...Shamanism as a Healing Process Pre-20th Century: The history of Shamanism and its role in both religion and medicine Briana K. Strickland Texas A&M University October 7, 2014 Shamanism Healing involves the physical and psychological process of restoring health and has been a part of human existence since prehistoric times. Religion has also been a part of the human experience for centuries, giving people something to believe and trust in. Shamanism is one of the oldest forms of both a healing process and a religion, tracing back to ancient Siberia as early as 800 CE. This magico-religion believes in preserving a strong connection with nature and in the power of shamans who act as mediators between our world and the world of spirits. Despite negative scientific attitudes toward Shamanism today, this primeval restorative technique is an effective practice that is still used today. An Ancient Practice According to Edson, Tibet converted to Buddhism in 800 CE, following suit with the rest of central Asia. While it was not referred to as Shamanism, Tibet Buddhism involved putting spells on lamas under which they would predict the future, corresponding with the magico-religious practice. When Mongols converted to Tibetan Buddhism as well, that faith spread into Siberia, which was inhabited at the time by various groups of nomads (Edson, 2009, p 5). These wanderers at the time presumably introduced the religion to other civilizations, and it was soon practiced...
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...support of others in the accomplishment of a common task".[1] For example, some understand a leader simply as somebody whom people follow, or as somebody who guides or directs others,[citation needed] while others define leadership as "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal".[citation needed] different types of leadership: * Ambidextrous leadership * Democratic Leadership * Innovation leadership * Transactional leadership * Transformational leadership Innovation leadership involves synthesizing different leadership styles in organizations to influence employees to produce creative ideas, products, services and solutions. The key role in the practice of innovation leadership is the innovation leader.[1] Dr. David Gliddon (2006) developed the competency model of innovation leaders and established the concept of innovation leadership at Penn State University. As an approach to organization development, innovation leadership can be used to support the achievement of the mission or vision of an organization or group. In a world that is ever changing with new technologies and processes, it is becoming necessary for organizations to think innovatively in order to ensure their continued success and stay competitive.[2][3][4][5][6] In order to adapt to new changes, “the need for innovation in organizations has resulted in a new focus on the role of leaders in shaping the nature and success of creative efforts.[7]” Without innovation leadership, organizations...
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...Early 20th century rural life Early 20th century city life Industrialization I/O psychology didn’t appear out of no where, natural growth of times major influences: economic, social, and psychological Economically: industrial boom around turn of 20th century — promoting interest in efficiency Societal: growing acceptance of theory of evolution changed way people thought of communities and societies Protestant work ethic: supported capitalism (became basis of society) Psychology: undergoing change, accepting scientific method Frederick W. Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor was primarily interested in removing all inefficiency from the workplace, and he targeted his efforts toward the manual worker, aiming to increase their productivity and reduce their judgment. As a result he invented scientific management, which was based on four principles (Beder, 2000, p98): The most efficient way of doing a task should be worked out scientifically; Workers should be carefully selected and trained to do the work in this way; Workers should do their work under the close supervision and control of management and be paid a bonus for doing exactly what they say; Management should take over the planning and thinking part of the work. Taylor considered the manual worker to be stupid, slow and unintelligent, with little or no thinking abilities. The ‘thinking’ part of any job, he claimed, was for intelligent, educated people, and the workers’ job was to “follow instructions about...
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...Organization as machine – this imagery from our industrial past continues to cast a long shadow over the way we think about management today. It isn’t the only deeply-held and rarely examined notion that affects how organizations are run. Managers still assume that stability is the normal state of affairs and change is the unusual state (a point I particularly challenge in The End of Competitive Advantage). Organizations still emphasize exploitation of existing advantages, driving a short-term orientation that many bemoan. (Short-term thinking has been charged with no less than a chronic decline in innovation capability by Clayton Christensen who termed it “the Capitalist’s Dilemma.”) Corporations continue to focus too narrowly on shareholders, with terrible consequences – even at great companies like IBM.But even as these old ideas remain in use (and indeed, are still taught), management as it is practiced by the most thoughtful executives evolves. Building on ideas from my colleague Ian MacMillan, I’d propose that we’ve seen three “ages” of management since the industrial revolution, with each putting the emphasis on a different theme: execution, expertise, and empathy.Prior to the industrial revolution, of course, there wasn’t much “management” at all – meaning, anyone other than the owner of an enterprise handling tasks such as coordination, planning, controlling, rewarding, and resource allocation. Beyond a few kinds of organization – the church, the military, a smattering...
