...environment in which businesses Operate 4 Task 3 : The behaviour of organisations in their market Environment 7 Task 4 : The importance of global factors which shape the national business activities 9 Business Environment Assessment This piece of work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of specific topics related to business environment domain. There are four main objectives which the present piece of work intends to achieve and they include: to provide a clear description of the organisational purposes of a selected company/business and present its main focus, products and performance on the market; to contribute knowledge regarding the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate, to identify and analyse the behaviour businesses exhibit in their market environment and to evaluate the importance of those global factors which shape the national business performance and activity (Business Environment Lecture Notes, 2012-13). Task 1. The organisational purposes of businesses OFCOM UK 1.1 Organisation's objectives, their monitoring and achievement OFCOM UK is an independent regulator and competition authority body for the UK's communication industries, as such, it operates in this sector of communication. The company regulates Tv and radio firms, telecom fixed lines providers, postal services, mobiles and the airwaves related to wireless devices providers (Ofcom Website UK, 2013-14)...
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...membership on the UK This note examines the various channels through which membership of the EU affects the UK economy. A general sense of the EU’s economic impact can be gained by reading Section 1 alone. Subsequent sections deal with particular issues, such as the EU’s effect on UK trade relations, in more detail, and compare the UK’s situation with alternative arrangements. Contents 1 Introduction and summary 2 2 Cost-benefit analyses of EU membership 5 3 The effect of the EU on UK trade relations 6 4 Impact of immigration from the EU 16 5 The impact of EU regulation 20 6 Fiscal consequences of EU membership – the EU budget 23 7 The EU’s effect on consumer prices 28 8 Foreign direct investment (FDI) 30 Appendix table: a comparison of the EU with alternative trading arrangements 32 Boxes Would independence over trade policy lead to better results? 15 The EU budget – winners and losers 27 Trade barriers and economic efficiency 29 Related Library briefings Leaving the EU, Research Paper RP13/42 In brief: UK-EU economic relations, Standard Note SN6091 Norway’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6522 Switzerland’s relationship with the EU, Standard Note SN6090 The UK and Europe: time for a new relationship?, Standard Note SN6393 1 Introduction and summary 1.1 Understanding the economic impact of EU membership EU membership influences the UK economy in...
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...Economics 2: The World Economy Unit Student Guide Scottish Qualifications Authority Contents 1 2 Introduction to the Scottish Qualifications Authority Introduction to the Unit 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 What is the Purpose of this Unit? What are the Outcomes of this Unit? What do I Need to be Able to do in Order to Achieve this Unit? Approximate Study Time for This Unit Equipment/Material Required for this Unit Symbols Used in this Unit 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 11 18 24 31 37 41 51 60 68 75 DE3H 35 Assessment Information for this Unit 3.1 What Do I Have to Do to Achieve This Unit? 4 5 Suggested Lesson Plan Learning Material 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Setting the Scene Outcome 1 - Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Outcome 2 - Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2004 Economics 2: The World Economy Unit Student Guide Scottish Qualifications Authority 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 6 7 8 9 Section 5 Section 6 Outcome 3 - Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 85 92 99 104 108 112 115 119 121 135 135 Additional Reading Material Solutions to Self Assessed Questions and Activities Copyright References Acknowledgements © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2004 DE3H 35 Economics 2: The World Economy Unit Student Guide Scottish Qualifications Authority 1 Introduction to the Scottish Qualifications Authority This Unit DE3H 35 Economics...
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...MULTINATIONAL COST OF CAPITAL AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE LEARNING OBJECTIVES The specific objectives of this chapter are to: l explain how corporate and country characteristics influence an MNC’s cost of capital, explain why there are differences in the costs of capital among countries, and explain how corporate and country characteristics are considered by an MNC when it establishes its capital structure. l l An MNC finances its operations by using a mixture of fixed interest borrowing and equity financing that can minimize the overall cost of capital (the weighted average of its interest rate and dividend payments). By minimizing the cost of capital used to finance a given size and risk of operations, financial managers can maximize the value of the company and therefore maximize shareholder wealth. 25 26 MULTINATIONAL COST OF CAPITAL AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE BACKGROUND ON COST OF CAPITAL Apart from working capital, a firm’s capital consists of equity (retained earnings and funds obtained by issuing shares) and debt (borrowed funds). With these funds a firm invests in a portfolio of projects, each project potentially offering different risks and different returns. The interest rate that the firm applies or charges to these projects (the cost of using the firm’s capital) will therefore vary according to the project’s particular risk. Profitable investment in this context is where the firm invests in projects that achieve returns greater than that required by their risk. A project...
