...1002/icd.578 Relationships among Parenting Practices, Parental Stress, Child Behaviour, and Children’s SocialCognitive Development Nicole R. Guajardoa,Ã, Gregory Snyderb and Rachel Petersenc Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, V A, USA b Children’s Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA c Psychological Assessment Specialists, Pocatello, ID, USA a The present study included observational and self-report measures to examine associations among parental stress, parental behaviour, child behaviour, and children’s theory of mind and emotion understanding. Eighty-three parents and their 3- to 5-year-old children participated. Parents completed measures of parental stress, parenting (laxness, overreactivity), and child behaviour (internalizing, externalizing); children completed language, theory of mind, and emotion understanding measures. Parent–child interactions also were observed (N 5 47). Laxness and parenting stress predicted children’s theory of mind performance and parental usage of imitative gestures and vocalizations accounted for unique variance in emotion understanding. Associations also were found between child behaviour and emotion understanding. Results provide support for direct and indirect associations between parent–child interactions and early social-cognitive development. Copyright r 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: parenting; theory of mind; emotion; parental stress ...
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...Requirements that I would include in order to obtain a license would be similar to that of adoption requirements. Classes are important for each family to be on the same page in parenting. Birth and parenting classes will help establish a base for parenting. A topic that would be important to discuss is parenting styles. Authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian styles each occur and need to be researched by parents (Brooks 101). Pointing expecting parents to Chapter 3 of The Process of Parenting would be a good start. This chapter uses many research based facts. Parents experiences are broke down into pregnancy, infancy, toddlerhood early childhood, early adolescents, and adulthood (Brooks, Index). As parents go through the parenting process they should be required to learn more about affective parenting for these ages and stages. I would place no restrictions on culture, ethnicity, or sexuality. As the class learned in Chapter 16 children of parents that are gay or lesbians have many positive qualities (Brooks 484). They are more understanding of other view-points, are open about feelings, and don’t follow gender restrictions. These adults then have broader definitions of family and value trust and honesty (Brooks...
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...Parenting Style and the Psychological Wellbeing in Young Adults Name: Course Instructor: Abstract This study examines the effects of opinion of parenting styles; (I will use PS to denote Parenting Styles) on the psychosocial success; (I will use PSS to denote psychosocial success) of emerging adults; (I will use EAs to denote emerging Adults). PSS was described as the successful resolution of the responsibilities hypothesized by Erikson’s juncture theory of psychosocial advancements (Erikson, 1975). The procedures of Psychosocial Development founded on Erikson’s hypothesis; (Hawley, 1988), the PAQ or Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri 1991), coupled with the Internal-External level of Rotter (1966) were fulfilled by 334 undergraduates (ages 18-25). Examination revealed relations between • Authoritative style of parenting and PSS. • Maternal authoritative upbringing and internal Rotter’s hypothesis. • External Rotter’s hypothesis and maternal permissive and totalitarian PS. The link between paternal PS and PSS was also restrained by Rotter’s hypothesis. EAs’ PSS may be influenced both directly by their acuity of the PS they stumble upon earlier in life and circuitously through assumptions which may also be inclined by apparent PS. Introduction Arnett (2000) has recommended that the period of life spanning from age 18 to 25 be regarded as a distinctive life stage termed as Emerging Adulthood or Young Adulthood....
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...MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 2 Dr. PDevelopmental Parenting for ages birth through 2 years In this paper I will be discussing one stage of childhood development and the parenting techniques. I chose to write about children from the ages of birth to 2 years old. I chose this stage of development because I am a first time mom to a 3 month old, so I am just learning about the ages from birth to 2 years old. At first infants genuinely require more from their parents (Drago, 2009). During the first 3 months babies do not have any organization and only gradually become more organized (Brooks, 2010). Newborns usually sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day (Brooks, 2010). Normally newborns do not sleep through the night and they require more feedings, diaper changes, and so forth (Drago, 2009). Between the first 6 and 12 months babies start to sleep longer at night, between 8 and 12 hours (Brooks, 2010). Also at this time babies become more alert during the day, and also investigating the world with their eyes (Brooks, 2010). At first infants live in the present but by the age of 8 or 9 months they realize that other people and objects are separate from themselves (Brooks, 2010). At about 9 or 10 months infants look for guidance through their parent’s expressions and emotions (Brooks, 2010). In the middle of the second year infants fantasize and pretend play copying their parents and siblings (Brooks, 2010). Infant’s smiles and cries are early forms...
