...are the subjects of a study, or when there is no sampling frame available. This method involves making contact with one member of the population who will be studied and then asking them to name one or more possible contacts. Identify two types of quantitative research method. [4 marks] * Surveys * Case Studies Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of selecting a non-representative sample. [4 marks] * Advantage: Studying non-typical people can be more helpful to a study because they may help generate theoretical insights. (Glaser and Strauss) * Disadvantage: Can be time consuming to form, for example the snowball technique of sampling would take a large time to acquire a range of participants. Using information from Item A and elsewhere, examine the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal studies. [20 marks] A longitudinal study is done at regular intervals over a long period of time. They are often large-scale quantitative surveys and tend to be used by positivists, although some studies, for example the Seven Up study which followed 14 kids from the age of 7 every 7 years as they grew up, are more qualitative and preferred by interpretivists. The example given in Item A of the North-West Longitudinal Study is an example of quantitative data being collected. Like most research methods, longitudinal studies have both their strengths and limitations. The example given in Item A, of the North West Longitudinal Study, involved following several...
Words: 829 - Pages: 4
...electronic games predict children’s psychosocial adjustment? Longitudinal research using the UK Millennium Cohort Study Alison Parkes, Helen Sweeting, Daniel Wight, Marion Henderson Medical Research Council/ CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Correspondence to Dr Alison Parkes, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; Alison-p@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk Received 7 December 2011 Revised 15 October 2012 Accepted 7 December 2012 ABSTRACT Background Screen entertainment for young children has been associated with several aspects of psychosocial adjustment. Most research is from North America and focuses on television. Few longitudinal studies have compared the effects of TV and electronic games, or have investigated gender differences. Purpose To explore how time watching TV and playing electronic games at age 5 years each predicts change in psychosocial adjustment in a representative sample of 7 year-olds from the UK. Methods Typical daily hours viewing television and playing electronic games at age 5 years were reported by mothers of 11 014 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Conduct problems, emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems, hyperactivity/inattention and prosocial behaviour were reported by mothers using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Change in adjustment from age 5 years to 7 years was regressed on screen exposures; adjusting for family...
Words: 1355 - Pages: 6
...Cyber and Traditional Bullying Victimization as a Risk Factor for Mental Health Problems and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents Rienke Bannink1, Suzanne Broeren1, Petra M. van de Looij – Jansen2, Frouwkje G. de Waart2, Hein Raat1* 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2 Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Abstract Purpose: To examine whether traditional and cyber bullying victimization were associated with adolescent’s mental health problems and suicidal ideation at two-year follow-up. Gender differences were explored to determine whether bullying affects boys and girls differently. Methods: A two-year longitudinal study was conducted among first-year secondary school students (N = 3181). Traditional and cyber bullying victimization were assessed at baseline, whereas mental health status and suicidal ideation were assessed at baseline and follow-up by means of self-report questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between these variables while controlling for baseline problems. Additionally, we tested whether gender differences in mental health and suicidal ideation were present for the two types of bullying. Results: There was a significant interaction between gender and traditional bullying victimization and between gender and cyber bullying victimization on mental health problems. Among boys, traditional and cyber bullying victimization...
Words: 6925 - Pages: 28
...•behaviourism-the study of behaviour in an objective way. •social learning theory/cognitive behaviourism •attachment theory •evolutionary theory •behavioural genetics •Piaget’s theory of cognitive development •Erikson’s theory •developmental systems Define and describe the following research methods •correlational study •experimental study •cross sectional study •longitudinal study Study Questions 1. Define cohort and briefly summarize at least one major difference in how different cohorts, past and present, are experiencing childhood, old age, and adulthood (pp. 5-9). Cohorts are the birth group we grow up with through life. The past childhood cohort was growing up in a time when there wasn’t terrorism, internet, and when a child would quit school to help his fathers business. Nowadays, children are exposed to the media, social cliques and must stay in school for the duration of there childhood years. 2. Summarize the impact of socio-economic status, culture and ethnicity, and gender on development (pp.9-12). In the developing world, people are struggling for survival and their living standards are very bad, while in the developed world, things are the opposite. Culture and ethnicity place a huge tax on the development of man or woman. There are many different types of culture and ethnicity based on our parents’ background in most cases. In a Collectivist culture, one might be accustomed to hiding his feelings and always allowing the...
Words: 1031 - Pages: 5
...Prevalence data has been documented; however, gaps in the incidence study still exist. Thus, a study was conducted on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in order to track the incidence of obesity. The National Center for Educational Statistics selected a nationally representative cohort using probability sampling. Children who were starting kindergarten in the fall semester of 1998 were followed up until they reached the eight grade for data collection; cumulative incidence shows the 9-year risk of obesity. Variables were selected such as height, weight, parent-reported age, sex, race, ethnic group, socioeconomic status, and birth weight. Study showed that although the prevalence of obesity increased with age, incident obesity was highest at the youngest ages and declined through eighth grade. The lowest cumulative incidence according to socioeconomic factors was among children from wealthy families and the highest was among children from the middle socioeconomic quintile. Importance of Article: Childhood Obesity is an important concern for the community and this article does a great job detailing why. Childhood Obesity affects more than 30 percent of children, making it the most common chronic disorder for children. Today, more and more children are being diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension and other co-morbid conditions associated with obesity and morbid obesity. According to the study, almost half the obesity incidence from kindergarten through eighth...