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...Changing Face of the Indian Press A study of Indian history from 16th to 20th centuries will indicate that the transition from feudalism to modern society has been slow and incomplete despite the occasional turbulence, turmoil, wars, social reforms, and intellectual ferment. It was during the mid-19th century (First War of Independence) and the 20th century freedom movement that the Indian newspapers played a powerful and prominent role in questioning the forces of authority, social prejudices and the suppression of personal liberty. During the late 19th and early 20th century, attempts to propagate the ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, and freedom were made by political and social leaders. The journals started by them played a historical role in questioning old ideas and practices like casteism, communalism, superstitions, educational backwardness and women’s oppression. Modern rational and scientific ideas, secularism, tolerance, and economic empowerment of the people were propagated in the writings of national leaders. The newspapers, particularly, served in conscientizing literate and educated people about the need for social reforms and political independence. Until 1950, the newspapers no doubt, served in inspiring people of the country towards a change in their thinking about social transformation, economic empowerment and the establishment of a strong foundation for democracy. But in recent decades, a decline in the functioning of the press/media has set in...
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...EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES AND HR MANAGEMENT. BENSON MWENDWA WAMBUA KENYATTA UNIVERSITY D241/OL/CTY/7935/2014 BBA 032: FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Abstract Introduction Human Resource Management is a business function, which manages, leads, facilitates and provides tools for the human capital management in the organization. HR sets strategic processes and procedures, runs difficult and complex communication campaigns as the organization attracts the best talents from the job market, retains them with the attractive compensation packages or it develops them in talent development programs. HR runs many processes, which are crucial for the modern organization. We cannot believe that the successful business could exist without the Recruitment and Staffing, Compensation and Benefits, Training and Development or the Leadership Development. However, in the past the companies did not use any of the HR value added processes. The story of Human Resources started as evidence of all employees. It dealt with issues and requests. Nothing more was expected to be delivered. The HR Management history is fascinating. The wars usually change the path of Human Resources in organizations and society. The evolution and background of HR Management It is a paradox of the human history that best things evolve. The history of the modern Human Resources Management is not a deviation from this general rule of the human history. However, the HRM background...
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...important to point out these differences, as definition as a bloc might lead to wrongful assumptions about the four countries’ individual current and future roles in the global economy. In order to be accurate about each country’s actual weight in the world, we should perhaps change the acronym to CIRB (but without the glamour of the name). Let us begin with China, which is the most continuous civilization in history – not strictly in terms of political linearity but rather in terms of cultural continuity. The country has a tragic contemporary history, marked by economic decadence, political instability, military humiliation and social regression caused by a deep degradation of the social fabric after Mao Zedong’s economic follies created a human hecatomb and a demographic “gap” of tens of millions of people. India is the world’s second oldest “continuous” civilization – the inverted commas are to highlight the country’s cultural and ethnic diversity. India has no cultural unity as such, and its political history only seems to make sense when we look at it as a...
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...Introduction Manager role is to help his people to get the best out of themselves. Motivation is a key area which is of utmost attention to most manager and human resource department of organisations. Retention of prime talent is a major challenge organisations are facing in current scenario. Therefore it’s imperative for manager’s to be well aware of all the motivation theories and their applications in real life scenarios. Motivation is generally considered a basic principal in running a successful business. To deliver this concept it delves into different motivational theories and shows the importance of these theories from managerial aspect. The paper begins with the history of motivation and its importance from organisational point of view, and then it explains various types of motivational theories which include Maslow’s Theory, Herzberg’s Dual Structure Theory etc. Finally it concludes by highlighting the importance of these theories in strengthening management skills. Importance of Motivational Theories Psychologists writing in 19th and early 20th centuries explained that human beings are basically automated to behave in certain ways, which depends upon behavioural cues to which they were exposed. As per motivation and leadership at Work (Steers, Porte, and Bigley, 1996), in earlier 20th century researchers started to look for other possibilities to account for difference in individual motivation. Some other researchers were trying to explain motivated...
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...Introduction BRIC is used in economics to refer to the combination of Brazil, Russia, India, and China which make up over 42% of the world's population. These nations are going to play a major role in the future of global economy. BRIC or BRICs are terms used in economics to refer to the combination of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. General consensus is that the term was first prominently used in a thesis of the Goldman Sachs investment bank. The main point of this 2003 paper was to argue that the economies of the BRICs are rapidly developing and by the year 2050 will eclipse most of the current richest countries of the world. Goldman Sachs argues that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India, and China is such that they may become among the four most dominant economies by the year 2050. The thesis was proposed by Jim O'Neill, global economist at Goldman Sachs. These countries are forecast to encompass over thirty-nine percent of the world's population. Goldman Sachs predicts China and India, respectively, to be the dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services while Brazil and Russia would become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. Cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers to India and China. Thus, the BRICs have the potential to form a powerful economic bloc to the exclusion of the modern-day G8 status. Brazil is dominant in...
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...the midst of change. No other time in history has the call for healthcare reform been so strong. It is the emergence of expensive new technologies with an aging population and a new call for equitable quality access of health services for all citizens that have pushed for the impending change. Successful managers will need to understand the impetus for this change. The challenges will provide many opportunities for a manager that is properly prepared to lead and guide their organization. Model trends in the United States. Historically, the United State’s healthcare system has been provider dominated. Physicians ordered and directed care without concern for cost or resources. While complex and ever-changing, the focus was on treatment of infectious diseases such as polio, influenza, small pox. (Shortell & Kaluzny, 2006) Our current model of healthcare places much of the responsibility and burden of the cost of medical care on the individual. American healthcare spending approaches 17% of our gross domestic product (GDP), the highest of any member of the World Health Organization. Our performance consistently underperforms in comparison to our peer nations in such measures as life expectancy, infant mortality and overall level of health. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2000) Though this has been the historical model in the United States, the model is under scrutiny and is undergoing reassessment and the season is ripe for reform due to changing expectations and demands...