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...you ask parents all over the world, what they wish for their children, most of them would answer that their children should have a happy life. Does it mean that parents dictate every single step for their kids to take? When a child get used to follow orders from his/her parents all the time and doesn’t have any kind of freedom in his/her spare time, wouldn’t this dictatorial upbringing and zero tolerance toward the child lead to weak points and errors in child’s life? To get high marks at school and eventually having a good job does it equal to a happy life? What is most prioritized happiness or success in life? On the 8th January 2011, an article was published in the Wall Street Journal to explain the superiority of Chinese mothers. Amy Chua, who is a professor at Yale Law School and mother to two children, is the writer of “Why Chinese mothers are superior”. Amy Chua lives in USA, but of Chinese descent, narrates how to raise the stereotypical Chinese-success-kids by using the “Chinese mother” parenting method. In the article Amy Chua claims that the strict and “hardcore” upbringing method is better than the “loose” laissez faire upbringing method. She backs her claims up by arguing reasonably and referring to her life experiences, and thereby confirming her thoughts about parenting. At the beginning of article she presents a list of things that her daughters were never permitted to do. The list consists of activities that western parents consider very natural and even...
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...Professionals Michael Street August 1, 2011 Freydia A. Smith is a 27 year old divorced mother who has been addicted to crack cocaine for the last four years. Freydia has two minor children ages nine and seven that were removed from her custody by the State Child Protective Services for her substance abuse and addiction. Freydia’s children were place with her mother for care and will stay there until Child Protection Services finds Freydia capable of properly caring for her minor children. Freydia came to this agency seeking help for her substance abuse and addiction. Freydia was placed into a drug rehabilitation program in Desert Hot Springs, California to help her overcome her substance abuse and addiction. Freydia has taken the first step in attaining her children from Child Protective Services. Assessment 1. Clients name, address, and telephone number: - Freydia Ann Smith - 9625 San Simeon Dr. Desert Hot Springs, Ca. 92240 - (760) 819-2349 2. Gender, race, age, religion, relationship status, support, education, and training: - Female - Caucasian - 27 years old - Southern Baptist - Divorced for five years - Child support, living with her sister Lisa - High school graduate with some college - No formal training, unemployed 3. Significant others: - Mother, Linda Street - Father, Norton Street - Sister, Lisa Lawrence - Son, Scott Smith - Daughter...
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...comes to parenting and raising our kids we all want them to grow up and be responsible productive adults that contribute positively to society. Unfortunately this is not always to case, the way we raise our kids can either lead them to be positive impact on the society or they could go down the other road and have a negative impact on society. So as parents we are either too blame or given credit for how our children turn out. The parenting style you choose can have a very important impact on how your child lives as an adult. Parents are their children’s most important role models, it is important for parental control in each step of our children’s life and education. As parents we are our children’s most valuable and important role models, what they learn from us will guide who they are as adults. When our children are small one way they learn how to do things is by watching what others are doing and modeling what they do, and how they behave, this is what developmental psychologist Albert Bandura call social cognitive theory. Children are so impressionable they will model a parent’s behavior good or bad. The parenting style you use when raising your kids could have a large impact on the way they turn out as adults. According to developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind there are four different parenting styles when it comes to raising children Authorative, Authoritarian, permissive-indulgent, and rejecting-neglecting (Shriner & Shriner, 2013). Authorative parenting is when...
