...| The Effects of the Economy on Divorce Rates | | | = | I. Introduction Divorce has become quite common over the last few decades in the United States, as well as in other industrialized countries. It is often discussed as a social problem or phenomenon, with its causes usually related to cultural and structural changes such as increased female labor force participation and legislation which makes divorce easier to obtain. Furthermore, divorce today has become more socially accepted, as individuality has become the dominant value in our capitalist society. Despite the social acceptance of divorce, I think most would agree with me in stating that divorce is not desirable, as it causes emotional, physical and financial strains not only on those directly involved, but on their children and extended families as well. In this paper, I investigate the relationship between divorce and economic cycles in the United States from 1950 to 2000. My intention is to discover whether and how divorce rates change in periods of economic recession, as compared to periods of economic growth. It is important to look into further trends in divorce rates, as its increase over time may not simply be an issue of social and cultural changes, but rather another one of the effects of the economy on the family unit in the United States. My hypothesis is that divorce rates will decrease in periods of economic growth, as a husband's increased income has been identified to have a stabilizing...
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...2. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION India accounts for only 2.4 % of the world surface areas and yet it supports and sustains 16.2 % of the world population (Figure 2.1). In Other Countries China 1950, China with 21 % share of the India population was the most populous USA Indonesia country followed by India, which had Brazil a share of 14.2 %. It is estimated Pakistan Russian Fed that by 2050, India will overtake Bangladesh China to become the most populous Japan Nigeria country with about 17.2 % of global population. A comparison of some demographic parameters between Source: Reference 2.2 India and some of the neighboring countries is given in Table 2.1. China and Sri Lanka are far ahead of India in all these parameters. Figure 2.1: Population: India and the world Demographic transition 1947-2007 Demographic transition is a global phenomenon. Demographers recognize four phases of demographic transition. In the first phase improved health care technologies and improved access to health care result in reduction in mortality rates but, birth rate continues to be high and therefore population growth occurs. In the second there is reduction in birth rate but the reduction in death rate is higher than reduction in birth rate, as a result population increases. In the third phase, birth rates and death rates are both low; however population growth continues because of a large number of individuals in the reproductive age group. In the fourth phase the ...
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...Introduction The quantity and quality of available resources and innovations are extremely useful in the explanation of economic growth (Lucas, 1993). Such data is also able to measure various factors e.g. geographical and ecological (Sachs, 2003), and institutional environment in which businesses take place and decisions are being made regarding resource allotments (Gwartney et al., 2006). Moreover, research highlighted a direct link between the significance of service industry and economic growth performance based on US and European data (Bart et al., 2008). Attributable to, however, limited availability of service industry company level data particularly that on economies of scale, policy making in order to increase service industry output rely on previous studies and observation of cumulative global data (Morikawa, 2011). Attributable to the sovereign debt crisis, the quantity and quality of available resources and innovations has undergone serious deformation, which is measured by increased job losses, unemployment, and decreased number of investments. Consumption declined and governments applied various actions to stimulate the economic growth. The three main Industries have been facing tough times and responded differently, whilst these times the service industry has not only been resilient, but also has gone under transformation regarding its structure (Breyers, 2011). The intent in this paper is to underscore the importacy of service industry and prove the following...
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...population. This paper will examine trends and patterns of American wages since the 1970s, focusing on shifts in income distributions to see if these shifts can be interpreted as income inequality across different sectors of our society. Furthermore, this paper will study two important and interlinked methods of measuring income inequality, which are the Lorenz Curve and the Gini Coefficient Index. The Executive Branch of our federal government and the U.S. Congress keep a close eye on income distributions throughout the entire nation. These bodies rely heavily on data collected and analyzed by non-partisan agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and academic institutitions that provide data and statistical analysis to assist in economic and budgetary decisions made by elected officials concerning a wide array of policy issues such as taxes, social insurance programs and other issues that impact the overall economy. Economists like Thomas Piketty and Emmanual Saez and many others have used these collected data to demonstrate a historical trend in how incomes are distributed in this country and if the distributions are heavily concentrated within the top ten percent of the labor force. Piketty and Saez’s have made the observation that the years after the end of World War II and through the late 1970s,...
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...Street which is on the north, Elliot bay lying on the west while First Avenue is on the east. These are areas mapped out which are to be affected directly economically by the project. Furthermore, areas also which are to experience indirect economic effects are mapped out. The area described under indirect economic impacts is large. This area consists of the central Puget Sound region and the city of Seattle. The Central Pugget Sound region includes pierce, Kitsap, king and Snohomish counties. The area is well studied. The use of the impact analysis for planning model (IMPLAN) was a correct decision since it is principally based on input-output analysis. Additionally, the evaluation of the existing economic conditions linked with each alternative based on the collection of data from Puget Sound regional council (PSRC) and the city and from the census of the United States was satisfactory. The agency conducted a regional economic analysis in order to evaluate effects of the alternatives on distribution of economic activity regionally in the area where the chosen alternative will have...
