...Current trends in maritime shipping today and the latest Issues faced by shipping industry Contents Page Introduction 2 Trends • Containerization 2-3 • Green Logistics 3-4 • Intermodalism 4-6 • Freight rate 6-7 • Tanker (ship) 7-9 Issues • Piracy 10-11 • Pollution 12-13 • Bunker fuel price increase 13-14 • Shortage of container 15-16 ...
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...IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES ON THE GROWTH OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY Submitted by: Kriti Bhardwaj Date: 1st December, 2010 1 ABSTRACT The most contentious global debate today is the obligations of the developed and the developing countries to take steps to reduce their carbon footprint. Though climate change is a danger for all countries-developed and developing alike, the quantum of responsibility for mitigating climate change is a debatable issue. There is a perceived divide between the obligations of the two worlds in which our planet is divided. The source of virtually all past emissions i.e. the developed world has a greater responsibility to take steps to reduce their carbon emissions substantially and help in stabilizing the environment which they disturbed to a large extent. This is the reason why they are subjected to binding targets of reducing their emissions by a set amount in all international agreements. However, the developing world is gearing towards development at a very fast pace and all development and industrialization pre-supposes the need of higher emissions. Due to this, the emission levels of this part of the world are bound to increase even more rapidly. Mitigating climate change in developing countries poses a fundamental challenge. For developing nations as a whole...
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...east-central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. At 1,565,000 square kilometres (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the 19th largest and one of the most sparsely populated independent countries in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south.Lifestyle is nomadic civilization up to now in the classic form but more than a half of its population live in cities. A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of temperature inversion (temperature increases with altitude)....
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...that warming (Haldar, 2014). In this context, there is going to be an analysis of the main contributors to global warming in the modern day. Major Pollutants Causing Global Warming Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel The global population has become addicted to the use of electricity both at the domestic and the industrial level. The society has become over-reliant on electricity as a source of energy to a level where the government and private firms have had their commitments when it comes to massive production and consumption of electricity. The society’s increasing addition to electricity from coal-burning power plants has been responsible for the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Increased releases of carbon dioxide via this mechanism is going to help in the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere thus exposing the world to increased global warming that is going to facilitate climatic changes that are fatal for the future generations of human and other organisms. The energy sectors of both the leading and emerging nations are the major players in enhancing the burning of coal to produce electricity. Unoja, Dibua & Enete (2011) observe that the increased overreliance on electricity as the source of energy that is used to power machines and gadgets at both the domestic and commercial levels is piling pressure on the...
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...Global Warming: Eye Opening Facts that it is Refutably upon Us Terrie M. Hornbeck Buena Vista University Author Note Prepared for: Laura Brahn’s Globalism Seminar Abstract In recent years, scientists noticed that the average temperature of the Earth was increasing and looked for causes for the change. It is clear that the Earth has had changes in its average temperature many times in the geologic past before humans were present (Enger & Smith, 2013). Therefore, scientists initially tried to determine if the warming was a natural phenomenon or the result of human activity. Several gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide are known as greenhouse gases because they let sunlight enter the atmosphere but slow the loss of heat from the Earth’s surface. Evidence of past climate change going back as far as 160,000 years indicates a close correlation between the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global temperatures. Computer simulations of climate indicate that global temperatures will rise as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, and there are many others effects predicted by an increase in temperature. Since these predictions are based on computer models of climate, some scientists criticized them as being inaccurate and constructed from sketchy data. Because major disagreements arose over the significance of global warming, the United Nations Environment Programme established an Intergovernmental...
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...Bio-fuels: a debatable topic A warm welcome to respected dignitaries and all the participants who are present here today, My name is Swaroop. I’m pursuing M.Sc (ag) extension. I remember that my grandfather used to quote “well done is better than well said” a statement given by Benjamin franklin. Biofuels are they as green as they claim to be? It is well said -yes this fuel has a component of BIO, but is biofuel well doing in meeting all its requirements? Hmm…a debatable topic. As context of my argument, I strongly argue that they are not eco-friendly-when completely relied upon. So what are Biofuels? A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. This biofuels are 1St and 2nd generation. 1st generation conatins ethanol, biodiesel, vegetable oil mostly. The second generation biofuels are mostly made from the lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste. Taking a brisk turn towards my argument, There are various...
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...good mass transit systems, like Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore, showed a higher 60 50 40 30 20 10 Congestion is an outcome of twin factors, (a) growth in number of vehicles on road, (b) limitations to expansion of road space. Views expressed in the chapter are of the author. Cy cle s 2wh ee ler s IP T C Ca rs Sl ow t Fa s ns po B lic Tr a Congestion Pu b ISSUES IN URBAN TRANSPORT IN INDIA IP T rt 0 W alk T he burgeoning urban population of India is engaging in a variety of economic activities in rapidly expanding cities, which are, therefore, encountering fast escalations in urban travel demand. A variety of transport modes, such as, walking, cycling, two-wheelers, para-transit, public transport, cars, etc. are used to meet these travel needs. Travel demand is determined by a number of factors, the primary one being the size of the population. Other determinants include: average number of journeys performed by a resident each day (per capita trips) and the average length of each such journey (trip length). Travel demand has, thus, grown faster than the population because it is a function of both the rising number of trips undertaken by the incremental population as well as increased trip lengths necessitated by expanded city size....