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...Primary Prevention: Single Parenthood Week 6 Individual Work Charryse Mason University of Phoenix HSM/210 Human Services in the United States April 22, 2014 Primary Prevention: Single Parenthood State and federal prevention programs direct their resources based on the level of prevention. This three-tiered system includes primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. To address the issue of single parenting, primary prevention was chosen. The goal of primary prevention is to aid in minimizing the occurrence of single parenting, promoting awareness and recommending positive coping techniques. The text states that “Primary Prevention involves building strengths, resources, and competence inn individuals, families, and communities that can reduce the flow of a variety of unfortunate outcomes.(Burger and Youkeles,2004,p. 308) I think that this ties in with single parenting because it can help people cope well with difficult problems. For instance, a single parent may run into technical difficulties and may need help. This prevention can provide help like counseling or something to help prevent any psychological orders like depression. I know from experience that depression can take a toll on someone’s body. A single parent can have so many emotions. Primary prevention can help them cope with depression if it shall arise. Social Policies and Government Regulations A single parent comes across so many different obstacles. In today’s society the...
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...Case study 2 In case study 2, it is found that there are a few problems Kelly has. First, it is the communication in Kelly’s family is poor. It is the main problem to Kelly, and there exist a chain reaction in it, so there are other problems are applied in her situation. From the passage, Kelly’s family is keeping to instil Kelly that she is the eldest daughter and she have to help her younger siblings. From the behavioral of her parents doing to brag about Kelly, it is pressuring Kelly indirectly. Since the parenting styles (Baumrind, 1991) of Kelly’s parent is authoritarian. They are keep demanding Kelly to do for the best and being a helpful daughter and do the best sister to take care her younger siblings. And they reject Kelly that not to go for further study. In Kelly’s family it is adult-centered, and her parents control the child’s welfare. Also, Kelly obey their parents invisible rule, careful not to do anything wrong in front of them. The typical Family Life Cycle (Olson & McCubbin, 1983), it mention that in stage 3, which a family with children in elementary or high school, just like Kelly’s family. In this stage, it is better for Kelly’s parents to establish the foundations of the children’s self-esteem, values, and lives. The parent-child relationships exert critical influences on children’s identities and self-concepts. But to Kelly’s parents, maybe because they have to work all day long, they just hope that Kelly can help to reduce their responsibility in...
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... PROPOSED TOPIC: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON ASSERTIVENESS NAME: ABDALLAH MUNIRA INDEX NUMBER: 10272035 SUPERVISOR: DR ADOTEY ANUM CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As we grow up, we learn to adapt our behavior to accommodate the norms of our societies. We model ourselves upon those around us, example parents, teachers, peers and other influences such as television and magazines. In the early years of a child’s life, parents are the most influential people until his teen years where peers replace parents. Children therefore model themselves to conform to the norms of their parents. Example in a typical Ghanaian society, it is a norm for children to obey their elders without challenging their opinions and judgments regardless of the situation. Internalizing these norms reflect in aspects of the child’s personality such as his self-concept and assertive skills, a norm like not expressing your opinions, feelings and beliefs openly and honestly is likely to hinder assertiveness in an individual. This study investigated the effects of parenting styles on assertiveness. Assertiveness is the act of expressing genuine feelings, standing up for your legitimate rights and refusing unreasonable requests. It is the simple act...
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...in divorce, and remarriages for one or both partners have more than doubled since the 1970s. Over 2.5 million children live in stepfamilies. Learning to live within a new stepfamily structure can change the living patterns, self-confidence and emotional wellbeing of all family members involved. It is especially hard on children. They have their own worlds constantly evolving around them. Kids are also dealing with peer pressure, life and social changes, and many other issues. Each life circumstance is shaping who and how they will turn out. Many times divorce forces children to grow up to fast and take on more responsibility. History and loss I was a stepchild, and dealt with divorce. I can tell you from firsthand experience, that "step" relationships can be some of the most trying we face. Often times, children enter stepfamilies with a history of...