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...Community Assessment and Analysis of the Hispanic Population in Dallas Introduction Most of Texas’ phenomenal growth over the last decade followed the route of Interstate 35 from the Rio Grande Valley to San Antonio, Austin and Dallas-Fort Worth, a broad swath that included seven of the ten fastest-growing counties in the state. And much of that growth was fueled by the fast-growing Hispanic population. Hispanics account for two-thirds of Texas' growth over the past decade and now make up 38 percent of the state's total population, according to new local U.S. Census figures. And forty-two percentage of the general population in Dallas is Hispanic. "As Census figures show, Texas is becoming more ethnically and racially diverse. Without the tremendous growth of the Hispanic community, Texas would have had very little growth," said Sen. Many Hispanic-Americans have many common heritage traits, but they also have many differences depending on their country of origin. For example, Mexican Americans make up the largest Hispanic subgroup with over 350,000 of them residing in Dallas which contributes to this being the ninth most populous city in America and the third most populous city in the state of Texas. In addition, the Dallas area economy is the sixth largest in the United States. Geopolitical features Dallas is located in north Texas, and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United...
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...Viet Nam The Evolution of Population Policy in Viet Nam Three periods in the evolution of the population policy of Viet Nam are documented in this article: initiation in the 1960s and 1970s; maturity in the 1980s and 1990s; and legalization in the 2000s and early 2010s. A framework was used for stakeholder analysis in the sociopolitical context of Viet Nam in order to analyse interactions between leading state agencies in the development of population policy and their influence on the organizational structure of the population programme. The current tensions in the implementation of the population programme are highlighted, and a new population policy is called for that would be more conducive to addressing broader population and reproductive health issues, in order to respond more effectively to new challenges arising from the socioeconomic and demographic transition of the country. By Bang Nguyen Pham, Peter S. Hill, Wayne Hall and Chalapati Rao* Background Population policy is highly complex and intensely political, and directly linked to a country’s socioeconomic development, security and protection. Population growth rates in the developing world have been the target of some population policies. As a result those rates declined from an average of 2.4 per cent annually in the 1970s to 1.4 per cent in the 2000s (United Nations, 2008a). In the population policy of many developing countries, the control of population size is emphasized; the aim is to reduce fertility...
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...of Perfect Competition General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition • In judging the performance of an economic system, two criteria used are efficiency and equity (fairness). • Efficiency is the condition in which the economy is producing what people want at the least possible cost. of C H A P T E R 11: Perfect Competition © 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 3 of 33 © 2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing C H A P T E R 11: Perfect Competition of Principles of Economics, 7/e Karl Case, Ray Fair 4 of 33 General Equilibrium Analysis General Equilibrium and the Efficiency General Equilibrium and the Efficiency A Technological Advance: The Electronic Calculator of • To examine the move from partial to general equilibrium analysis we will consider the impact of: • a major technological advance, and • a shift in consumer...
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...start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with human migration, especially with rural-urban migration. The huge labor requirement of urban centers is fulfilled by the labors from the rural areas (Harris 1970). In terms of Bangladesh, the development of urban centers is closely related with rural-urban migration. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization in Bangladesh (Ishtiaque 2011). Migration can be broadly defined as the...
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...The video, Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the United States, begins by stating a new nation was created in 1776. “The Black experience in what came to be the United States began with them having something less than citizenship, but their experience was only slightly better than slavery” (Schaefer, 2015). The country was populated by immigrants. By 1790, the population was about four million per the 1790 census, which was also the first census. About one million was Native Americans and about 800,000 were African Americans, which consisted of slaves and free negroes. Whites were the dominant culture and the majority. American culture was focused mainly on by white middle class people who were Protestant and came from Britain. Any immigrants who had these characteristics were welcome. Immigrants who had a different religion or culture was a threat to American culture and standards....
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...biased by measurement error and endogeneity. We attempt to address these issues using measures of historical labor sentiment, by creating indices of CB law strength, and by using alternative national data sets containing information on teacher salaries and coverage. As in prior studies, we find modest union salary effects for teachers using standard methods, albeit smaller than found for the private sector. A union benefits premium estimated from SASS substantially exceeds the salary premium. Estimates of CB law and coverage effects using IV (with historical data measuring labor sentiment as instruments) are unrealistically large. We then examine historical data on teacher salaries from 1949 through 2009. We find that in 1959 (the 1960 Census), prior to adoption of state CB laws and subsequent coverage, teacher salaries were higher in states that would eventually adopt CB laws and bargaining. By 1979 all but a few of the states that would pass CB laws had done so. The union...
