...PTC’07 Proceedings 4G MOBILE NETWORKS – TECHNOLOGY BEYOND 2.5G AND 3G Jun-seok Hwang*, Roy R. Consulta** & Hyun-young Yoon*** Seoul National University Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Based on the study, 4G mobile technology is in a determining and standardization stage. Although 4G wireless technology offers higher data rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further research and development. Since 4G is still in the cloud of the sensible standards creation, ITU and IEEE form several task forces to work on the possible completion for the 4G mobile standards as well. 3GPP LTE is an evolution standard from UMTS, and WiMAX is another candidate from IEEE. These technologies have different characteristics and try to meet 4G characteristics to become a leading technology in the future market. Under these circumstances, this paper will present about the current trends and its underlying technologies to implement the 4G mobile technology. This paper also shows some of the possible scenarios that will benefit the 4th generation technology. KEYWORDS 4G Mobile Technologies, 3GPP Long Term Evolution, WiMAX, WiBro, Software Defined Radio, Open Architecture 1. INTRODUCTION In a world of fast changing technology, there is a rising requirement for people to communicate and get connected with each other and have appropriate and timely access to information regardless of the location of the each individuals or the information. The increasing...
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...IS610 | 4G Wireless Cellular Technology | Need for Standardization | | Rohan Mammen | 11/22/2010 | | ABSTRACT Currently, the fourth generation cellular technology is in the early stages of determining of standardization. Although this new wireless technology seems to offer high data and roaming capabilities across different systems, all key aspects still need detailed understanding, further research and overall development. Currently this technology is in its infancy with respect to creating standards, and henceforth various organizations such the ITU and IEEE have formed several initiatives to create a suitable 4G mobile standards system. The development of 3GPP LTE from UMTS is as such an important step towards the evolution standard, and similarly so is WiMAX developed by IEEE. All of these technologies have unique characteristics while meeting 4G criteria and thus enabling it to become dominant force in the near future. This will indicate all the new trends and technologies needed to execute the next generation cellular mobile technology while showcasing possible scenarios that would benefit the new fourth generation technology. INTRODUCTION In a rapidly moving economy, there exists a fundamental need for communication and for this purpose, instantaneous access to information irrespective of time and location. This has led to increased customer demands for wireless network services which in turn have led to the need for a development from the fundamentals...
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...mobile telecommunications standard. For other uses, see 4G (disambiguation). [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and read the layout guide to make sure the section will be inclusive of all essential details. (March 2013) This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2013) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve this article to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2011) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. Consider associating this request with a WikiProject. (March 2013) 4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology succeeding 3G. A 4G system, in addition to usual voice and other services of 3G system, provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Even though 4G is a successor technology of 3G, there can be signification issues on 3G network to upgrade to 4G as many of them were not built on forward compatibility...
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...North South University Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science ETE 521 Assignment # 3 Name: MD. Rakibul Islam Monshy ID: 1131048556 a) No Ans: Define ILEC: An incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) is a local telephone company in the United States that was in existence at the time of the breakup of AT&T into the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), also known as the "Baby Bells." The ILEC is the former Bell System or Independent Telephone Company responsible for providing local telephone exchange services in a specified geographic area. GTE was the second largest ILEC after the Bells, but it has since been absorbed into Verizon, a RBOC. ILECs compete with competitive local exchange carriers (CLEC). When referring to the technical communities ILEC is often used just to mean a telephone provider. In Canada, the term ILEC refers to the original telephone companies such as Telus (BC Tel and AGT), SaskTel, Manitoba Telephone Systems (MTS Allstream), Bell Canada Enterprises and Aliant. ILEC, with respect to an area in the United States, is a local exchange carrier (LEC) that: On the date of enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, provided telephone exchange service in such area and on such date of enactment, was deemed to be a member of the exchange carrier association pursuant to the Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R) Title 47, section 69.601(b).Or is a person or...
