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2年
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1卷

3期

美 国 南 方 哥特 式小 说 特 色 探 究
口 黄 丽 双




要】 于欧 陆的哥特 文学于 1 世 纪中后期在 美国迅速发展 并 萌发 了与众不 同的文学气质 , 国小说从诞 生之 日 就具




有 了鲜 明的哥特 色彩 ,
尤其是 美国南方的哥 特小说更具有显薯特 色。在 爱伦 ・ 、
坡 福克 纳、
奥康 纳、
麦卡勒斯 和莫里
森等杰 出小说 家笔 下的南方哥特 小说 中可以看到具有本 土特点 的场景 的应用 、
怪诞 色彩 的极 致渲染 、
心理探 析的 细
致描述 、
侦探推 理小说 与哥特 小说 的巧妙 融合、
蓄奴制 与种族主 义的深刻揭露等 ,
这一切推 动 了哥特 小说在 美国文 学

乃 至世界文 学的进一步繁 荣与发展 。


关键 词 】
美国南方 ;
哥特文学;
哥特 小说 ;
艺术特 色 【
基金项目】
本文为大庆师范学院青年基金项 目(
编号: s1)
0 q3 阶段性研究成果。



作者简介】
黄丽双(986 ) 女,
1 . 一 , 黑龙江哈尔滨人;

大庆师范学院外国
语学院讲师;
研究方向:
英美文学

哥特 小说 并非起 源于 美国 ,
尽管 如此 , 特小 说 随着发


现代 主义 书写 ” 这种 看似简 单的 哥特场景 的转换 意义深


展最终深 深地扎根 在 了美 国这 块肥 沃 的土壤 上。美 国本 土

远,
南方作家们不再 描写遥 远 的年代 , 再刻画 看似飘 渺虚


在接受 大量的欧洲人 口的同时 ,
自然 而然地 接受 了具 有欧洲
文化 特质的哥 特 文学 , 是彼 岸 之花 一 经嫁 接 在新 的沃 土


幻的人 物 ,
在他们笔下 , 、
时空 人物 等有 了真实 感。如果 说在
坡的哥特世界 中呈 现的场景还很 接近传统 哥特的场景 ,
比如

上,
随着社会 、
经济 、
文化 以及人文环境 等各 方面 的变迁生发

坡对 阴森 的古屋 、 间和地 窖 的描述 , 么在福 克纳等 之后



出了与众 不同的文学特质。美 国南 方广袤 的土地 是在 1
9世

的作家的哥特 书写 中所 呈 现的场 景就 已经非常 具有南 方特

纪4 o年代逐步并入 美 国的 ,
欧洲 移 民的生 产与 生活就 是 在

色了。比如对南方 的偏僻 的小镇 、
小镇 中的某个家 居的密 闭

这一时期走进 了美 国, 国南方 哥特文学 的文化土 壤就形 成


卧室等等南方味十足的哥特 场景 的运用 ,
为作家们进 一步深

于这 一时期。美国南方哥特文学是哥特文学 的分支 ,89年
13

入挖掘人的内在本 质、
揭露社会 的残酷 与历史 的罪 恶等作 了

爱伦 ・
坡的《
厄舍古 屋的倒塌》 视为美 国南 方哥 特文学 诞

生的标 志 ,9世纪 的美 国南方哥特小说在坡和毕 尔斯等作 家


很好的背景铺 垫。福克 纳 就 在他 的 《 给艾 米 丽的 玫瑰 》



的作 品 中有 了雏形 ,
而到 了 2
O世纪 , 克纳 、 康纳 和麦 卡



方背景下的历史进 行了深刻 的探索 , 南方 阴影 笼罩下 的现


勒斯 等众 多南方作家创作 了大量具有 哥特特 征的小说 , 而

推动了南方哥特 小说 的发展 与繁荣 。与传 统 的哥特 小说 相

代社会中的南 方人 的命 运进 行了深人 的探析 。

似 , 国南方哥特 小说 同样 充斥 着恐 怖、 秘 、 力 、



邪恶 和

了极 致


八月之光》 《
、 圣殿》 《
及 押沙龙 ,
押沙龙》
等经典作 品 中对南

二 、 国南 方 哥 特 小 说 把 传 统 哥 特 小 说 中 的 怪诞 发 挥 到


阴暗等哥特要素 , 而南 方哥特 小说具有 的独特 的历史 文化



怪诞 ”
并不专属 于哥特小说 ,
更别 说专属于美 国南方 哥

背景 ,
比如南方 的清 教文化 、
南方 的庄园制度 , 方的种族 主


特小说 ,
但是 , 怪诞 ”