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...| Crime in the United States | Data Analysis Project | | Brad Davidson | | 12/2/2010 | | Executive Summary This purpose of this report is to answer the question, “what variables affect the level of crime in the United States?” With so many possible influences, the goal of this analysis will be to narrow the scope to the items which we feel will be most statistically significant when gauging the effect on the level of crime. The regression analysis methodology is best suited for this analysis since it can identify the influences of the different variables from past data and provide an equation to predict future values with an associated level of accuracy. The result of the analysis could then be shared with local and national representatives to help focus efforts on reducing the overall crime level and improve public safety. This report contains the following: (1) Brief introduction of the study, (2) Statistical Methodology, (3) Preliminary Analysis of the Data, (4) Regression Analysis, (5) Forecast, and (6) Conclusion. Introduction The current social climate in the United States was the motivation behind this analysis. With the current mid-term elections, there were many topics that would seem unsettling to most individuals and it’s our perception that most feel more unsafe now than say 10-15 years ago. Granted there are many factors that contribute to this type of fear or uneasiness, but one that we decided to investigate was related to crime...
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...Wanting Liang (Fanny) WSEM 196-002T Professor Mary Richardson 14th December 2012 Influence of The Civil Rights Movement On Black/White Marriage INTRODUCTION Nowadays, interracial marriage exists in almost the whole world and is more acceptable than it ever has been. In the United States, which now has its first biracial president-Barack Hussein Obama II. Absolute numbers tell us the fact that interracial marriage between black and white has increased -- the U.S. Census reported that there were 51,000 Black/White marital couples in 1960, which was legal in whatever many states. By 2002, it rose to 395,000 Black/White marriages (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2004). By 2010, it grew more to 540,000 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2012. However, before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, this would have been unimaginable. It was illegal for people with different race to marry before the Civil Rights Movement, which we called “anti-miscegenation laws”. This paper will examine how the Civil Rights Movement helped make marriages between blacks and whites and mixed-race families acceptable to society and more common. In this paper, I am going to provide the background about the Civil Rights Movement. Such as ways this movement affected Black/White marriage, and the Loving vs. Virginia (the Supreme Court Case). Then, I will introduce some family stories in biracial families during 1960s and a number of findings about Black/White marriage. At last, I will present the difference...
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...Jennyfer Medy Sociology Professor Sobel POVERTY IN SINGLE MOTHERS Poverty is defined as “the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money” (http://www.ask.com/wiki/Poverty). Poverty continues to be an epidemic we face in the United States. “According to an analysis of census data, 7.9 million people live in high-poverty neighborhoods. About 30 percent of the population in these neighborhoods is Black, 29 Hispanic, and 24 percent White. (Chapter 10/Social Class, pg.255; handout). As we take a closer look, poverty is at an all time high in single mothers. “In 1970, the number of single-parent families with children under the age of 18 was 3.8 million. By 1990, the number had more than doubled to 9.7 million” (http://www3.uakron.edu/schulze/401/readings/singleparfam.htm). According to textbook Sociology Matters by Richard T. Schaefer, “since World War II, women have constituted an increasing proportion of the poor people in the United States” (Schaefer, 2013, pg 146). The factors that lead women into poverty include the departure, disability, or a death of a husband. Single mothers are also more likely to be poor because of the lower income earnings, inadequate public assistance and lack of child support from fathers. The conflict theory is highly depicted among poverty in single women. “Conflict theorists and other observers trace the higher rates of poverty among women to three distinct factors;...
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...secondary sources; • know the mode of collection of data; • distinguish between Census and Sample Surveys; • be familiar with the techniques of sampling; • know about some important sources of secondary data. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N h T lis R b E u C p N re © e b o t t chapter, you will study the sources of data and the mode of data collection. The purpose of collection of data is to collect evidence for reaching a sound and clear solution to a problem. In economics, you often come across a statement like, “After many fluctuations the output of food grains rose to 176 million tonnes in 1990–91 and 199 million tonnes in 1996–97, but fell to 194 million tonnes in 1997–98. Production of food grains then rose continuously and touched 212 million tonnes in 2001–02.” In this statement, you can observe that the food grains production in different years does not remain the same. It varies from year to year and from crop to crop. As these values Collection of Data d e In the previous chapter, you have read about what is economics. You also studied about the role and importance of statistics in economics. In this 1 0 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS vary, they are called variable. The variables are generally represented by the letters X, Y or Z. The values of these variables are the observation. For example, suppose the food grain production in India varies between 100 million tonnes in 1970–71 to 220 million tonnes in 2001–02 as shown in the following table. The years...
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