern and knowledge about Irish...
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...When I received a copy of James S. Valliant’s book, The Passion of Ayn Rand’s Critics: The Case Against the Brandens, I was a little apprehensive about reviewing it. It seems that every time a discussion commences about the “juicy” bits of Ayn Rand’s sexual and romantic entanglements, it takes on a life of its own, and the discussion never seems to end. Cyber-forums can’t even mention this book without provoking hundreds of rancorous posts among people who are still personally involved in the developments surrounding the break between Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden and Barbara Branden. It’s as if the War of ‘68 is still raging. I was fortunate when I came to the study of Ayn Rand. I was eight years old when Rand and the Brandens went their separate ways. I knew none of the principals involved, and didn’t actually discover Rand’s work until nearly ten years later—when I was a senior in high school in 1977. And even after I’d discovered her work, I'd read everything she wrote without the assistance of going to live lectures or attending group meetings of people sitting around a vinyl turntable or an audio-tape player, listening to recordings of said lectures. I eventually listened to the vast bulk of those lectures as background for the preparation of my book, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, but even that research was pursued independently. My work was not the product of any assistance from any Objectivist institute or organization. Around 1992, however, as I was researching my...
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...The Colonial Legacy in African Management: West Africa (1950s to 1970s) and South Africa (1990-2000s) Stephanie Decker sdecker@hbs.edu Abstract The colonial legacy in Africa has determined the development of management on the continent, as the comparison between the historical case of Africanisation in Ghana and Nigeria in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s with South Africa in the 1990s and 2000s highlights. Despite the fact that Ghana and Nigeria were not settler colonies, when white managers were replaced with blacks (who previously only occupied subordinate positions in the colonial or Apartheid systems), most companies in Africa faced similar problems. In the quest for legitimacy in the eyes of local elites and the international community companies were tempted to resort to ineffectual window-dressing, or failed to develop the talent of black staff who face disapproval not only from white but also from less successful black colleagues. In case of successful promotion of black managers, skilled white personnel was often driven away by the lack of opportunities, while capable black staff was frequently poached with better offers by competitors. The creation of a black elite with significantly higher income than the majority population was also frequently divisive and undermined corporate social responsibility claims. Keywords: Black Economic Empowerment, Affirmative Action, Africanisation, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Employment Equity in South...
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