...BECOMING ZIMBABWE TEACHING HISTORY IN CONTEXT IN ZIMBABWE Miles Tendi Published by the Institute for Justice and Reconcilation Wynberg Mews, Ground Floor, House Vincent, 10 Brodie Road, Wynberg 7800, South Africa www.ijr.org.za © 2009 Institute for Justice and Reconciliation First Published 2009 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-920219-18-5 Produced by Compress.dsl www.compressdsl.com CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1: Using history 5 The uses of liberation history in Zimbabwean politics • Historical context • ZANU PF’s ‘Patriotic History’ • Patriotic History’s detractors • What is Patriotic History? • The opposition’s use of history 5 5 6 6 8 CHAPTER 2: History in secondary and higher education 11 History curriculum development in Zimbabwe’s secondary schools and higher education institutions, and the implications for reconciliation, national healing and transitional justice • The growth in education since independence • History in secondary schools • History in higher education • A review of the NASS syllabus 11 11 14 17 CHAPTER 3: Teaching history 23 Challenges of teaching history in Zimbabwe, points of contention and consensus, and future prospects • Repression in tertiary institutions • Decline in secondary schools • National youth training service centres • Reasons for optimism 23 25 25 26 CHAPTER 4: Supporting history teaching 29 Supporting secondary and higher educators, and proposals towards learning sessions, modules and activities for history...
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...THE DEMISE OF GREAT ZIMBABWE, ad 1420 – 1550: AN ENVIRONMENTAL RE-APPRAISAL By Innocent Pikirayi The decline of Great Zimbabwe is poorly known due to limited archaeological data and vague historical sources. Environmental data indicates that Great Zimbabwe declined when climatic conditions were favourable, which may have prompted the ruling elite to make decisions that impacted on the immediate surroundings of the settlement and beyond. The shifting character of the Zimbabwe Culture1 since the 12th century was a human response to the vagaries of the savanna environment, as well as the changing patterns of trade in the western Indian Ocean involving eastern Africa and the auriferous Zimbabwean plateau hinterland. It is within this context that the demise of Great Zimbabwe as the urban centre of a powerful political system must be understood. introduction Great Zimbabwe (ad 1270–1550) emerged in the southern plateau regions of Zimbabwe from an Iron Age agricultural community.2 By the 14th century it was at the helm of a political hierarchy controlling territory and a community equivalent to a state.3 Its rulers accumulated considerable wealth and power from the large cattle herds4 they managed and from gold and ivory traded with the east African coast.5 It was the cultural and political successor to Mapungubwe (ad 1220–90), based in the middle Shashe-Limpopo valley. Mapungubwe developed into the political and cultural centre of a community living in the area and founded by...
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...societies which lived at Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe. By Michael Steel Introduction: The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe has been the topic of numerous debates and research studies, as well as being a national monument that draws tourists from around the world to its destination as a result of the rich history of the area. Great Zimbabwe ruins dates back to the Iron Age and is situated near Masvingo in Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi River. “Zimbabwe” meaning “stone buildings” is derived from the Shona term “dzimba dzamabwe”, which refers to the stone walls that that surround houses and kraals in traditional Shona settlements, such as Great Zimbabwe. It was of popular belief amongst historians that Great Zimbabwe was the first site in southern Africa in which a community was socially structured and sophisticated, therefore being considered the most complex of societies in precolonial southern Africa.However, a more recent discovery in 1932 found that a structured society preceded that of Great Zimbabwe by about a century in the Limpopo basin, an area known as the Mapungubwe. It is also popularly considered amongst historians that the people of the Mapungubwe area were in fact the ancestors of those who built the kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. Archaeological evidence indicates the earliest findings of class distinction through architecture and spatial arrangements, hence social structure, are found in the area of Mapungubwe. The Zimbabwe culture has well-known architectural and...