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...Fossil fuel costs are soaring. Natural Resources are being consumed at an alarming rate (EPA, Watersense). Last summer the State of Georgia almost ran out of drinking water. Here in Chicago most suburbs are on an odd-even watering program all summer. Global warming has become a concern for most people in the world. Landfills are filling up quickly. Environmental concerns are plaguing the planet. Until new energy resources are found and implemented there is only one answer, Green building. What is Green building? In simple terms it is the practice of constructing buildings and homes with more efficiency and to create less of an impact on our resources and our environment. Governments throughout the world are becoming more involved with their ecosystems and establishing guidelines for businesses and industry to follow. By adopting the strategies of Green building we can make the world a cleaner and healthier place to live. Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency of buildings and their use of energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment through better design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolition (EPA, Green building). Whereas a good design is important in Green building, the actual operation and maintenance of a building has a huge impact on human health. It has become so important that building councils and rating systems have been established by the United States and across the world. Green...
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...GLOBAL WARMING: Energy, Fall 2005 v30 i4 p36(2) It could get a lot warmer. (GLOBAL WARMING) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Business Communications Company, Inc. If humans continue to use fossil fuels in a business as usual manner for the next few centuries, the polar ice caps will be depleted, ocean sea levels will rise by seven meters and median air temperatures will soar to 14.5 degrees warmer than current day. These are the stunning results of climate and carbon cycle model simulations conducted by scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By using a coupled climate and carbon cycle model to look at global climate and carbon cycle changes, the scientists found that the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.5 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300. The jump in temperature would have alarming consequences for the polar ice caps and the ocean, said lead author Govindasamy Bala of the Laboratory's Energy and Environment Directorate. In the polar regions alone, the temperature would spike more than 20 degrees Celsius, forcing the land in the region to change from ice and tundra to boreal forests. "The temperature estimate is actually conservative because the model didn't take into consideration changing land use such as deforestation and build-out of cities into outlying wilderness areas," Bala said. Today's level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 380 parts per million (ppm). By the year 2300, the model...
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...Branches of Higher Education Erach Bharucha for University Grants Commission Natural Resources i Preliminary Pages.p65 1 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Credits Principal author and editor – Erach Bharucha Unit 1 – Erach Bharucha Unit 2 – Erach Bharucha, Behafrid Patel Unit 3 – Erach Bharucha Unit 4 – Erach Bharucha Unit 5 – Shamita Kumar Unit 6 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 7 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 8 – Erach Bharucha, Shambhvi Joshi Case Studies – Prasanna Kolte Co-ordination and compilation – Behafrid Patel Textbook Design – Narendra Kulkarni (Mudra), Sushma Durve Manuscript review and editing – Chinmaya Dunster, Behafrid Patel Artists – Sushma Durve and Anagha Deshpande CD ROM – Jaya Rai and Prasanna Kolte © Copyright Text – Erach Bharucha/ UGC, 2004. Photographs – Erach Bharucha Drawings – Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research All rights reserved. Distributed by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 2004. ii Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses Preliminary Pages.p65 2 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Vision The importance of Environmental Studies cannot be disputed. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of mankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss of forest, solid waste disposal, issues related to economic productivity and national as well as ecological security. The increasing levels of global...
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...unit 1 Water cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go. Contents Description The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Water evaporates as vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds. Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over land as snowmelt. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers. Much of it soaks...
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...ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DELHI METRO TERM PAPER REPORT Submitted in partial fullfilment of the requiremnt for the degree of Msc. Environment Management By DHRUV VERMA UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: H.B. VASHISHT SCIENTIST -E FOREST ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT DIVISION Forest Research Institute (Deemed) University Dehradun-248006, India CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the term paper work entitled “ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DELHI METRO PHASE III” is a bonafide work carried out by DHRUV VERMA, student of first semester M.Sc. Environment Management course of Forest Research Institute University, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for M.Sc. Environment Management, 2011-2013. The work has been carried out under the guidance of Mr. H.B. Vashisht, Scientist- E, Forest Ecology and Environment Division , ICFRE, Dehradun. Place: DEHRADUN Dean (Academic) Date: Forest Research Institute (deemed) University CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the term paper work entitled ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DELHI METRO PHASE III is a bonafide work carried out under my guidance by DHRUV VERMA, student of first semester M.Sc. Environment Management course of Forest Research Institute...
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...its path to development. The report, that was released by Dr. Prodipto Ghosh, Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests, at a national-level workshop in New Delhi, says that owing to high population density, India’s rapidly growing economy will put unprecedented pressures on its environment and natural resources – land, water, air, soil, and forests. These pressures are projected to become the highest in the world by 2020. Environmental Sustainability is likely to become the next great challenge along India’s development path. Environmental institutions are improving. Impressive environmental awakening and good practice initiatives by various companies are taking place. The priority is to scale up these good practices across the country and reverse/improve environmental outcomes. The policy needs to be integrated into the set of parameters or guideposts any printer uses to make decisions on products it will manufacture, technology that will be used for production, and all supporting activities such as maintenance, transportation, energy, etc. sustainability has become a term that encompasses ecological and environmental goals to help mitigate a broad spectrum of scientific, social, and political issues. Sustainability implies the ability to operate in a way...
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...of economic growth have escalated and are causing concern not only within China itself but also globally. China has suffered severe ecological destruction and serious environmental problems which threaten both its economy and the health of its people. Apart from air and water pollution, unprecedented growth in household and industrial waste, loss of biodiversity, felling of rain rainforests and overfishing has occurred. On a global level, China’s air pollution levels have contributed substantially to the negative effects of climate change. China’s rapid growth has been accelerated through its membership of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’)3 and policies of trade liberalisation. Foreign investment has escalated due to preferential tax treatment and the relaxation of bureaucratic obstacles which in the past had slowed down the process of getting projects up and running. Special Economic Zones (‘SEZs’) set up in coastal provinces in order to encourage foreign investment because of easy access to port facilities have proven to be highly attractive to foreign investors. SEZs offer special incentives such as lower taxes, tax holidays, local tax reductions and greater independence in international trade activities. Today there are many such zones...
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...Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural energy services. Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our global energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets...
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