这一特 征却 弥漫在美 国南方哥 特小说

义,
南北 的内战等等都 为哥特 小说 的发 展提 供 了养分 , 得
使

中的方方面面 ,
成为令人注 目的一大特 色。“
坡的《
怪异故 事

美国南方哥 特小 说成 为 哥特 小说 的 极其 重 要 的组 成 部分 。

集》 是从 标 题 、 事 到 人 物 完 成 了对 怪 诞 的 最 好 的诠




尽管哥特传统 存在 于整个英 美文 学之 中 , 它在 美 国南方


释 。 在坡 、


福克纳 、
奥康 纳及麦 卡勒斯等文学 大师 的作 品

文学中特别突 出,
而且具 有 自己的特点 ” …





中, 怪诞 ”

成了主要特征之一 ,
通过怪诞 的人 物形 象 、
怪诞 的

场景的现实性为南方哥特小说增 强了真实感

故事情节 和怪诞的言语行为来实现对 南方混乱 、
黑暗 和荒 谬

在1
8世纪哥特 小说 的创 始之 初 ,
哥特 小说 家笔 下 的场

的社会历史现实的揭露。

景多是 中世纪 阴森 的古 堡 、 山野 岭 、

修道 院 和破败 的古 屋

福克纳擅于刻 画奇异 怪诞 的人 物形象 , 他 的小 说 中 ,


等,
而到 了美国南方小 说家 的笔下 , 特场 景有 了现实性 特


怪诞甚至形成 了一 种风格 渗透 在他 的世系小 说和各 个短 篇

征,
尽管 一开始他们也 曾采用 了传 统 的哥特 场景 , 是 在这


小说 当中,
这种 “ 式怪 诞” 使 得福克纳成为南方文学 的“




些作家不断 的书写 中,
他们越来越 多地 把现实生 活 中的场景

诞 ” 师。通过塑造如《 月之 光》


中的乔 、 喧 哗与骚动》



描绘进来 ,
故事发生 的时 间多为 他们 正切 身经 历 的年代 ,


的康普生家族 以及《
献给艾米 丽 的玫 瑰》中的艾 米丽等众 多

事发生的地点多 为他们所 真 实生活 着的美 国南 方 的某 个场

的畸形怪诞 的人物形象 ,
福克 纳为我们读者 描画 了一 幅幅生

所。2 世纪二 、

三十年代 , 福克 纳、 康纳 、


威廉 姆斯 和麦
卡勒斯等创作 的小说 中,
场景 的设置 极具真 实性 。“ 们笔

下的南方世界是 ‘
哥特式 ’ , 暗 的,
的 晦
是对 南方 战后 现实 的

动逼 真的旧南方没落家族 的图景 ,
从而 深刻地揭示 了旧南方
的极其特殊 的历史 文化 背景 与南方人 的挫败 梦魇般 的文 化
心理 。



d 埘 l cn inE田衄 l a icTb e l &Seeru s 万方数据

2 1・


豳蟹雹国磁圈

2 1 年第 1 卷第 1
02

3期

继福克纳之后 ,
享有“
南方哥特女王”
美称 的奥康纳成 为
美 国南方哥特小说中运用 “
怪诞 “
来抒 写南 方 的继承人 。奥

四、
侦探推理小说与哥特小说 的完美融合也成为美国 南
方哥 特 小 说 的 一 大 特 色

康纳作品中的“
畸人”
形象 给读者 留下 了非常深刻 的印象 ,


坡 是 这 方 面 的 杰 出 代 表 , 坡 成 功 地 把 侦 探 推 理 小 说 的


创造了一群哥特 式“
畸人” 通过展 现这些 或身体上或精神 上


技巧与哥特元素进 行 了巧妙 的融合 。坡 因在 推理 方面 的非

畸形变态的人物的怪 诞 ,
奥康纳揭示 了人在现实 中面临 的极

凡天赋而被公认 为“
侦探小 说 的鼻祖 ”
。坡 一生 共创作 了 5

端 困境 ,
给人 印象深刻的有《
好人难寻》
中的一家五 口人 的怪

篇侦探推理小说 ,
创造 了 5种经 典 侦探小 说模 式 ,
为后世 竟

异 的死亡 ,
尤其怪诞 的是 一家 中的年 迈的老奶 奶 ,
她在 目睹

相效仿 。作为侦探小说 巨匠, 探小 说 的鼻祖 ,

坡在 哥特 小

家 中其他成员的被杀时 ,
心理状态 极其怪异 ,
先是惊恐 万状 ,

说 当中必然融合了哥特与推 理双重元 素 。在坡 的小说 中,


