...guidelines in the event something of bad product being introduced to the public. 2. Describe the proposal/change. The proposal increases the fee for business who wants their dairy plants inspected against USDA inspections and grading services. These fees were last adjusted in 2006. According to the regulation, “despite the adoption of technologies that have improved services, additional changes in operations that enhanced efficiencies, and reduced employee numbers, increases in salaries, technology investments, and general inflation have more than offset savings resulting in the need to increase fees.” The proposed increase will be 15 percent for fiscal year 2013 and 5 percent for fiscal year 2014. The two-part incremental fee increase consisting of 15 percent begins in February 2013 and the additional 5 percent in October 2013. According to the proposal the increase would be $ 0.0004 per pound of graded products for business who used the services. The Department has...
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...Course Schedule Course Schedule of Assignments Overview Session | Topic | Assignments | 1 | The Manager as a Systems Thinker | Discussion Activity 1 | 2 | The Manager as a Critical Thinker | Individual Paper 1 | 3 | Legal and Ethical Environment of Business: The Manager as an Ethical Decision Maker | Discussion Activity 2 | 3 | Team Work Plan | Team assignment | 4 | Organization Theory and Design | Discussion Activity 3 | 5 | Organization Theory and Design in the Global Environment | Team Project 1Individual Matching Exercise | 6 | Legal Environment: Courts, Alternative Dispute Resolution, and Agency | Discussion Activity 4 | 7 | Critical Thinking in the Legal Environment: Torts and Products Liability | Individual Paper 2 Discussion Activity 5 | 8 | Legal Environment: Contracts and Forms of Business Organizations | Discussion Activity 6 | 9 | Knowledge Integration | Take-home Final | 10 | Corporate Social Responsibility in a Global and Technological Environment | Team Project 2 | Assignment Details Session | Module/Topics Readings/Assignments | 1 | The Manager as a Systems ThinkerObjective 1: Apply models of critical thinking and systems thinking to address complex organizational issues.Objective 2: Reflect on seminar assignments and relate the skills and knowledge gained to personal and professional goalsCompetency : Systems Thinking | Read the following articles which you can find and download from the UMUC library...
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...‘The Law of Contract confines itself to the enforcement of voluntarily created civil obligations’-illustrate and explain. Rifatul Ahsan Yasdany ID: 102 0273 030 Law 200 Section-09 Date: 22-02-2013 Declaration i. The topic referred to in this assignment has not been submitted for another degree or qualification of this or any other University or other Educational Institution. And ii. The ownership of any Intellectual property rights, which may be described in this paper, is vested in the North South University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permissions of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. Title: ‘The Law of Contract confines itself to the enforcement of voluntarily created civil obligations’-illustrate and explain. ABSTRACT This essay attempts to focus on the scope of the law of contract in relation to its enforcement capability of voluntarily created civil obligation. In an attempt to do so, the basic elements of the law of contract were discussed. Then attention was directed to civil obligation. Various interpretation of the civil law or obligation revealed its voluntary nature. Then in an attempt to create a link between the law of contract and civil obligation, both the concepts were related and it was found out that contract law did indeed enforce voluntary civil obligations. Finally, this view was countered...
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...Punishment entails the intentional infliction of pain or some type of deprivation in an institutionalized form that individuals would generally prefer to avoid. This requires justification to be morally acceptable. Attempts to provide justification for infliction of punishment are made by various punishment theories. Punishment theories generally can be separated into a handful of philosophical camps—consequentialist theories, non-consequentialist theories, and mixed (or hybrid) theories that contain both consequentialist and non-consequentialist elements. What distinguishes these theories is their focus and goals: Consequentialist theories are forward-looking, concerned with the future consequences of punishment; non-consequentialist theories are backward-looking, interested solely in past acts and mental states; and mixed theories are both forward- and backward-looking, with each hybrid placing a different emphasis on culpable past conduct versus future consequences. The present paper will briefly examine the two dominant consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories of criminal punishment–utilitarianism and retributivism, respectively–as well as leading hybrid theories. In between using the utilitarian and Kantian arguments fallacy of death penalty has also been explored. Research Methodology Aims and objectives: Present paper attempts to sketch the significance of two seemingly opposing justifications of punishment....
