...odd mixing of hardware and software. It acts as a link between the material hardware of the PC and its circuits, and the transcendent realm of software ideas and instructions. More than a link, the BIOS is both hardware and software. Like software, the BIOS is a set of instructions to the computer’s microprocessor. Like hardware, however, these instructions are not evanescent; rather they are coded into the hard, worldly silicon of PROM, EPROM chips. Due to the twilight state of programs like the BIOS, existing in the netherworld between hardware and software, such PROM-based programs are often termed firmware. The personality comes from the firmware code. This code determines how the computer will carry out the basic functions needed to make a working computer- how quickly they are carried out and how smoothly. In many PCs, this firmware also governs how the system board components interact, the chipset features that are used, even the amount of the microprocessor’s time devoted to keeping memory working. The setup procedures in most new PCs are also held in the BIOS. Every time the PC is switched on, the BIOS immediately takes...
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...Problem Statement: With intentions of better working conditions and higher productivity, Thomas North erected a new mill and achieved poor morale and lower productivity. The salary was also increased five cents an hour with no positive effects. Analysis: Some of the various causes of the problem are: Many of the duties that were once prided upon are no longer available to the workers. Blocks are now carried to the saw bed by an unskilled low-paid worker to the splitters, whose only job now is to split blocks. The trimmers were also relieved of removing waste chips by another low-paid person. This is a huge deal in the fact that the workers used to put all the chips outside in rows so they could see the days work well done. The workflow may be streamlined now with new machines but since there is no job enrichment, as there once was, the workers are now complacent and less caring about their jobs. It is now a matter of getting the quantity to make numbers rather than the pride and quality of the work. The problem is not the mill or the new equipment, it is the behavioral attitudes the employees now have towards their work. It is not money or KITA that used to drive the workers it was pride; now the workers are de-motivated. The Welsh are no longer in shanties were they liked to work. Now they are forced to work in the mill, the place that they looked down upon, were the un-skilled Irishmen worked. Not only are the Welsh in a place that they are not content, they are now...
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...GREEN COMPUTING Phase-I What is Green computing? Green computing includes the implementation of best practices, such as energy efficiency central processing units (CPUs), peripherals and servers. In addition green technology aims to reduce resource consumption and improve the disposal of electronic waste (e-waste). Energy star: Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR) is an international standard for energy efficient consumer products originated in the United States. It was created in 1992 by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. Since then, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan and the European Union have adopted the program. Devices carrying the Energy Star service mark, such as computer products and peripherals, kitchen appliances, buildings and other products, generally use 20–30% less energy than required by federal standards. In the United States, the Energy Star label is also shown on Energy Guide appliance label of qualifying products. Phase-II Main Modules of Green Computing Emerging Memory: Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage converging technologies represent previously distinct fields which are in some way moving towards stronger inter connections and similar goals. Bamboo: It is becoming increasingly popular for making casings for computers...
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...Oxidative Rancidity in Potato Chips Obakeng Maribe 6S7Y1DBK6 Laboratory Report Food Technology SCFT221 Faculty of Applied Science Midrand Graduate Institute August 2017 Abstract Potato chips are known to absorb high amounts of processing oil that may undergo oxidation during storage. The demonstration of typical off-flavours in potato chips caused by oxidative rancidity was done and the effect of light as one of the factors which causes lipid oxidation was studied. Preceding findings reported that the polyethylene...
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...Case Study #3: Contract for the International Sale of Goods ------------------------------------------------- A chip off the new block Semicontronics is an Australian manufacturing company that has been in the business of semi manufactured electronics for over a decade. Semicontronics has a solid reputation for meeting customer demands for quality products on time and on budget. The majority of Semicontronics customers are international, mid-market manufacturing companies that produce generic electronics such as cell phones, digital media players and game consoles. Retail stores in foreign countries purchase the generic products and rebrand them for sale. Recently, Semicontronics has been approached by Phoneson to act as a supplier in their supply chain. Based in Japan, Phoneson is an original design electronics manufacturing company specializing in high-end mobility devices including cell phones, navigation systems and PDAs. Phoneson is impressed with Semicontronics’ reputation and wants Semicontronics to supply several components for its next release of legacy products. Phoneson has a reputation for producing best in class brands of electronics, and is recognized for cutting edge technology and aesthetic design. It has built a loyal following from electronics enthusiasts in its native Japan as well as other Asian and European electronics markets. Phoneson wants to extend its brand into the highly competitive North American market and sees standard Internet and GPS...