后是 自己面临死亡时 的彻底 绝望 ,
最后是 死在 “
不合 时宜 的

处充斥着死亡 、 怖 、 团与谋杀 。在坡 的第 一篇推 理小 说



人 ” 口下时 的安 详,

脸上 露 出了神秘 的微 笑。奥康纳 把她


莫格街谋杀案》 坡设计 的恐 怖 的作 案场景 惨不 忍睹 ,
中,


的“
畸人 ”
刻画得 如此入木 三分 ,
令人读后 有种心灵受到撞击

人毛骨悚然 。在《
你就是杀人凶手》 坡将哥特 的神 秘与缜
中,

的震撼 ,
哥特式 的怪诞被她挥洒 自如地 运用到她 的哥特陈述

密 的推理综合在一起 ,
运用心理 战术暴露 出 了真 凶。在坡 之

中,
她笔下的每一位 “
畸人 ”
都不 是简单 数语可 以概括 的 ,


后,
福克纳也在他 的哥特小说创作 中成功地运用 了侦探推 理

个形象都呈现 出不 同 的深度 , 人深思 。事 实上 , 特式 的



小说 的某些手法 。福克 纳把恐 怖可 怕 的气氛 下充满 着 凶杀

怪诞普遍存 在于 美 国南 方 文学 中,
只不过 在不 同 的作 家笔

暴力 的情节 与侦探 推理 手法 相 结合 , 而 使小 说 更具 吸 引


下 , 的描述 与呈现 的方法 不 同而 已 , 于南 方女作 家麦
怪诞


力,
这种结合产生 的震撼人心的艺术 效果更能揭 示人心灵 深

卡勒斯而言 ,
她通过 主要 体现在人 物的外貌特征上 以及精神

处 的罪恶 ,
极具表现力 。《
圣殿》、 押沙龙 , 沙龙 》 坟 墓


和《

层面一 的怪诞反 衬出整个 社会 的畸形 。麦 卡勒 斯的怪 诞具




的闯入者》
都是福克纳把哥特小说与侦探推 理小说进行融 合

有 的独特风格体现在她并不一味追求纯 粹的怪诞 ,
而是要通

运用 的成功尝试 ,
为他 的道德探 索 和社会 批判 增添 了力度 。

过在小说 中设计一些“
怪人 ”
和荒诞 的“
怪事 ”
来表 达其 自身

在《 沙龙 ,

押沙龙 》 ,
中 罗莎和昆 丁夜里去探访 破败的庄园 ,

对现实社会的理解感悟。在《
伤心咖啡馆之歌》 麦卡勒斯
中,

其场景 的描写恐怖至极 ,
小说 中的几个 叙述者按 照各 自的立

刻 画 r三个怪人 : 蜜利 亚、

马文和李蒙 ,
三人 的畸形变态 的

场 与意愿去叙述 ,
几个叙述 者成 了名 符其 实的 侦探 ,
他们 要

三角恋具有浓厚的怪 诞色彩 ,
麦卡勒斯 通过这一怪诞 的爱情

揭磊 的不仅是斯特潘家族 的内幕 ,
而且 是整个南 方的罪恶 历

悲剧反映 出南方社 会下层 人 民以至整 个人类 的异 化、
孤独 、

史。

绝 望等心理状态 ,
同时也折射 出女 性在男权主 义压迫下 的无
奈 与无助 。 三 、美国南方哥 特小说从坡 开始就表现出极其深入的心
理 探 求

五、在美国南方哥特 小说 中,
蓄奴制 与种族 主义成为 一
大主题

借 助于哥特小说所 具备 的震撼心灵 的力量 ,
一大批作 家
着力 于揭示历史 的罪恶 与残酷 的社 会现 实。蓄奴制 与种 族


南方哥特小说更重要 的特点在 于它 一开始就表现 出探

主义一直是美 国南 方最敏感 , 根本 的 问题 ,

触及 了南方 的

索人类心灵 的隐秘 深处 ,
揭示其 黑 暗内涵 的浓厚 兴趣 , 以


政治 、
经济 、
文化和道 德等 方方 面面 的社 会问题 。南 方哥 特

英 国哥特小说为代表的传统哥特小说相 比,
这是 主题上 的重
大变化和发展。 ‘坡 对哥特 小说做 出 了一 大贡献便 是把 心
”4

小说家们致力于揭示南方社 会的封 闭、
落后 、
保守 和腐朽 ,


理探索 弓进 了哥特创作 ,

开创 了“
心理哥 特小说”
。坡非 常注

国南 方特殊 的历史文化中 ,
蓄奴 制成 为最突 出也是最根深 蒂

重心理描写 , 小说 中,

坡浓 墨重彩 地描绘 挖 掘人 的内心世

固的顽疾 , 内战后的南方 ,

种族 矛盾更加 激化 ,
即使是在 南