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...Legal principles governing documentary credits One of the primary peculiarities of the documentary credit is that the payment obligation is abstract and independent from the underlying contract of sale or any other contract in the transaction. Thus the bank’s obligation is defined by the terms of the credit alone, and the sale contract is irrelevant. The defensive of the buyer arising out of the sale contract do not concern the bank and in no way affect its liability.[3] Article 4(a) UCP states this principle clearly. Article 5 the UCP further states that banks deal with documents only, they are not concerned with the goods (facts). Accordingly, if the documents tendered by the beneficiary, or his or her agent, appear to be in order, then in general the bank is obliged to pay without further qualifications. Policies behind adopting the abstraction principle are purely commercial, and reflect a party’s expectations: first, if the responsibility for the validity of documents was thrown onto banks, they would be burdened with investigating the underlying facts of each transaction, and would thus be less inclined to issue documentary credits as the transaction would involve great risk and inconvenience. Second, documents required under the credit could in certain circumstances be different from those required under the sale transaction. This would place banks in a dilemma in deciding which terms to follow if required to look behind the credit agreement. Third, the fact that the...
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...Assignment 1: Crime Theories Professor George CIS 170 Information Technology in Criminology May 5, 2014 Control theory can be as major theories of crime developed by Hirschi, Reckless, Gottfredson, Hagan, etc. According to them, everyone desires to commit crimes. Instead of asking why people commit crimes, the well-known question they ask is ‘why people do not commit crimes?' There, the lack of control is the main reason of encouraging people to commit crimes. This can be done not only because of the lack of social bonds and laws, but also because of the lack of self-control. "Exposure to control also might differ by social location and the historical period, such as the changing level and control given to males and females." (Cullen and Agnew, 2002) Crime can be known, as an act done in violation of those duties, which are individual, owes to the community, and for the breach of which the law has provided with a punishment. Anyhow, though the criminal law of the country had not recognized some behaviors as crimes, some behaviors extremely harm the peaceful continuance of the society. Thus, "today, however, despite popular belief is to the contrary, the proportion of criminal law in regard to the totality of the legal system has shrunk dramatically." (Weeramantry, 2009) Because of that, Digital crime, which can be considered as such a crime was recognized and included as a separate crime. With the development of information and communication technology, in twenty first...
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...First Year LLM Degree Program Syllabus Semester I Paper - I Legal Theory - I Paper - II Constitutional Law - I Paper - III Research Methodology Semester II Paper - I Legal Theory - II Paper - II Constitutional Law - II Paper - III Law and Social Change ~YllabUS for tbe LL.M. Programme Note: The topic title of the syllabus is merely indicative. In order to keep up with the recent developments in law and the development of various concepts and ideologies, the subject faculty will supply detailed syllabus during the course of the scheme. The subject faculty will also supply the seminar topics for each student for each semester separately. The student should ensure that they are allotted the seminar topics in each of the subjects at the beginning of the semester itself. LEGAL THEORY I 1. Nature of jurisprudence 2. Meaning of Law 3. Natural Law theories 4. Classical Positivism 5. Pure Theory of Law 6. Analytical School of Law 7. Sociological School of Law 8. American Realism 9. Scandinavian Realism 10. Historical and Anthropological Jurisprudence 11. Marxist Theories of Law and State 12. Feminist Jurisprudence 13. Postmodernist Jurisprudence 12 SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Lloyd's introduction to jurisprudence 2. Jurisprudence by Dias 3. Jurisprudence by Mahajan 4. Jurisprudence by Bodenheimer 5. Jurisprudence by Wayne Morrison 6. Concept of Law H.L.A. Hart 7. Social Dimension of law by Julius Stone 8. Law in the Changing Society by Friedman 9. Law...
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...chimpanzees every day. Chimps often die as a result of the testing being performed. Chimpanzees are becoming more endangered both in the wild and in captivity. While this proposed regulation has no direct effect on my current business, there would be indirect effects relating to the laboratory experiments or lack thereof. If laboratories were unable to use chimpanzees to test medications and make up for example, there could be a decrease in the production of these products. A decrease of production in these products could result in higher costs for the consumer. 2. Describe the proposal/change. (10 points) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife propose that all chimpanzees, both wild and in captivity, be placed on the endangered species list. After a 5 year review of the species, it has been determined that there should be no distinction between wild and captive chimps under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. This proposal serves as an amendment to an original proposal entered in 1988, to have chimpanzees added to the endangered species list, but the original proposal excluded chimpanzees in captivity. The current proposal will now include all chimps without regard to being in the wild or being held in captivity. 3. Write the public comment...