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...Case Study #3: Contract for the International Sale of Goods ------------------------------------------------- A chip off the new block Semicontronics is an Australian manufacturing company that has been in the business of semi manufactured electronics for over a decade. Semicontronics has a solid reputation for meeting customer demands for quality products on time and on budget. The majority of Semicontronics customers are international, mid-market manufacturing companies that produce generic electronics such as cell phones, digital media players and game consoles. Retail stores in foreign countries purchase the generic products and rebrand them for sale. Recently, Semicontronics has been approached by Phoneson to act as a supplier in their supply chain. Based in Japan, Phoneson is an original design electronics manufacturing company specializing in high-end mobility devices including cell phones, navigation systems and PDAs. Phoneson is impressed with Semicontronics’ reputation and wants Semicontronics to supply several components for its next release of legacy products. Phoneson has a reputation for producing best in class brands of electronics, and is recognized for cutting edge technology and aesthetic design. It has built a loyal following from electronics enthusiasts in its native Japan as well as other Asian and European electronics markets. Phoneson wants to extend its brand into the highly competitive North American market and sees standard Internet and GPS functionalities...
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...ECS students who came to the contact event. I met people from ECS, but never had a conversation with them. That's why I don't know there names. Reviewing new and old signs was a good way to improve my signing. . I feel learning reviewing old signs, not only improved my signing, but also my vocabulary. I was very proud of how many signs I remembered in just an hour. At game night, we did activities that were in sign language. We first broke into groups. You had to pick a chip out of a bag and if you got the color red, you played the game first. There was usually 2 people who got the red chip, but sometimes there were just 1 person also. If you got the color blue, you either sat until the next game, of you cheered and watch your team and the other players. I got red the first time I picked. So the first game everybody had to line up in a line to play. An ASL student finger spelled a word, and you had to act it out. The first word was dance. Of course I didn't get it. Then we got back to out groups and picked chips again. I got it again! This time, she finger spelled it and we had to write it on a white a board before somebody else. We drew the chips a couple more times and I didn't get it again, just those two times. If you won the game, you got a white chip. At the end, whoever had the most white chips won a prize. Our...
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.......................................................................1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Package Contents .................................................................................................................1 The DE2-70 Board Assembly ..............................................................................................2 Getting Help.........................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2 Altera DE2-70 Board .......................................................................................................4 2.1 2.2 2.3 Layout and Components ......................................................................................................4 Block Diagram of the DE2-70 Board ..................................................................................5 Power-up the DE2-70 Board................................................................................................9 Chapter 3 DE2-70 Control Panel.................................................................................................... 11 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Control Panel Setup ........................................................................................................... 11 Controlling the LEDs, 7-Segment Displays and LCD Display .........................................13 Switches and Buttons .........................................................................................
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...Write Endurance in Flash Drives: Measurements and Analysis Simona Boboila Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave. Boston, MA 02115 simona@ccs.neu.edu Peter Desnoyers Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave. Boston, MA 02115 pjd@ccs.neu.edu Abstract We examine the write endurance of USB flash drives using a range of approaches: chip-level measurements, reverse engineering, timing analysis, whole-device endurance testing, and simulation. The focus of our investigation is not only measured endurance, but underlying factors at the level of chips and algorithms—both typical and ideal—which determine the endurance of a device. Our chip-level measurements show endurance far in excess of nominal values quoted by manufacturers, by a factor of as much as 100. We reverse engineer specifics of the Flash Translation Layers (FTLs) used by several devices, and find a close correlation between measured whole-device endurance and predictions from reverse-engineered FTL parameters and measured chip endurance values. We present methods based on analysis of operation latency which provide a non-intrusive mechanism for determining FTL parameters. Finally we present Monte Carlo simulation results giving numerical bounds on endurance achievable by any on-line algorithm in the face of arbitrary or malicious access patterns. 1 Introduction In recent years flash memory has entered widespread use, in embedded media players, photography, portable drives, and solid-state disks (SSDs) for...
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...flash was first introduced in market by Intel in 1988, revolutionizing a market that was then dominated by EPROM and EEPROM devices. NAND flash architecture was introduced in the market by Toshiba in 1989.Most hardware engineers are not familiar with the differences between these two technologies. In fact, they usually refer to NOR architecture as “flash”, unaware of NAND flash technology and its many benefits over NOR. This is mainly due to the fact that most flash devices are used to store and run code (usually small), for which NOR flash is the default choice. Unlike Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Flash memory is non-volatile. Non-volatile memory retains data even without being powered-on. For example, when a computer is turned off all data that was in the computer’s DRAM memory is lost; however, when a Flash storage device is removed from a digital camera, all data (and pictures) remains saved on the Flash storage device. Flash memory is often used to hold control code such as the basic input/output system (BIOS) in a personal computer. When BIOS needs to be changed (rewritten), the flash memory can...
