...Before these amendments were added, those of the former Confederate states were required to include the abolition of slavery in their new state constitutions, however it did not prevent states from “practicing” slavery with the revised constitution. This is what the thirteenth amendment was for, it abolished slavery “within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” This amendment went into place on December 6th 1865. The fourteenth amendment merely stated that “any person born or naturalized in the United States” was considered an American citizen, making a majority of former slaves citizens. All citizen of the United States were under equal protection of the laws. States who failed to let freedmen vote, or do other acts of citizenship were punishable by reducing their representation in congress. The amendment also prevented many people “engaged in insurrection” (Men who had higher power in the war fighting against the Union.) From holding any position in the military or elected government positions without Two-thirds of the house of representatives and senate votes. The amendment was ratified and put into place on July 9th 1868. The fifteenth amendment was used to prevent the deprivation of voting to those of a different race, color or previous conditions of...
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...Opportunity Commission is responsible for the implementation and directing the Order’s policies and agenda. Some Supreme Court cases have challenged many of the laws and executive orders in relation to the Executive Order 11478. The Supreme Court case Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong, legal citation: 426 U.S. 88 of 1976 challenged that order. The main argument questions the federal regulation that bars noncitizens from employment in the federal competitive civil service violate the due process of the law as set out in the Fifth Amendment. The main argument alleged aliens were exposed to special problems when seeking employment because language barriers. The plaintiffs noted 300,000 federal jobs became available each year, noncitizens were ineligible to apply or compete for them except when these jobs are exempted from the competitive civil service. The plaintiffs contended the advantages given to citizens is arbitrary and violates the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment and Executive Order 11478, 3 CFR 803. This forbids discrimination in federal employment on the basis of national origin. Justice Stevens affirmed the district court of appeals decision and agreed with the defendants a justification for citizenship requirement may have importance in certain contexts. The contexts Justice Stevens implied those issues would not only be in the interest of national security but also sensitive classified positions, and required government...
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...COMPUTER CRIME OUTLINE SUBSTANTIVE COMPUTER CRIMES I. Intro A. Categories of Substantive Computer Crime Law 1. computer misuse crimes = intentional interference w/proper functioning of computers (hackers, viruses) 2. traditional crimes = traditional criminal offenses facilitated by computers (gambling, pornography) B. Computer Crime v. Traditional 1. computer crime usually threatens economic interests more than physical 2. computer crime much more likely to cross state boundaries; most traditional crime is dealt with by the states II. COMPUTER MISUSE CRIMES A. 2 ways they can occur 1. user exceeds his own privileges a. “insider”: has some privileges/rights 2. user denies privileges to others b. may be an “outsider”: no access rights B. Most Common Statutes 1. unauthorized access statutes 2. computer fraud statutes 3. computer damage statutes C. Why Punish? 1. utilitarian: deterrence of harmful conduct, incapacitation, rehabilitation (looks forward) 2. retribution: just deserts; restore moral order (looks back) D. The Hacker Ethic: an open and free approach to using and exploring computers; any computer user has the right to tinker with and improve any computer; rules governing access should NOT be followed 1. misuse can improve security E. How or When to Punish 1. Property-based view: the computer is not yours, so if you break in you should be...
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...The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Constitution that protects the right to keep and bear arms by its citizens. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights. The right to bear arms predates the Bill of Rights; the Second Amendment was based partially on the right to bear arms in English common-law, and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689. This right was described as an auxiliary right, supporting the natural rights of self-defense, resistance to oppression, and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state. Academic inquiry into the purpose, scope, and effect of the amendment has been controversial and subject to numerous interpretations both by constitutional scholars and ordinary citizens. America has a long history of its citizens keeping and bearing arms. The earliest settlers from Virginia thru New England used their firearms to hunt for game to feed their families and protect them from attack from both two and four legged predators. Firearms in essence, changed the culture of guns in the Americas. Gun control is another of those pesky freedoms granted by the countries forefathers in the attempt to protect the citizenry from a tyrannical ruling government. Our founding fathers have provided many quotes regarding why they adopted the Second Amendment Here are but a few of them: (Guncite.Com) "A free people ought to be armed." - George Washington ...
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...Ever since the birth of man, tyranny has existed in some way, and so has mans desire to be free from it. Our forefathers in this country fought and died and risked everything they had in this world just to create a place where we could truly, at least for a time, be free of tyranny. They repelled the greatest empire the world had ever known based on their belief that if they could be free they could change the world for the better. We created more wealth, more art, more innovation, more technology than any other nation in history with our freedom. Our freedoms were protected by a document called the Constitution, a document that provided a very specific rules that the federal government could not violate. In recent years however the constitution has been being worked around, and most recently almost entirely ignored. We are in an out of control financial crisis., and out government is working as hard as it can to find ways to violate our basic fundamental freedoms so it can have more control. We are in so many countries with our army that it’s getting hard to count. We are becoming the very empire we fought so hard to escape. If only we would follow our constitution more closely, we wouldn’t be in this mess. The Constitution ensures that the government has a very limited and specific duty: To provide for the common defense of the nation as a whole, and to provide mechanisms to allow trade between the states, and to other countries. The state governments were given powers above...