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...True/False 1. Walmart has been called a “template for 21st century capitalism.” Answer: F Page: 3 2. A business is any organization that is engaged in making a product or providing a service for a profit. Answer: T Page: 4 3. Businesses and society are independent of one another. Answer: F Page: 4 4. The stakeholder theory of the firm argues that a firm’s sole purpose is to create value for its shareholders. Answer: F Page: 6 5. The instrumental argument for the stakeholder theory of the firm says that companies perform better if they consider the rights and concerns of multiple groups in society. Answer: T Page: 6 6. The normative argument for the stakeholder theory of the firm says that the stakeholder view is simply a more realistic description of how companies really work. Answer: F Page: 7 7. Nonmarket stakeholders are those that engage in economic transactions with the company as it carries out its primary purpose of providing society with goods and services. Answer: F Page: 8 8. Market stakeholders include nongovernmental organizations and the media. Answer: F Page: 8 9. Government can be considered both a market and nonmarket stakeholder. Answer: T Page: 10 10. The interests of different stakeholders often coincide. Answer: T Page: 14 11. Stakeholders involved with one part of a company often may have little or no involvement with another part of the company. Answer: T Page: 15 12. Some scholars have suggested...
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...July 18, 2010 Professional Ethics Paper The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationships between legal and ethical issues, identify personal values and professional ethics, examine ethical theories and principles, and apply these to current practice examples. Nurses face an ever-growing complexity within their practice as professionals. Understanding the relationship between legal and ethical issues and how to apply that understanding to every day practice is paramount for today’s professional nurse. This paper will further explore these ethical theories and principles while discussing how personal values affect an individual’s nursing practice. The Relationship Between Legal and Ethical Issues Nurses, as with any job, face challenges in order to accomplish the tasks of their role. This is one of the reasons that it is important to have a description that serves as guidance as to how the role is to be accomplished. Without such guidelines, it is likely that there will be a breach of established rules along the way to performing duties and accomplishing the job duties. In situations where one person exercises authority over another, there are important guidelines that define relationship between the two parties. Legal and ethical principles define how a job is to be carried out and how individuals are to relate to one another. Legal and professional ethics define the liability of the person that is entrusted with accomplishing a certain task. They...
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...INTRODUCTION LAW FOUNDATION LAW AND … 1. LOGIC 2. SCIENCE 3. THEORY 4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS LAW FOUNDATION Critical = informed and logical Responsible = social equity Creative = independent and considered Interrelations -- with other disciplines and institutions Historical, philosophical, economic, political and social context == acquaintance with historical development of theory Contemporary social issues: · Terrorism · Refugees · Crime and punishment Historical context John Locke? Karl Marx? LOGIC What is wrong with this statement? In the war on terror, you are either with us or against us Which of the following is sound? All men have hair I have hair Therefore I am a man All men have hair I am a man Therefore I have hair Logic definitions Logic = science that evaluates arguments Argument = group of statements, with premises claimed to support conclusions [also inference] Statement = sentence that is either true or false [also proposition] Premise = statement setting forth reasons or evidence Conclusion = statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply Arguments and non-arguments Arguments must have a factual claim and an inferential claim. The following are not arguments: · warnings or advice · belief or opinion · loosely associated statements · factual reports · explanations · illustrations · conditional statements Deduction and induction ...