界,
心理活动经 过坡 的笔下 刻画 ,
显得 十分生 动 、
逼真 、 腻


方社会进入到现代 ,
这种 因种族 问题 而导致 的整个南方社 会

与丰富。坡把道德探索与心理探索结合 起来 ,
揭示 出人 的灵

的精神方面及心理方面的病 态依然存 在且严重到一定程度 。

魂深处 的罪恶 ,
从而 推动了哥特小说 的深入发展。

蓄奴 制和种族 主义成为 这些作 家笔 下最普 遍 的主题 。在 美

大部分美 国南方哥 特小 说都或 多或 少涉 及到 了种族 问

坡 善于把哥特手 法与心 理分 析进行 结合运 用来 揭示 故

题。坡作为早期的哥特 小说 家 ,
其诸 多短篇 小说描写 了蓄奴

事 中的主人公 内心深处的变态 、
阴暗与丑恶 等心理 。例 如在

制统 治下的种族压迫和种族 歧视 问题 ,
对此严 酷的社会 现实


一桶白葡萄酒》 ,
中 坡选用第一人称视角叙事来更加深 入地

进行讽刺和批判 。虽然坡的种族观历 来被认为 有局限性 ,


探 索主人公蒙特里梭 的扭 曲的犯罪心理 ,
逼真 地描写主 人公

不很彻底 ,
但是坡能够在他 的小 说创 作 中由始至终地进 行种

从产生犯罪动机到实施真正的 凶杀 的全 过程。丽在《
厄舍 古

族 问题 的反思 ,
对于处在一个到 处充斥着尖 锐的种族矛 盾的

屋 的倒塌》 《
、 泄密 的心》 《
、 黑猫 》 《
、 红死魔 的面具》 《
、 活埋 》

社会的南方作家而言已经算是很大的突破 了。而福克纳在无

和《
陷坑和钟摆》中 , 同样 巧妙 地把 心理 因素 融进 哥特 之


情地揭露种族 问题方 面 比坡要 彻底 全面 。在 《 沙龙 , 沙



中,
为后继哥特 等小说 对人物 心理深 处 的善恶 冲突 、
心理 变

龙》 ,种族歧视的思想在每 个角色的脑海中都存在过 。
中 “


态 以及人格分裂等的剖析开创 了先河。此外 , 克纳在 其作


在《
押沙龙 ,
押沙龙》 ,
中 导致 萨德本 家族 的衰落 甚至 可以说

品中同样注重表现人类遭受折磨 的灵魂 和罪恶 的内心 ,
例如

是导致整 个旧南 方倒塌 的决定性 因 素便是 种族 主义 和蓄奴

在“
约克纳帕塔法 ”
世系小说中 ,
福克纳刻画了 四大家族 由盛

制的罪恶 。亨利和邦本是同根生却彼 此相残 ,
邦有八 分之一

而 衰的过程 ,
揭示 了各 个家族 成员 的坎坷 人生经 历 , 而 展


的黑人血统对亨利来说是致命的打 击 ,
亨利 能容忍邦 和妹妹

现 出南 方人 所 经 受 的 焦 虑 彷 徨 的 心 理 。

的乱伦婚姻 ,
却无法容忍邦 的一 丁点儿黑人血统 。由此可



万方数据

2 2・


Ids 谢 &s 蚰c Ti n 毽圈圉圈瞳圜 nlt lr d e r ue b

从 白居 易 《 琶 行 》

探讨 其 音 乐 美学 思 想
口 张佳 颖


摘 要】 居 易是我国唐代著名的现实主义诗人,

在中国文学史上占有非常重要的地位 ,
同时,
白居易还是唐代杰出的文人音
乐家 ,
他热爱音 乐,
写过许 多关于音 乐的诗 ,
对后世 文人音 乐影响 深远 。本文主要通过 分析 、 究白居 易与音 乐相 关

的诗作 ,
总结概括其音 乐美学思想。


关键词】
白居易;琵琶行》 音乐美学思想



作者简介 】
张佳 颖(981 , ,
18. ~)女 河北石 家庄人 ;
燕山大学艺术 与设 计学院 21 级在读硕士研究 生; 究方向:
01

传统音乐





白居 易 生 平 及 创 作

1《
. 琵琶行 》 《
。 琵琶行 》
是我 国唐代 现实 主义叙事 诗 的

( )
一 生平。自居 易是 继杜 甫 以后 又 一位伟 大 的现 实主

经典之作 。自居易 以精湛 的写作 手法从 不 同角度 对琵 琶 曲

义诗人 , 现存 的诗 近三千首 , 诗歌理 论方面 ,


自居 易主张

进行 了生动细致 的描写 。在诗 中, 琵琶 ”