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...YEAR 2010-2011 Global Supply Chain and Logistics M06BSS 1. MODULE SUMMARY Aims and Summary This module provides knowledge and a thorough understanding of the management of the distribution and logistics function in contemporary organisations. The module will introduce the core concepts and theories that are pre-requisite for the successful management of logistics within the overall context of the organisation. The overall fit of the logistics function will be explored in context of attaining and sustaining competitive advantage and world-class status for global organisations. The module will explore supply chain networks and the importance of supply chain management. Current logistical trends such as lean management of the logistics and supply chain function will also be analysed. Other areas explored will include procurement, inventory management, transportation, warehousing and new technologies such as RFID. Module Size and credits | |Module size |Single | | |CATS points |15.0 | | |ECTS credits |7.5 | | |Open/Restricted |Open ...
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...Many hands were responsible in shaping Canada into what it is today. One significant political figure who contributed in this was Pierre Trudeau. Winning a majority government with his Liberals, Trudeau became the 15th Prime Minister of Canada in 1968 (Whitaker 13). Effectively taking advantage of his authority, he helped strengthen Canada as a country, all the while assuring its unity as a nation. He maintained stability between French and English speaking Canadians and recognized Canada's stand globally as an independent country, as he continued to protect the rights and freedoms of all his citizens. All these aspects establish Pierre Trudeau as a positive defining leader who marked his stand in Canadian history. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau...
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...the evidence the rule can be called arbitrary and capricious. – this can be set aside ultra vires- beyond it’s power, one that goes beyond the authority given to the agency in its enabling act substantial evidence test – the rule requires that more convincing evidence exists in support of the regulation than against it unconstitutional- pg 199 public comments period. Pg 190 -One of the purposes for publishing proposed rules is to allow the public an opportunity to review and provide input on the proposed rules. The period during which the agency accepts comments on the rule standing equal protection violation of 24th Amendment unlawful poll tax violation of the 14th Amendment discrimination First Amendment. 2. Unauthorized appropriation is a privacy tort – using someone's name, likeness, or voice for commercial advantage without his or her permission. The Midler case specifically used the California law of appropriation to decide the case. In order to sue for palming off, the owners would need to show that the product would create consumer confusion. On page 520, the author of the textbook uses the example of DeBiers instead of DeBeers (diamonds) as a “potentially confusing” name. Palming off, one of the oldest unfair methods of competition, occurs when one company sells its product by leading buyers to believe it is really another com- pany’s product The tort of misappropriation is a form of protection for a business whose trade...
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...Veer Shah AP United States History DBQ Essay #3: “American period between 1860-1880” The historic period prior to the 1860s was the most underlying era in American society as it led to the bloodiest war in the American history, the Civil war. Prior to the Civil war, the American politics were sectionally divided between the Northern Republicans and the Southern Democrats. The political culture was almost saturated as both sections had realized that the numerous compromises would only provoke questions and dissimilarities between them, with the largely interfered question of slavery and suffrage. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had been implemented as a nationwide direction towards admitting states with reference the 36° 30´ latitude line, either as a free-state (above line) or as a slave state (below the line). Despite of the temporary success of the compromise of 1820, it was repealed by the Stephen A. Douglas in 1854 in his Kansas-Nebraska Act. Likewise, the Compromise of 1850, created by the Great Compromiser, Henry Clay, was an effort to preserve the Union by settling the issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories from the Mexican-American War. Although it assured a temporary peaceful settlement between the sections, it failed to give birth to the Civil war and the rise in sectionalism. Although all these compromises had served their desired intents, politically as well as socially, in turn, they only played a catalyst role in increasing the tensions...
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...Security Issues in Legal Context Discussion 5.1: Privacy in the Workplace The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, which went into effect date, April 21, 2000, affects U. S. commercial Web sites and third-party commercial Web sites that schools permit their students to access. "COPPA requires "operators of websites or online services directed to children and operators of websites or online services who have actual knowledge that the person from whom they seek information is a child (1) To post prominent links on their websites to a notice of how they collect, use, and/or disclose personal information from children; (2) With certain exceptions, to notify parents that they wish to collect information from their children and obtain parental consent prior to collecting, using, and/or disclosing such information; (3) Not to condition a child's participation in online activities on the provision of more personal information than is reasonably necessary to participate in the activity; (4) To allow parents the opportunity to review and/or have their children's information deleted from the operator’s database and to prohibit further collection from the child; and (5) To establish procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of personal information they collect from children. Non-profit sites are not included in the act; however, many are voluntarily complying. The Children's Internet Protection Act went into effect April 20, 2001...