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... 16 IV. Wireless Technology with Today’s Culture 20 V. Ethical Implications of Wireless Power 26 VI. Environmental Impact 30 VII. Bibliography 33 ABSTRACT: Wireless electricity is not a new idea, but it has recently become revitalized. This paper looks at the different facets of this invigorated technology. First, it talks about what wireless electricity is and the different approaches of producing it. The paper also talks about the history of wireless electricity and what social factors have motivated it to become invigorated. Next, the government involvement and political issues are talked about. Wireless electricity will also affect the economy so its economic impact is also a topic that is discussed. The psychological and sociological effects of wireless electricity will also be well-thought-out in the next section. The cultural background of this technology is studied and highlighted in American culture. Every technology needs to be examined in detail for its effect on the environment and wireless electricity is no different. The last section of this paper talks about the moral and ethical effects of wireless technology. Wireless Electricity: Explanation and History In the fast paced world of today, people's demands of their resources become greater with each passing moment. With the technology we employ for our constant “on the go” lifestyles, the need for a reliable source...
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...on September 16th, 1908 in Flint Michigan by William C. Durant as a holding company, or a wholly owned subsidiary for Buick. The company designs, manufactures, and distributes vehicles on all six major continents under 18 brand names. Some of their well-known brand names include Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, GMC, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, and JieFang. GM also operated the brand names of Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer until 2009. During this time, GM was emerging from chapter 11 bankruptcy as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, and decided to shed those brands for strategic reasons in order to compete with foreign emerging vehicle distributers in the market. In January 1912, the company decided to incorporate themselves under the GM brand name, and were the gold standard in the automobile industry for almost 80 years. From 1931-2007, GM successfully led global sales amongst every car manufacturer in the auto-manufacturing industry. Currently, the automobile industry is one of the most fierce industries in the market. Not only is GM competing with American car manufacturers such as Ford and Dodge, but also foreign companies such as Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai. II. Financial Statements (attached excel sheet) Anthony Brooks For: Professor Goncalves Corporate Finance FIN-325 Final Exam Paper 12/3/2014 III. Financial Ratios Liquidity: Current Ratio: 1.31 Quick Ratio: 1.08 Cash Ratio: .48 The Current Ratio of 1.31 means that GM has more assets than liabilities. The...
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...Project in Data Communication Helen Grace A. Fernandez 201011542 February 9, 2011 Contents 1 Reaction to the Game 2 Description of Hardware 2.1 First Generation . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 1G Base Station . . . . . 2.1.2 Copper Node . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Coax Node . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Optical Node . . . . . . . 2.1.5 20 RAS 5850s . . . . . . . 2.1.6 WAN Switch IGX MGX 2.1.7 WAN Switch BPX . . . . 2.1.8 Router 7200 . . . . . . . . 2.1.9 Router 7500 . . . . . . . . 2.1.10 ONS 15454 . . . . . . . . 2.1.11 Mobile Switch MSC . . . 2.1.12 Cable Headend Analog . 2.1.13 Cable Headend Digital . 2.1.14 Telephone Switch . . . . 2.1.15 Second Generation . . . . 2.1.16 50 WiFi Base Stations . 2.1.17 25 MSPPs . . . . . . . . . 2.1.18 10 CMTS UBRs . . . . . 2.1.19 50 DSLAMs . . . . . . . . 2.1.20 25 MWRs . . . . . . . . . 2.1.21 20 Cat2000 Switches . . 2.1.22 Router 7600 . . . . . . . . 2.1.23 Router 10000 . . . . . . . 2.1.24 Router 12000 . . . . . . . 1 8 10 10 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...wireless industry. TM T-Mobile 2012 Annual Report 3 Building the Foundation In 2012, MetroPCS and T-Mobile built the foundations to become the Un-carrierTM in 2013. Each company made good progress across what are now the combined company’s five strategic priorities — the building blocks that enable us to bring consumers exciting new choices while delivering an exceptional experience. Here are notable 2012 highlights: Amazing 4G Services Increased Spectrum – T-Mobile increased its spectrum holdings in the top 100 metropolitan areas by nearly 20%. This includes spectrum secured as part of the AT&T deal breakup, as well as spectrum obtained through commercial deals with Verizon and Leap. Enhanced Network Experience – T-Mobile launched a three-year $4 billion network modernization investment program, ending 2012 with approximately 9,400 modernized sites; MetroPCS ended the year with 2.2 million customers and 26% of its base on LTE. Value Leader Launched Unlimited 4G Data – MetroPCS launched 4G LTE for All TM and T-Mobile introduced Unlimited Nationwide 4G Data. Secured the iPhone® – In December, T-Mobile announced that the iPhone would be available to T-Mobile customers in 2013. Accelerated Prepaid Growth – Combined, T-Mobile and MetroPCS achieved a total of 547,000 branded prepaid net customer additions. Trusted Brand Improved Customer Service – MetroPCS was ranked #1 by J.D. Power and Associates for customer service satisfaction among prepaid carriers, and T-Mobile remodeled...