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...National University of Ireland, Dublin Cross-Cultural Management An In-Depth Analysis of Zimbabwe Class: BSC15D Submitted by: 6th August 2011 Table of Contents | 1.0: Introduction ……........................................................................................................................... | 2.0: Findings………………......................................................................................................................2.1: Political Philosophy and Ideology …………………………………………………………………………2.2: Economic Philosophy and Ideology ……………………………………………………………………….2.3: Geographic Philosophy and Ideology……………………………………………………………………..2.4: History Philosophy and Ideology ………………………………………………………………………….2.5: Language Philosophy and Ideology ……………………………………………………………………….2.6: Religion Philosophy and Ideology …………………………………………………………………………2.7: Social Structure Philosophy and Ideology …………………………………………………………….. | 3.0: Analysis…………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………44.0: Implication........................................................................................................................4 | 5.0: Conclusion...............................................................................................................4 | 6.0: Referencing.................................................................................................................................5 | | | 1.0 Introduction 2.1 Political Philosophy and Ideology ...
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...Vi’Dual Futch English 132- F1 Dr. Dabney Gray Wednesday, February 12, 2014 Living In 1994 Many births happened all around the world in the year of 1994. There was one in particular that happened in a small town in Georgia called Statesboro. The kid that was born name is Vi’Dual Futch. He was born July 1st, 1994 to be more exact. During this year many events happened across the globe that was important to many. In fact a couple of them are flood related mortality in Georgia, Zimbabwe taking a lead in promoting birth control, and 30 people drowned as Haitian police fire on refugees. These 3 events happened in the year of 1994 and had an impact all- over the world. One can research these events and find several articles pertaining to them. The world had a lot going during the 1994 period, which gave light to the world. July 3, 1994 something happened in Georgia that killed people, injured people, and destroyed much of South Georgia. In fact, Center Of Disease Control classified 30 deaths as flood related from July 4 thru July 14 as ME/Cs. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 29, 1994: 526-530) The “GREAT FLOOD” of 1994 of Georgia; many refer to this tropical storm as. The storm originated off the coast of Africa on June 30. The storm named Alberto struck the Florida panhandle and it came with severe winds and rain. Winds were up to 60 miles per hour. The flood caused several roads in 30 counties to close. The storm also ruptured many dams included 100 recreational...
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...• Analyse the features and strengths of different destinations (access, attractions, accommodation, activities, amenities and ancillary) In Zimbabwe there are 3 ways of transportation which are road, rail and air transport. In air transport there scheduled flights and the low cost carries like the Fastjet. There are 13 airports in Zimbabwe including 3 international airports. Roads also helps in linking different destinations. There are road ports in most cities and the one in Harare is the largest. Taxis and coaches also takes tourists to different places around Zimbabwe. There is also railway transport; high speed and luxurious trains are there to help in the transportation of people and tourism goods and also railway stations are available around Zimbabwe with planned schedules. In Zimbabwe there are natural attractions like Chinhoyi Caves, also man-made attractions like the Lake Kariba and cultural attractions like the Great Zimbabwe Ruins. Zimbabwe has the iconic attraction which is the Victoria Falls. Some attractions are designed for tourism purposes for example galleries, museums. Other attractions are designed for events like for arts (HIFA, music concert), business (carnival, sanganai expo) and some are designed for culture like cultural villages. Accommodation in Zimbabwe...
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...CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE RHODESIAN NOVEL BEFORE AND AFTER 1890 The history of Zimbabwe shows that land was at the centre of the people’s lives (as everywhere else in the world), before the arrival of white people; and at the centre of controversy from the time that the white people colonised the country in 1890. It is still at the centre of controversy as I write towards the end of the 20th Century because land has not been adequately redistributed among the black people. The history of Zimbabwe before the advent of the 1890 colonial experience also reveals what Chinua Achebe calls his fundamental theme. This fundamental theme is that “African people did not hear of culture for the first time from Europeans, that their societies were not mindless but frequently had a philosophy of great depth and value and beauty, that they had poetry and, above all, they had dignity. It is this dignity that many African people all but lost during the colonial period and it is this that they must now regain.” 1 The pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe further emphasises that “African societies of the past, with all their imperfections, were not consumers but 2 producers of culture.” This is because although the country was not 1 . Chinua Achebe, “The Role of the Writer in a New Nation” in G.D. Killam, ed., African Writers on African Writing (London, Ibadan and Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1973) 8. 2 . Ibid 13 27 politically organised...