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...the Parenting Styles on the Behavior of Psychology Students in Centro Escolar University Year 2012-2013 An Undergraduate Research Presented to the Faculty of School of Science and Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Communication Skills 14 (Technical Writing) by: Anne Kristine G. Francisco Kathlene Marie S. Tambo Michelle R. Aranda March 2013 CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviors that work individually and together to influence child outcomes. Although specific parenting behaviors, such as spanking or reading aloud, may influence child development, looking at any specific behavior in isolation may be misleading. Many writers have noted that specific parenting practices are less important in predicting child well-being than is the broad pattern of parenting. Most researchers who attempt to describe this broad parental milieu rely on Diana Baumrind’s concept of parenting style. The construct of parenting style is used to capture normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Two points are critical in understanding this definition. First, parenting style is meant to describe normal variations in parenting. In other words, the parenting style typology Baumrind developed should not be understood to include deviant parenting, such...
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...perspective of pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers. TDV is recognized as a major current public health issue threatening youth and is even more prevalence during pregnancy and parenting (Herman, 2013). The task of parenting and the stress that comes with pregnancy are two psychological issues that are beyond the capabilities of the adolescent’s period. Dealing with these stressors often leads to TDV with adolescent parents. Throughout this paper I will discuss the viewpoints of selected teen mothers and pregnant teens, their thoughts on the causes, and their suggestions on how to stop or reduce TDV. The method used to collect the data will also be analyzed, the research limitations will be discussed, and the impacts of the research result on the nursing profession will be elaborated. Teenagers have the most understanding of their age group; therefore, the thoughts and experiences of young mothers will be useful in the development prevention strategies specific to their needs (Herman, 2013) Key words: teen dating violence, pregnant and parenting teens, interpersonal violence TDV can be defined as any negative use of power or control in teenage relationships. Development tasks of the adolescent period, hurdles for all adolescents, are even more complex when teens confront pregnancy and parenting and may predispose them to violent relationships (Herman, 2013). The hurdles associated with being a teenage mother are far greater than those of grown up women. Pregnant adolescents...
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...You said I could turn this in on Sunday October 6, 2013 Melissa Clemons Garza ENGL-1301 September 22, 2013 Insight on Parenting There are many different types of parent involvement these days. From, being the complete socialite in your teenage daughter life - to the parent who has no idea what their teenager is doing or even cares. Parent’s need to realize we have children to mold and teach them to become successful parents like ourselves. Parents need to learn not to be their teenager’s best friend, but also not to ignore them. Wake up parents; we need to be involved but not overly involved. The overly involved parent sets that expectation from kindergarten, that she going to do everything in power to make sure her children have the very best at any cost. Those are the parents that are every function, but not because they really want to be. They just really want to live vicariously through their children lives. No matter what’s going on those are the parents that are in the four one one. The overly involved parent cares way too much about her son or daughter social life than their well being. I’ve just recently read an article about an overly involved parent, and the mistake she made will haunt her for life. Lori Drew of Dardenne Prairie, Missouri decided to involve herself in her daughter’s friendly troubles; by making her daughter ex best friend pay for their broken friendship. Lori Drew created a fake MySpace profile, only to see what Megan was...
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...Family Systems Kiesha M. Watkins Liberty University COUN 502 Fall 2015 Family systems are described as everyone in the family playing a vital role in how the whole family functions. If any member of the family steps out of their role or changes their role, the process will be unbalanced. The balance of a family is called homeostasis or equilibrium and changes are made to ensure that the family stays in balance (Hinson 2015). For example, a family may set up a curfew time for their teenage children to come home after going out with their friends of 10:00pm. One teenager goes out with their friends and comes home at 9:55pm. The teenager returns home on time and meets their curfew. However, the next night the other teenager goes out and arrives home at 10:30pm which is 30 minutes past their curfew. The family becomes upset and is paranoid that something has happened to their child. As a result, the teenager that was tardy for curfew is not allowed to go out for two weeks and her curfew was changed to 9:30pm. The homeostasis of the home was broken and there was a consequence put in place for their actions to ensure this does not happen in the future (Hinson 2015). In Ephesians 6:1-4 it states “Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right”. “Honor your father and mother that it may go well with you and that you may live long in the land”. “Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the...
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