是一个 帮助 涛人表

反映现实 ,
他的诗 作大 多抨 击 当时 的腐败 政治 , 露 了当时


达情感 的工具 ,
诗中将诗 人所有的情感 、
意境 、
风格全部 依托

的黑暗现实 ,
反映 了广 大人 民群 众 的贫 困生 活和悲 惨遭 遇 ,

在琵琶所奏乐 曲之 中, 中对琵琶 的形 制、

演奏技 法等 作 了

具有深刻 的思想 意义 。白居 易在艺 术 上是一 位 勇敢 的革新

形象 、
生动的描写 ,
反映 出诗人 对琵琶 这件 乐器 细致入 微 的

家 , 与元 稹等 提倡 的“ 乐 府运 动” 是唐 代诗 歌创作 中一




观察 ,
如琵琶的形制 、 能 、

演奏技 巧等 ,
通过 描绘 性 的手法

场很具影 响的革新运动 , 还写 下 了《 乐府 》 十首 ,



代表

表现 出音乐 的美 。另外 ,
作品 中的描绘也反 映 出唐 代空前盛

了新乐府运动 的最高成就 。白居易 的诗 作形象 鲜明 、
通俗 易

世 的景象 , 中 出色 的音乐 描写 使 诗作 充满 强 烈 的视 听效


懂、
自然流畅 ,
形成 了 自己 的风 格 , 少 诗歌 还具 有 民歌风


果 , 出诗 中有乐 , 中有诗 的通感美 。
表现


味,
很受人民群众 的喜爱 、 迎 。 自居 易 同时又 是一位 精通

音律 的大诗人 。在 白居易众多音 乐诗 中 , 隐藏着 许多音乐


重要 的地位。他 酷爱 诗、 、 ,
酒 琴 白居易 对音 乐 ,
特别是 对古

美学观点 ,
大都散落于 白居 易 的音乐 诗和 《
策林 》 ,
中 笔者就

琴 十分钟爱 ,
这在他 的诗 中也均有记 载, : 酒既 酣 , 自援
如 “


其音乐生活及其音乐美学 思想进行 论述 。

琴,
操宫声 , 秋思》
弄《
一遍 。若兴 发 , 家僮 调 法部丝 竹 ,



( )
二 白居 易的音 乐创作 。

2 其他 诗乐创作 。音乐在 自居 易的生活 中,

占据着非 常

奏《
霓裳羽衣》 曲。 这是 自居易的一首著名 的诗作 ,


诗中一

见,
可怕黑暗的蓄奴制与种族主义使 得像 亨利和邦 这样 的南
方人成 为受 害者 ,
成为牺牲 品,
即使 在奴隶 制废 除 的时代 ,


族歧视 ,
因此 ,
别格从小就敌视周 围 的一切 ,
在无 意杀死 白人

族 主义 的阴影依然笼 罩着南方 ,
旧南方 因而变得更 加衰败 不

思。事实上 , 国南方哥特小说历经 时代的变 迁而在不 断地


堪 。在( k
/ 月之光》 乔 也是一个深受种族 主义迫害 的可怜
中,

发展着 ,
因南方特 殊的社 会历史 和文 化 的积淀 而独具 特 色。