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...Cellular Technology and Society Today , Political & Economic ., Health, Psychological & Sociological , Cellular Technology & History , Moral & Sociological DeVry University LAS432 Society, Ethics, and Technology Abstract The following paper will discuss the psychological and sociological impact of cellular technology. Cellular technology has seen rapid growth in technology and in personal use. Texting has now become the dominant means of communication and actual conversation skills are diminishing. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from cellular devices has become a concern and is being studied from many various angles to determine actual health risks from cell phone use. Whether it is for personal or business use, the cell phone has become a permanent fixture in our lives, could have potential health risks, and can become an addiction if necessary steps are not taken to control use and dependency. Cellular Technology and Society Today At any store they are visible. They have their hand plastered to their ear or they are seemingly talking to no one. These are the cellphone users. Hayley Tsukayama, a writer for the Washington post asserts that according to the Pew Internet and Life Project only seventeen percent of Americans still have a land line and ninety percent own a cellphone. (Tsukayama, 2014) The largest contributor to this trend is convenience. Most cellular devices are small and easily portable, allowing the user to move around freely...
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...Giving life to thought Sri Lanka Telecom PLC Annual Report 2014 Welcome to Sri Lanka Telecom PLC Annual Report 2014 Our Vision All Sri Lankans seamlessly connected with world-class information, communication and entertainment services. Our Mission Your trusted and proven partner for innovative and exciting communication experiences delivered with passion, quality and commitment. Contents SLT at a glance 02 SLT’s year at a glance 05 About this report 07 Letter from the Group Chairman 08 Letter from the Group Chief Executive Officer 10 Board of Directors 12 Leadership team 18 Corporate governance 23 Risk management 34 Management discussion and analysis 38 Financial reports Annual Report of the Board of Directors on the affairs of the Company 86 Statement of Directors in relation to their responsibility for the preparation of financial statements 93 Audit committee report 94 Independent auditors’ report 97 Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income 98 Statement of financial position 99 Statement of changes in equity - Group 100 Statement of changes in equity - Company 101 Statement of cash flows 102 Notes to the financial statements 103 Ten year progress - Group 150 Value added statement 151 Investor relations 152 Portfolio of lands 154 Milestones 157 GRI index 158 Abbreviations 161 Notice of meeting 162 Form of proxy Enclosed Corporate information Inner back cover Sri Lanka Telecom...
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...ericsson Ericsson is a driving force behind the Networked Society – a world leader in communications technology and services. The Company’s long-term relationships with every major telecom operator in the world allow people, businesses and societies to fulfill their potential and create a more sustainable future. Ericsson’s services, software and infrastructure – especially in mobility, broadband and the cloud – are enabling the telecom industry and other sectors to do better business, increase efficiency, improve the user experience and capture new opportunities. With more than 115,000 professionals and customers in more than 180 countries, Ericsson ombines global c scale with tech ology and services leadership. Investments in research and development ensure that Ericsson’s n solutions – and its customers – stay in the forefront. The Company provides support for networks with more than 2.5 billion subscribers. Approxmately 40% of the world’s mobile traffic is carried through etworks delivered by i n Ericsson. Founded in 1876, Ericsson has its headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden. The Ericsson share is listed on Nasdaq Stockholm and NASDAQ New York. Cover photo: Myanmar, a country undergoing democratic and social reform, has one of world’s lowest levels of mobile broadband p enetration. ICT can play a huge role in boosting socio-economic development. In 2014, Ericsson began serving customers in Myanmar, and also joined the UK Department for International Development...