Words: 1535 - Pages: 7
...model are expedient and very serviceable method for analyzing longitudinal or categorical data. This method play an important role in various fields to explain the dependence pattern of a time series over a period of time and to predict the future course of process behavior by its investigative and prognostic power. Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) data, an ongoing longitudinal survey that interviews a national sample of persons born between the years 1931 and 1941at two year intervalsWe discussed two discrete time markov models proposed by Muenz-Rubinstein and Azzalini respectively for the HRS dataset and fit this two models considering health conditions as a dependent variable. We also estimate the efficiency for the two fitted model and compare the models on the basis of the results. This study fits the two models and compare them on the basis of their efficiencies. In here we fit those models for the Health conditions of the old peoples and obtain the efficiencies for both models and found that the estimate of Azzalini’s model is more efficient than that of Muenz-Rubinstein model. 1. Introduction Longitudinal data are defined to be repeated measurements on sampling units (typically, individuals) over time.The longitudinal studies or follow up studies are repeated over an extended period of time in order to measure the rate and degree of change occurring in patterns of response. In longitudinal studies, information of different subjects are collected at different time...
Words: 3816 - Pages: 16
...quality outcomes for students by enhancing existing regulations and proposing new ones. Underlying this scrutiny is an apparent belief that private sector educational providers are likely to suppress investments in educational quality and student outcomes in favor of profits. As a result, there has been much subjective discussion around the private sector’s role in post-secondary education with a limited level of objective facts. In an effort to shed more objective light on the role of private sector education providers, The Parthenon Group examined the following question: Do private sector post-secondary schools deliver value to students and society? Over the past several months, through an analysis of U.S. Department of Education longitudinal studies, industry data, and primary research, Parthenon conducted a rigorous examination of the private sector’s ability to provide meaningful post-secondary outcomes. E d u c at i o n c E n t E r o F E x c E l l E n c E w w w. p a r t h e n o n . c o m Parthenon Perspectives Private Sector Post-Secondary Schools — Do They Deliver Value to Students and Society? www.parthenon.com The Debate Surrounding the Private Sector’s Role in Post-Secondary Education Recently, U.S. private sector post-secondary education providers have come under intense legislative, regulatory, political, and press...
Words: 2557 - Pages: 11
...ego. It is dominated by the reality principle and acts as a perpetual mediator to demands of the id and prohibitions of the superego. The superego is a part of the unconscious that is the “angel” on a person’s shoulder acting as the voice of conscience and also the origin of self-criticism. Freud suggested that we go through several stages of development that are motivated by our sexual desires. A lack in progression during the stages of development in childhood can result in personality defects that turn into criminality. Bowlby (1947) researched juvenile delinquency and revealed a link between infants that had lost contact or experienced separation with their natural mother were more likely to become delinquent during their teenage years. Comparably,...
Words: 917 - Pages: 4
...the limbs), duration (acute, sub-acute, chronic), or level of functional disability [1]. Lumbar pain is determined as a pain, muscle tension or stiffness that occurs between the last thoracic vertebra and the lower gluteal folds, with or without leg pain [1–3]. Chronic low back pain appears more often by working population in adulthood [1] and fluctuates during time, appears at different occurrences with different intensities and disability [4]. The complexity of symptoms could be associated with physical, psychical and recently genetic factors, as well most efficiently managed using multidisciplinary approach [5]. Spinal pain is common problem also among children and adolescents [3,6]. A cross-sectional study of 806 pupils in Denmark shows that children between 8-10 years suffer more from thoracic pain and 14 to 16 old adolescents equally from thoracic and low back pain, all together with a monthly prevalence of 39%...
Words: 3938 - Pages: 16
...Intervention & Support Systems: A Longitudinal Study of Diverse Student Populations Amanda Longhini – Halbin American College of Education Abstract Positive behavior intervention and support systems (PBISS), also referred to as Positive Behavior Support Systems (PBSS), are research and evidence-based systems implemented into various educational settings in order to increase positive behaviors among diverse groups of students within its facility. By implementing a productive responsive classroom approach, where social skills strategies are explicitly taught, modeled, and reinforced to students within the school on a frequent basis, schools experience growth in positive behaviors, reduction in negative behaviors, and an improved climate for parents, students, staff and administration. Understanding the ideology of PBISS, one should be able to analytically examine longitudinal data in order to delineate a renewed focus on behavioral goals within the structure of a school. Positive Behavior Intervention & Support Systems: A Longitudinal Study of Diverse Student Populations For many years, research had been collected to analyze the effects of implementing reward systems for positive behavior in children with emotional and behavioral disorders. With swift interventions and creative incentives, the study demonstrated that such student populations can and do experience a more effective educational experience. Because the studies focused on students with disabilities...