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...Underdevelopment: Zimbabwe In the modern world it has become very common to classify countries in one of two categories: developed, and underdeveloped. One country, which is still considered to be underdeveloped, is Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is located in south-eastern Africa, and is bordered by five different countries leaving no access to the Indian coast. Zimbabwe does however have access to both the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, which feed into the Indian Ocean, though neither is necessarily easily navigable by boat. There is an abundance of minerals in Zimbabwe, and also a respectable amount of commercial agriculture, however the economy has yet to progress to its full potential. This has much to do with the political turbulence that the country has experienced in the past thirty years, but is affected more so by the social inequality that has predominated for much of its history. Even with the social and political setbacks that Zimbabwe has been forced to face, the economy has done decently, but that has failed to alleviate many of the symptoms of underdevelopment that are still painfully apparent. Underdevelopment may occur in various forms and have various causes, but the symptoms of underdevelopment are easily distinguishable. The most easily recognizable symptoms of underdevelopment are: problematic population growth, high birth and death rates, high infant mortality rates, and short life expectancies. Disease, famine, starvation, and malnutrition are also all red flags that...
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...NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES MODULE 1 ZIMBABWEAN HISTORY, NATIONAL INTERESTS, AND HERITAGE, Contents: TOPIC ……….. ……. PAGE 1. Introduction……………………………………………………..01 2. History of Zimbabwe……………………………………………02 2.1. The Great Zimbabwe State…………………………………03 2. The Mutapa State…………………………………………..04 2.3. The Rozvi State…………………………………………….07 2.4. The Ndebele State…………………………………………..07 2.5. White Settler Occupation of Zimbabwe……………………10 2.6. Crimes Against Humanity; -- Colonization and Slavery …..15 7. Consolidation of Settler-Colonialism in Zimbabwe ………21 8. African Nationalism And Organized Resistance To colonialism ……….. .. 30 4. Cultural heritage……………………………………………. 5. Political Heritage 6. Economic heritage 7. Civic responsibilities 8. Acknowledgements 1: INTRODUCTION NASS- The background There is no educational system that is silent on the values that are accepted and cherished by that society. Education is about values in other word behavior change in all the domains of education that is the psychomotor, the cognitive and the affective. A skilled artisan or accountant with no sense of his position in society at the family level or at work or society in general is a social misfit and a...
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...INTRODUCTION Much of the literature about the liberation struggle in the South-East Lowveld has documented different counter strategies by the RSF but propaganda as one of the strategy has been partially covered. The study focuses on Rhodesia Front government’s propaganda as a counter insurgency strategy to the guerrilla activities. Propaganda is the control of public opinion. There are three types of propaganda that is white, grey and black propaganda. White propaganda is the dissemination of the truth to someone’s advantage, grey propaganda is the mixture of lies and truth and black propaganda consists of largely but not total lies. All these types were exploited upon implementation of propaganda at different levels through different tactics. Psychological operations which were executed as forms of propaganda involved planned use of communication through words, symbols and actions to influence the behaviour of the targeted audiences and achieve set objectives. The government’s use of propaganda warfare was prompted by a number of reasons which ranged from economic, political, social and military factors. It is worth noting here that, the tempo and conduct of the war varied from one locality to the other depending on the terrain and proximity to strategical areas like borders, transport networks and close to government’s administrative offices. The study is presented in three chapters. The first chapter outlines the reasons for the introduction of propaganda warfare in Chilonga...
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...1 African Kingdoms I. General Overview a. The single most important development in the history of northwestern Africa was the use of the camel as a transport vehicle. In ancient times, the Egyptians and Carthaginians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa, even though west Africa was rich in gold, precious metals, ivory, and other resources. b. The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara, which in Arabic simply means "The Desert." Around 750 AD, under the influence of Islamic peoples, northern and western Africans began to use the camel to transport goods across this forbidding terrain. c. Camels do several things exceptionally well: they can carry unbelievably heavy loads for impossibly long distances and they can keep their footing on sandy terrain. It was as if someone had invented sand ships and its effect on western African culture was just as profound as if they were sand ships. d. The most important developments occurred in the Sahel area just south of the Sahara; the Sahel provided southern terminal points for the goods being shipped across the Sahara. The Sahel is a dry, hot area with fertile areas and grasslands; all of the major north African kingdoms grew up in this area: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu: the Sahelian kingdoms. SLIDE: African Empire Chronology SLIDE: Key terms SLIDE: Map of Africa II. Sahelian kingdoms a. The largest African cities and kingdoms were located in the Sahel, a desert and savannah region south...