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...revenue for the first 5 years of this plan are presented in the charts and tables later in this plan We still need to do. These figures represent the key prospects available for public Wi-Fi Service in Brazil. These targets are attainable through a proactive approach and by partnering with the 2014 Brazil Soccer World Cup organizing comity. The following business plan has been created on the basis of extensive market research which showed that there will be an massive demand for public internet services. With Brazil’s mountainous topography and dense popupated landscape it is almost impossible to cover large areas with GSM masts. Therefore it is economically viable to rollout smaller areas with local Wi-Fi access. Consumers demand high speed internet connectivity which technologies like 802.11 b and n will give them. There are multiple other benefits going with Wi-Fi rather than GSM. One such benefit is that the consumer can experience speed greater than 50mb/s without having to own a 4G LTE device. Wi-Fi is much cheaper to roleout than the latest 4G LTE GSM service. The plan highlight that this service will be launched and fully operational ready for 2014 for the FIFA Soccer World Cup in Brazil. All ticket holders will get a free 10mb voucher which one could redeemed from any Wi-Fi Access point, at which point they can choose to become a subscriber to the ongoing paid service. The target market...
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...Executive summary This term paper is prepared on the telecommunication sector of Bangladesh. Telecom sector of Bangladesh is a very fast growing and dynamic sector. This sector marked its inception in 1989. In this report we have analyzed the history, the value chain activities, the competitive forces, mobile network portability, and national telecom policy etc. We have conducted the risk analysis of the industry in terms of different analysis tools that is SWOT, PESTEL etc. We have covered in and out of the industry in the part A of our report. In part B, we have analyzed the industry players. We have done TTF of our respective company that we have chosen. Then in part C, we have written the case of the respective company that the group members have chosen. Bangladesh’s mobile phone market has achieved exceptional growth since the beginning of 2004, registering a massive 100% growth in its subscriber base during 2004, and 137% during 2005. In recent year of 2012, 15% has been observed in the industry. This trend is forecast to continue over the coming years as the 3G will further boost up the pace of subscribers’ acquisition Many foreign investors are now interested to do business in telecom sector in Bangladesh which reveals that Bangladesh has become a significant hub for telecoms. It has been forecasted that the average revenue from telecoms sector will be Tk 2500 crore a year. Bangladesh is a country which is densely populated and also is a flat and easily extends able...
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...Wiki Loves Monuments: Photograph a monument, help Wikipedia and win! Mobile phone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Cell Phone" redirects here. For the film, see Cell Phone (film). For the Handphone film, see Handphone (film). The Qualcomm QCP-2700, a mid-1990s candybar style phone, and an iPhone 4S, a current production smartphone. A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg). [1] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 5.6 billion, penetrating about 70% of the...
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...1 Innovation in Africa: A View from the Peaks and Hilltops of a Spiky Continent* By David A. Wernick, Florida International University College of Business *From the forthcoming book Innovation in Emerging Markets, edited by J. Haar and R. Ernst (Palgrave, 2016). Please do not circulate or quote without consent of author. ABSTRACT: There is growing interest among scholars and practitioners in African innovation. Some contend that the continent's recent economic boom is largely a homegrown phenomenon, driven primarily by indigenous entrepreneurs developing local content for continental consumers. But is this true? To what extent is Africa's impressive economic performance in recent years the result of internal dynamics and which actors and institutions are most responsible? This chapter examines the state of innovation across the African continent, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. The authors identify key facilitators of innovation in the private, public, and non-profit sectors, as well as obstacles to the continent’s continuing innovation-led economic expansion. I. Introduction In a widely read 2005 article in the Atlantic Monthly, author Richard Florida argued that with respect to innovation, the world is anything but flat. Given the way that creative talent, technical expertise, and financial capital tend to cluster in a handful of hubs or “peaks” around the world – places such as New York, San Francisco, London, Berlin, and Tokyo – the world’s...
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