人 。种族偏 见摧 残折磨着 乔的心灵 ,
导致 乔最终 沦为心理 极

除了上述几大特色外 , 国南方哥特 小说在新 时期发展 了更


其变态 的残 忍杀人犯 。

多的特色 ,
例如 ,
南方 哥特小 说 已经 走进 了后 现代 的视野 之

小姐玛丽之后 ,
别格反而找到 了 自我 , 具讽刺意 味 ,

发人 深

在 再现种族 问题 这一主题上 ,
像莫 里森和赖 特这样 的黑

中,
同时也融进 了女 性主义 的叙 事等。 由此 ,
南方 哥特 小说

人作 家的书写似乎应该 比白人作 家更能具 有感染 力表现 力 ,

呈现 了更加多姿多彩的面貌 , 为美国文学 乃至世界 文学的


例 如在 《 D 中,
宠J ) 莫里森用哥特式 的恐怖 与压抑来呈 现种族

繁荣与发展不可或缺 的一部分 ,
具有旺盛 的生命力 。

主义在 旧南 方的肆 意横行 造 成的 恶果 。通过 黑奴母 亲塞 丝
杀 害 自己的亲生 女儿 来结 束女儿 的奴隶命 运 的故 事情节 来


参考文献】

暴 露在 残忍的奴隶制下奴隶主 与奴隶之 间发生 的激烈 冲突。

1 肖明翰.

福克纳与美 国南方文 学传 统 [ ]
J .外 国文 学研 究,

整篇小说 充斥着 哥特 式的恐怖 、
痛苦 、
挣扎 、
压抑 与 内心 激烈

1 96. :

4 24

的冲突。塞丝女 儿 的幽灵般 的 出现象 征 着种族 主 义 的困扰
不断,
而这恰恰是 所有南 方人 , 论 是 白人还 是黑 人都逃 离


2 王晓姝.

哥特之魂 :
哥特传统在 美 国小说 中的嬗 变[ .
M] 北

不 了的梦魇。理查 德 ・ 特被公认 为“ 代美 国黑人 小说之



3 刘玉红. 国南方哥 特小说 的现代精神 [ ]


J .广 西师 范大学

京 : 识 产 权 出版 社 ,oO:2

2 1 13~15


父” 在 赖特 的代 表作 《

土生子》 ,
中 哥特式 的恐怖与暴 力的描

学报 (
哲学社会科学版) 2o ( 1 )4
,O o S 期 : o 写成 为主要 的叙事 手段 。主人公 别格 生 长在 一个 到处 充满

4 王爱 琴.

种族 歧视 的悲剧——福 克 纳小说 《 沙龙 , 沙



着 种族 压迫的环境 当中,
黑人 处处遭 受着来 自白人社 会的种

龙》
解读 [ ] 外 国文学,0 0 7 12
J.
2 1 , :o



Il蒯 & dn bnE田圈晒囵 nl d t See ̄ue s cT
万方数据

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