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...government, the economy, and society based on their organizational resources. - Power is often a function of size and by almost any measure used, the world’s largest business enterprises are impressively big. -One way to get a sense of the economic power of the world’s largest companies is to compare them with nations -The size and global reach of major transnational corporations such as Walmart give them tremendous power. -We count on corporations for job creation; much of our community well-being; the standard of living we enjoy; the tax base for essential municipal, state, and national services; and our needs for banking and financial services, insurance, transportation, communication, utilities, entertainment, and growing proportion of health care. -Corporations not only dominate the traditional domains of product manufacture and service delivery. -The following well-known quotation, frequently appearing in journals for business executives challenges its readers to assume a responsible role for business in society: business has become… the most powerful institution on the planet. The dominant institution in any society needs to take responsibility for the whole… every decision that is made, every action that is taken, must be viewed in light of that kind of responsibility. -the tremendous power of the world’s leading corporations has both positive and negative effects. A big company may have definite advantages over a small one. It can command more resources, produce at a...
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...development of staff. This essay gives an idea of different organizational theories, management theories and styles, management styles and theories used in my organization and the changes that could make the organization better. Standardization is necessary for the modernization of organizational management research. ‘Reliability and consistency is essential in researching the investigational accuracy of beliefs in organizational management and is reflected by conflicts. (Donaldson, L., Qiu, J., & Luo, B. N. (2013)) 1. Describe various organizational theories. “Organizational theory explains the functions of an organization to produce appreciation and gratitude of organization. It is the study of organizational operation and performance and the conduct of groups and individuals working in them.” (Le Bach, P. (n.d).What Are Organizational Theories?) According to Oxford University Press, organizational theories are drawn from numerous forms of data, disciplines, and various outlooks, comprising modern as well as postmodern views. Various types of organizational theories include Classical organizational theory, neoclassical organizational theory, Contingency Theory, System Theory, and Organizational structure. 1. Classical organizational theory:...
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...Orientation - Freedom & Responsibility 11 Outcome Orientation - Context, not Control 12 Knowledge sharing - High Collaboration using technology 12 Risk Averse to Risk Taking 12 Innovation - Learn from mistakes (or near Mistakes) 13 Aggressiveness for duties, goals, and assignments 14 Culture & Climate Survey 15 Culture impact Business Performance 16 IBM Leadership Framework 16 Online References 17 Executive Summary Our charter is to determine culture at IBM & how it impacts business performance. Corporate culture is significant in that it “influences the behavior of everyone within an organization and, if carefully crafted, can have a significant positive effect on organizational success”. Louis Gerstner (2002) comments “I came to see, in my time at IBM, that culture isn’t just one aspect of the game-it is the game. In the end, an organization is nothing more than collective capacity of its people to create value. Vision, strategy, marketing, financial management- any management system, in fact- can set you on right path and carry you for a while. But no enterprise- whether business, government, health care or any area of human endeavor – will succeed over the long haul if those element aren’t part of its DNA.” The culture of the company can determine its effectiveness. The culture can have both an intangible aspect, like the organization’s ideologies, beliefs, shared norms and values; both a tangible aspect, like the ways members of an organization do tasks...
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...Great Man theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search [pic] [pic] Napoleon The Great Man Theory was a popular 19th century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of "great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or Machiavellianism utilized their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, and in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a decisive counter-argument that remained influential throughout the 20th century; Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetime.[1][2][3] |Contents | |[hide] | |1 Introduction | |2 Criticisms | |3 See also | |4 References | |5 External links | [pic][edit] Introduction Carlyle commented that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men," reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration.[4] In his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, Carlyle set out how he saw history as having turned on the decisions of "heroes", giving detailed analysis of the influence...
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...1. Introduction HSBC is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between Europe, India and China. In the early years of the 20th century, HSBC widened its activities in the East and became increasingly involved in the issuing of loans to national governments, especially in China, to finance modernisation and internal infrastructure projects such as railway building. In the later years of the 20th century HSBC moved from an important regional bank to one of the world's leading financial services organisations. In the 21st century, HSBC has renewed its focus on its birthplace, growing its business in China both organically and through a series of strategic partnerships. Nowadays, HSBC's international network comprises more than 6,200 offices in 74 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa,. ranks first in the Forbes 400 Top UK based companies in spite of its root from Asian, with deversified products and services, including advisory, financing, trading, sales, transaction banking, research and analysis. Unilever is an Anglo–Dutch multinational consumer goods company co-headquartered in London, England and Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Its products include food, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. It is the world's third-largest consumer goods company measured by 2012 revenue, after Procter &...
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