Words: 2223 - Pages: 9
...Understanding Why Students Drop Out of High School, According to Their Own Reports Are They Pushed or Pulled, or Do They Fall Out? A Comparative Analysis of Seven Nationally Representative Studies Abstract Research on school dropout extends from early 20th-century pioneers until now, marking trends of causes and prevention. However, specific dropout causes reported by students from several nationally representative studies have never been examined together, which, if done, could lead to a better understanding of the dropout problem. Push, pull, and falling out factors provide a framework for understanding dropouts. Push factors include school-consequence on attendance or discipline. Pull factors include out-of-school enticements like jobs and family. Finally, falling out factors refer to disengagement in students not caused by school or outside pulling factors. Since 1966, most nationally representative studies depicted pull factors as ranking the highest. Also, administrators in one study corroborated pull out factors for younger dropouts, not older ones, while most recent research cites push factors as highest overall. One rationale for this change is a response to rising standards from No Child Left Behind (NCLB), which can be ultimately tested only by future dropout research. education social sciences academics disparities educational measurement and assessment history and sociology of education Introduction The cause of a student dropping out is often termed as...
Words: 7829 - Pages: 32
...Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, Vol. 112, No. 4, 558 –577 Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0021-843X/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558 Testing Mediational Models With Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the Use of Structural Equation Modeling David A. Cole Vanderbilt University Scott E. Maxwell University of Notre Dame R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) provided clarion conceptual and methodological guidelines for testing mediational models with cross-sectional data. Graduating from cross-sectional to longitudinal designs enables researchers to make more rigorous inferences about the causal relations implied by such models. In this transition, misconceptions and erroneous assumptions are the norm. First, we describe some of the questions that arise (and misconceptions that sometimes emerge) in longitudinal tests of mediational models. We also provide a collection of tips for structural equation modeling (SEM) of mediational processes. Finally, we suggest a series of 5 steps when using SEM to test mediational processes in longitudinal designs: testing the measurement model, testing for added components, testing for omitted paths, testing the stationarity assumption, and estimating the mediational effects. Tests of mediational models have been an integral component of research in the behavioral sciences for decades. Perhaps the prototypical example of mediation was Woodsworth’s (1928) S-O-R model, which suggested...
Words: 15598 - Pages: 63
...Australian Council for Educational Research ACEReSearch LSAY Research Reports Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) 3-1-1999 The effects of part-time work on school students Lyn Robinson ACER Follow this and additional works at: http://research.acer.edu.au/lsay_research Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Lyn, "The effects of part-time work on school students" (1999). LSAY Research Reports. Longitudinal surveys of Australian youth research report ; n.9 http://research.acer.edu.au/lsay_research/18 This Report is brought to you by the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) at ACEReSearch. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSAY Research Reports by an authorized administrator of ACEReSearch. For more information, please contact repository@acer.edu.au. Published 1999 by The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd 19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, Victoria, 3124, Australia. Copyright © 1999 Australian Council for Educational Research ISBN 0 86431 324 1 &RQWHQWV Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION................................................................................
Words: 23171 - Pages: 93
...Comparison Matrix Paper Brooke Waters Grand Canyon University: LDR-802 October 22, 2014 Comparison Matrix Essay This paper compares two studies dealing with leadership strategies in work-related settings. Although the settings vary, the study of management approaches and job satisfaction are similar in each. Charles Emery and Katherine Barker’s article, “The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel”, assess the effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on job satisfaction and the accountability of customer service personnel. The research suggests that some styles of management, such as transformational leadership, may be more effective in the dedication of customer service employees. Daniel Koys’ article, “The Effects of Employee Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Turnover on Organizational Effectiveness: A Unit-Level, Longitudinal Study”, addresses the issue of whether business outcomes are influenced by employee attitudes and behaviors or vice versa. In addition, the researchers concentrate on organizational citizenship as well as employee turnover. Each research study in this paper will be addressed as Article 1 and Article 2 respectively throughout this paper. Comparison of Research Questions Both of these topics examine employee outlook and job gratification in the workplace as well as the impact employees have on customer...
Words: 3459 - Pages: 14
...The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence Marc Suhrcke, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Carmen de Paz Nieves, Fundación Ideas, Madrid, Spain ISBN 978 92 890 0220 2 Keywords HEALTH BEHAVIOR - HEALTH STATUS - EDUCATIONAL STATUS - RISK FACTORS - SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS - REVIEW LITERATURE Suggested citation Suhrcke M, de Paz Nieves C (2011). The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in highincome countries: a review of the evidence. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning...
Words: 18944 - Pages: 76