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...Law of Torts 1. Discharge of torts 2. Remedies in tort 3. Nuisance 4. Liability – absolute and vicarious 5. The case of Ashby v White 6. Explain tort-similarities & differences with crime and contract 7. Who can’t sue and who can’t be sued 8. Defenses in tort 9. Damages and its kinds 10. Negligence 11. Defamation Easement 1. Easement through prescription, custom and grant 2. Termination of easement 3. Easement and its kinds Islamic Jurisprudence 1. Sources of Islamic law 2. Punishments in Islam 3. Witness in Islam 4. Theory of abrogation 5. Schools of thought 6. Public and private rights 7. Contract in Islam 8. Legal capacity 9. Jehad 10. SURA 11. Ownership 12. Sources of revenue 13. Sovereignty and concept of a state in Islam English Jurisprudence 1. Jurisprudence – its kinds 2. Imperative theory of law 3. Ownership 4. Legal capacity 5. Sources of law 6. Territorial nature of law 7. Administration of justice 8. Possession 9. Strict liability 10. Vicarious liability 11. Define law. Explain advantages, disadvantages of fixed rule of law 12. Question of law and fact and mixed question of law and fact 13. Classification of civil law 14. Evidence 15. Theories of punishments Criminal Law PPC 1. Private defense 2. Kinds of punishments 3. Abetment 4. Robbery and dacoity and extortion 5. Trespass 6. Riot and affray 7. Qatl 8. Defamation 9. Unlawful assembly 10. Hurt 11. Common intention/object ...
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...lecturer Mrs. Kanchana Liyanapathirana for the excellent support and guidance given to me in completing this assgiment successfully within the given period of time. I also would like to thank her for showing us some example that related to the questions of our assignment. The encouragement & cooperation given are always remarkable. Thank you! Executive Summary Table of contents Table of Contents Acknowledgement. 3 Executive Summary 4 Table of contents 5 Table of Figures 5 Task 01 6 1.1 Essential Elements of a Contractual Document. 6 1.2 Different Types of Contracts in the Business Field 9 1.3 Contractual Terms 10 Task 02. 11 2.1 Postal Rule 11 Reference 12 Table of Figures Figure 1 Employment contract document 8 Task 01 1.1 Essential Elements of a Contractual Document. A valid contract has the following elements. All of are required for a valid contract. 1. A valid offer and acceptance 2. Consideration 3. Legal relationship 4. Capacity of parties to contract 5. Writing and Registration if so required by law An agreement must contain four essential elements to be regarded as a contract. If any one of them is missing, the agreement will not be legally binding. 1. Offer:- There must be a definite, clearly stated offer to do something. An offer will...
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...MGMT 520- Legal, Political, and Ethical Dimensions of Business Keller Graduate School of Management May 15, 2014 I choose “Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Coverage for Certain Intermittent Employees”. The Office of Personnel Management controls this proposed regulation. I am pursuing my MBA with a concentration in accounting, but my second choice would have been HealthCare management so by choosing this regulation I will have a better understanding of the type of regulations currently in place or being proposed. At this time the regulation proposed does not have a direct impact on myself, nor the business I am in. I have attached a copy of the proposed regulation at then end of this assignment. The Office of Personnel Management is proposing to temporary adjust the Federal Employee Health Benefits Program regulations to make sure employees who work sporadic schedules are eligible to be enrolled in a health benefits under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP). The Office of Personnel Management intentions on proposing this regulation is to allow agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency also known as FEMA to apply to OPM for “authorization to offer FEHBP coverage to intermittent employees engaged in emergency response functions.” The Office of Personnel Management is proposing to provide health coverage to those who work as temps/part time in emergency response functions. This proposal should...
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...Corporate social responsibility and minimum legal expectation Over the last few decades, the issues of corporate social responsibility have become the focus of society. Especially after many company scandals emerged (such as Enron and Libor scandals), the public are more curious about the CSR and the its legal expectation. Some countries have already set mandatory regulation about the CSR. For example, in Australia the Corporations Act 2001 stated that companies need to disclose environmental performance and another Act[1] requires certain companies to provide the information about greenhouse gas emissions. However, in the UK, the regulations mainly govern financial disclosures[2] and there are few regulations about the CSR of company. In the aspect of law, the Companies Act 2006 s.172[3] set some duties for the directors to promote the success of company which are in relation to legal expectation of the corporate social responsibility. The notion of CSR and the relationship between CSR and its legal expectation is the main of this essay. This essay will critically discuss the notion of corporate social responsibility and giving particular attention to minimum legal expectations. The structure is as follows: in the section 1, we are focus on the discussion in relation to many kinds of the definition of corporate social responsibility. In the section 2, we will discuss the notion of CSR through different theory perspectives and the minimum legal expectation. In the section 3, after...
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