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...Monday 6pm April 15, 2013 The Costitution A.K.A the "supreme law of the land," Is the most important Developement in American Constitutional thinking to take place during 1776-1787. The constitution was concerned in developeing a new way of government. In 1776 a constitution was not in place, And simply calling a document a constitution did not make it legally distinct from any ordinary legislation. A constitution is the body of rules in accordance with which the powers of a government are distributed and excersised. How did the U.S. come to have writen the constitution? There are three Charters that influenced this. Firstly, the influene of the colonial charters. Secondly, was the church covenants, and Thirdly the influence of english precedent, these developed a habit of drawing up constitutional documents for purpose of placing limitations on the king or the government.(Hutchinsons,2) The general court later wrote a new constitution to replace the Royal Charters. The general Court agreed to a convention, Which purpose was only to write a constitution. After the writing of the constitution a Convention was then set up to allow the people of Massachussetts to overlook this set up a two part process, Framing and ratification by the people that the writers of Constitution followed. The preamble was revised up until the last days...
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...NO: 0321795 NRIC NO: 970628-60-5046 DATE: 17th OCTOBER 2014 ‘Indeed, an absolute separation would in practice be counterproductive in that it would prevent the abuse of power by preventing the exercise of power. Government could not operate if this were the case.’ Neil Parpworth, Constitutional & Administrative Law, (Oxford University Press, 2008) Discuss whether this statement is true in the UK. If it is, how does UK prevent the abuse of powers if there is no strict separation of powers between the Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary? John Locke’s conception of “where-ever law ends, tyranny begins” can be linked inextricably with the ideology of separation of powers. To elaborate on that, if one were to take advantage of the authority given to him by law, oppression would be deemed unavoidable. Hence, the establishment of the political theory, separation of power, seeks to...
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...Individual Labor Laws and Unions Lalith Madhusudhanan Duraisamy Gurusamy HRM/531 - Human Capital Management Due Date: Mon 11/19/2012 Instructor’s Name: Prof. John Henderson Individual Labor Laws and Unions An organization with which I am familiar that is currently unionized is AT&T Inc. AT&T Inc. AT&T Inc. (formerly SBC Communications) is one of the largest telecommunications groups in the United States. It is engaged in providing telecommunication services to its customers, predominantly in the US. The company provides both wire line and wireless-based telecommunication services. The company’s service offerings include local exchange services, data/broadband and Internet services, and long-distance services. In addition, the company also offers video services, telecommunications equipment, managed networking, wholesale services and directory advertising and publishing. It offers TV services under the U-verse brand. AT&T provides voice coverage in over 220 nations, data roaming in over 190 countries, and 3G in over 125 countries. The company is also the major provider of broadband connectivity with over than 17.46 million subscribers in the US. For more than a century, it has consistently provided innovative, reliable, high-quality products and services and excellent customer care. Today, its mission is to connect people...
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...Disney Theme Park to India Abstract: This report is aim to analyze profitable adventure of The Walt Disney Company to set up Disneyland theme park in India. As one of main emerging markets in Asia, India might be the next destination for The Walt Disney Company to target on. Therefore, this report uses a series of marketing tools to demonstrate the macro-environment and micro-environment in India, such as PESTEL, SWOT, Porter’s Five Forces Model and Self Referencing Criteria. Based on this analysis, the current situation of India shows an attractive prospect to Disney in terms of economic and technological development, the diversification of culture, and the acceptance of Disney products and services. Introduction: India with its rich and various cultural heritages is now on one of the top industrialized nations in the world. India being the seventh largest country in the world with the coverage area of 32,87,263 sq.km (Indian government, 2010 a). India is divided into 27 states and 7 union territories (Indian government, 2010 b). According to WHO (2011), the total population of India was 1,151,751,000 approximately. The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923 by Walt Disney and the first Disney theme park was opened in California in the year 1955, ever since Disney theme park has expanded to encompass Disney Cruise Line, eight Disney Vacation Club reports, Adventures by Disney, and four more resort locations. This report will analyze the profitable venture of The Walt...
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...Abstract Everybody in America wants to be wealthy. We also want to be well-known and well-respected in society. The desire to be successful in our careers and profession we choose is just as important. To be successful an individual would choose a profession that would allow them to advance and climb the corporate ladder. Each and every profession has a standard code of ethics and professional values. Likewise, each has their own set of codes within the corporation or company. A person choosing their profession should really consider their own values and ethics before pursuing a professional career in an area that would later be conflicting with ones self-conscience. Professional values are usually framed from our own personal values. The customs, beliefs, and ideas we hold dear are our values. Ethics are the things we think of as right and wrong. A person who has high values and ethic should reconsider the job offer if they feel the corporation is dishonest Professional Values and Ethics Sexual Harassment “Professional values are the principles that guide your decisions and actions in your career.” According to Chrissy Scivicque, there are some universal values that should be and usually are held and practiced in all of them and they are: “first, do no harm; keep it simple; honesty is the best policy; we’re all in this together and stay balanced.” Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals...
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