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...UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME: CHIGUMBU PRAISE REG NUMBER: C15125079X LEVEL: 1:1 PROGRAMME: BSCAC ASSIGNMENT 1: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT-(CUEB 104) DUE DATE: April 21 2015 QUESTION: Zimbabwe is immune from the focus of globalization. Discuss A Introduction Globalization although not a new phenomenon, has increased rapidly in recent years. It has been driven by technological advances, and the reduced cost of making transactions (exchange) across borders and distances, as well as increased mobility of capital. These forces mean that globalization not only consist of economic activity but also extends to political, cultural, environmental and security issues and relates to the increasing interconnectivity of countries and communities. Since Zimbabwe is not surviving in isolation it is therefore to a greater extent not immune from the focus of globalization. Zimbabwe is affected by globalization in the following areas which include economic, sociocultural, information and communication technology, tourism, sports and education .However partially Zimbabwe is immune from the focus of globalization due to indigenization, empowerment and the Zim Asset law. Definition of terms Globalization Al-Rodhan et al (2006) defines globalization as the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects...
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...Historiographical perspectives of religious pluralism in Zimbabwe Zimbudzana Chimudzimu julius Preface Religion in Zimbabwe like in the rest of Africa plays an important role in the lives of people. In Africa a person is born into a religion. Rites of passages from the time of birth, even at conception, have a religious meaning. The dominant religion is the traditional religion which is practiced in different ways in different places. The Ultimate being worshipped through the ancestors is the creator God. All of creation is sacred. That means the trees, animals, peoples ,lands, rivers, wells, springs, forests and insects are sacred. Every space is sacred in ATR. The advent of foreign religions has forced people to abandon the traditional religion but in practice it is not possible to abandon it completely because it does not require daily or weekly attendance. One’s family can worship for and on behalf of the absent family members. In Zimbabwe the biggest challenges to traditional religion is/was Christianity and to a lesser extend Islam. There are records where Christianity failed to take off for very long periods. In Matebeleland the missionaries failed to make a single convert in a very long time. Christianity made significant inroads because of empirical colonization. It was seen as the religion of the Master and as such subjects had to identify with the master. Though there is no official proclaimed state religion, Christianity is taken by many to be the religion...
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...are “the interconnecting lines of communication used to pass information from one person or one section to another”. Networks ensure that information in an organization does not flow randomly, but, follow set up channels. Formal communication network include vertical, lateral and diagonal communication whereas, informal communication includes grapevine and bypassing networks. This essay is going to illustrate the significance and relevance of these formal and informal communication networks at the University of Zimbabwe. Formal communication network is whereby communication follows the hierarchical structure of the organization or the chain of command (Richmond 2005). According to Evans (1984) formal communication is applied to those communications which are routed through what have been called ‘official channels’. These definitions imply that formal communication is observed through formal organizational structures. For example, at the University of Zimbabwe, if the Dean, who is the head of a faculty, has to communicate a message to the lecturers in the faculty, he communicates through the chairpersons of the department who then pass the information to the intended recipients, who in this case, are the lecturers. The different types of formal communication networks as stated...
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...CHUPICAL SHOLLAH MANUEL Development is an elusive concept to define. It is not simply an increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is rather multidimensional and there are no universally accepted approaches which can work as a utility and panacea for development. Development encompasses the advancement of agriculture, village and cottage industries, the socio-economic infrastructure, human resources, community services, human rights and the political environment. Phenomenally, development is the end result of the interactions between various physical, technological, economic, social, cultural and political institutional factors (Singh, 1999). The thrust of this paper is however, not on definition of terms but a chronicle of the modernization theory, its basic tenants and its critical appreciation in the development context of the third world countries. In development discourse the modernization movement of the 1950s and 1960s is an economic theory that is rooted in capitalism. The concept of modernization incorporates the full spectrum of the transition and drastic transformation that a traditional society has to undergo in order to become modern (Hussain et al., 1981). Modernization is about Africa following the developmental footsteps of Europe. According to modernity, policies intended to raise the standard of living of the poor often consist of disseminating knowledge and information about more efficient techniques of production. The modernization theory assumes...
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