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...Outline Memory and Storage * RAM BASICS- * RAM is used for programs and data * Is one of the most popular upgrades to add to any system * Different variables * Memory module type * Memory chip type used on the module * Memory module speed * Error checking * ALLOWABLE MODULE SIZES AND COMBONATIONS- * Number of modules needed per bank of memory * Total of modules that can be installed * RAM TYPES- * DRAM requires frequent recharges of memory to retain its contents * SRAM does not need frequent recharging * SDRAM was the first type of memory to run in sync with the processor bus * DDR SDRAM uses double data and performs two transfers per clock cycle * DDR2 SDRAM runs its external data bus at twice the speed enabling a faster performance * Rambus was used earlier in Pentium 4 based chipsets from Intel * COMPARISON OF MEMORY MODULES- * All systems built in the early 90’s have used some form of memory module * SIMM- single refers to both sides having same pin out * SIPP- substituted pins for the edge connectors used by SIMM modules * DIMM- each side has different pin out * SODIMM- various pin outs for notebook, laser and LED printers * RDRAM- uses direct Rambus memory chips and is also referred as RIMM * SORM- compact version of the standard Rambus module for used in notebooks * Installing DIMMS and Rambus RDRAM Modules * Memory modules are the memory sticks that are installed...
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...United States has millions of unhealthy foods, but just because there are so many unhealthy foods out there does not mean we need to eat them all the time. A commercial for Chips Ahoy cookies found on Saturday morning, February 20, 2011, on the Nickelodeon channel, shows Americans a creative way to get outside, be active, and still be able to indulge with an unhealthy snack. The Nickelodeon channel is primarily aimed at children ages 6–17, with the exception of their weekday morning program block aimed at preschoolers ages 2–5. This commercial inspires children to get off the couch and spend some time outside, which is beneficial to their health. The setting of this commercial is outside in a park filled with beautiful, full, green trees. A group of friends and two adults are playing football in the bright, green grass in the park. A brown haired boy, wearing a red sweatshirt, passes the football to a little blonde girl, wearing a light blue sweatshirt. Numerous other children scramble for the ball. One blonde hair boy wearing a yellow sweatshirt slide into a huge, muddy puddle as he was running down field. At the end of the field a brown haired man wearing a green sweater stands holding a blue bag of Chips Ahoy. All the children trying to get to the Chips Ahoy bag then tackle him. He fumbles the bag of Chips Ahoy. The children scramble to pick up the bag and start cheering and laughing as they open the bag and enjoy the cookies. Despite the action just described, this commercial...
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...Shamas Ulhaq Prof. Husan 4/3/15 Research Paper What do chips do? We see chemistry all over the universe. Mainly we see it in the air or even on the walls of rotten down building of contamination. But it can also be created by us. We can choose what we really want to make to make even antidotes or even medicine. Today I chose a topic of something related to chemistry, something I thought would be kind of neat and interesting to learn. How computer chips in general computer hardware can be closely related to chemistry and how we could use it in real efficiency of time in research. Most of the standard industry use micro chips that are made from Intel. Intel is obviously a huge manufacture in this business and been here since the 1900’s. Most standard chips are made of silicon. Today silicon is everywhere it’s the most basic principle in beach sand as in a natural semiconductor and the most abundant element. First we can say the most advantage of silicon computer chips is because it’s a semiconductor. Which means when the computer runs it acts more like a conductor. Which is why it keeps temperatures low while it runs the PC or laptop from burning your motherboard. This process is called doping. It’s like saying conductors make it hard to control an electric signal. While insulators block electric signals. Semiconductors can do mostly both depending how the manufacturers want it implemented. Stability is one of the other reasons we use silicon in our computers (University...
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...the arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and logic operations. Logic operations test various conditions encountered during processing and they allow different actions to be taken based on the results. The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are the inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands. The ALU relies on basic items to perform its operations. The ALU is called as the heart of microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs because no technology can exist without those operations performed by ALU. 6.2 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT An Arithmetic Logic Unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors were found inside modern CPUs and graphics 145 processing units (GPUs) that accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs. A single component may contain a number of ALUs. Most of the processor's operations were performed by one or more ALUs. An ALU loads data from input registers and an external control unit commands the ALU to perform the required operation on the data and it stores the result into an output register. The inputs to the ALU were the data to be operated on (called operands) and a code from the control unit indicates which operation to perform. Most...
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...CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The global focus on terrorism and security may have geared up following the 9/11 attacks in the USA. The risk of terrorist attack can perhaps never be eliminated, but sensible steps can be taken to reduce the risk. The issue here is how seriously do the governments take the threat of terrorism…Post-Limburg, we cannot continue to hope for the best and ignore the lessons. Our Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also mentioned in a speech last year that Indian soldiers will soon have robots assisting them to counter terrorist attack. We are yet to hear more on that thought. The word “robot” was first used in a 1921 play titled R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robots, by Czechoslovakian writer Karel Capek. Robot is a Czech word meaning “worker.” Merriam-Webster defines robot as “a machine that looks like a human being and perform various complex acts; a device that automatically performs complicated, often repetitive tasks; a mechanism guided by automatic controls.” ISO describes a robot as “an automatically controlled reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. “ Yet, all these definition do give us a rough idea about what comprises a robot, which needs to sense the outside world and act accordingly. There are motors, pulleys, gears, gearbox, levers, chains, and many more mechanical systems, enabling locomotion. There are sound, light, magnetic...
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