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...LO1 Understand the organizational purposes of businesses. ACs 1.1 identifies the purposes of different types of organization. Tasks 01 Legal Structure of Business Organization: A business Organization may have three legal option or structure, they are: Sole Trader: A person who runs unincorporated business on his or her own. Sometimes it is known as "sole proprietor" or "sole practitioner". Partnership: A partnership is an association of two or more people formed for the purpose of carrying on a business. Partnerships are governed by the Partnership Act (1890). Incorporated Company: Incorporating business actions into a company confers life on the business as a "separate legal person", Profits and losses are the company's and it has its own debts and obligations. Types of the Business Organization: Private Company: A company whose ownership is private. Private companies may issue stock and have shareholders. Public Company: Public Company may be defined as, A company that has issued securities through an initial public offering (IPO) and is traded on at least one stock exchange or in the over the counter market. Government Company: Government Company may be defined by, it is a legal entity created by a government to start money-making activities on behalf of a proprietor government. Voluntary Organization: Voluntary organizations may be defined as, organizations are non-profit ambitious, self-directed and non-statutory, that are run by persons...
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...Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime Ross Anderson 1 Chris Barton 2 Rainer B¨hme 3 o Richard Clayton 4 Michel J.G. van Eeten 5 Michael Levi 6 Tyler Moore 7 Stefan Savage 8 Abstract In this paper we present what we believe to be the first systematic study of the costs of cybercrime. It was prepared in response to a request from the UK Ministry of Defence following scepticism that previous studies had hyped the problem. For each of the main categories of cybercrime we set out what is and is not known of the direct costs, indirect costs and defence costs – both to the UK and to the world as a whole. We distinguish carefully between traditional crimes that are now ‘cyber’ because they are conducted online (such as tax and welfare fraud); transitional crimes whose modus operandi has changed substantially as a result of the move online (such as credit card fraud); new crimes that owe their existence to the Internet; and what we might call platform crimes such as the provision of botnets which facilitate other crimes rather than being used to extract money from victims directly. As far as direct costs are concerned, we find that traditional offences such as tax and welfare fraud cost the typical citizen in the low hundreds of pounds/Euros/dollars a year; transitional frauds cost a few pounds/Euros/dollars; while the new computer crimes cost in the tens of pence/cents. However, the indirect costs and defence costs are much higher for transitional and new crimes. For the former they may be...
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...I. Chapter 1 + 2: 1. a. Meaning of LIBOR and what is its significance in the Eurocurrency markets? The benchmark interest rate paid on deposits among banks in the Eurocurrency market is called LIBOR (London interbank offer rate). It’s the world most widely used benchmark for short term interest rates. LIBOR is determined by the supply and demand for funds in the Euromarket for each currency, because participating banks could default on their obligations and the rate paid for Eurodollar deposits in addition to the spread over LIBOR for borrowers. It also help to reduce the cost of using the Euromarket for borrowers. Eurocurrencies are domestic currencies of one country on deposit in a second country. Any convertible (exchangeable) currency can exist in “euro-“ form. Eurocurrency markets serve two valuable purposes: These deposits are an efficient and convenient money market device for holding excess corporate liquidity; This market is a major source of short-term bank loans to finance corporate working capital needs. * The modern Eurocurrency market was born shortly after WW II. Eastern European holders of dollars, including state trading banks in the Soviet Union, were afraid deposit their dollar holdings in the US because they felt claims could be made against these deposits by US residents. These currency holders then decided to deposit their dollars in western Europe. While economic efficiencies helped spurn the growth of this market, institutional events were...
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...WORKBOOK ANSWERS Edexcel A2 Economics Unit 4 The Global Economy This Answers document provides answers for the questions asked in the workbook. They are intended as a guide to give teachers and students feedback. Topic 1 Poverty and inequality in developed and developing countries Measuring poverty and inequality 1 A standard of living that fails to provide basic needs, such as food, shelter and clothing. (1 mark) Often measured by the number falling below a threshold level of income such as a $1.25 PPP a day. (1 mark) 2 The term refers to those who fall below a certain threshold income or poverty line. (1 mark) A standard of living that falls significantly below the majority. (1 mark) In the UK and EU, this is defined as those earning less than 60% of median income. (1 mark) 3 a Measures the percentage of households that experience overlapping deprivations in three dimensions: education, health and living conditions. (1 mark) A person who is ‘poor’ is deprived in at least 30% of the weighted indicators. (1 mark) b Used to measure absolute poverty in less developed countries (1 mark) and its variables are: the percentage of a population likely to die before the age of 40 years (1 mark); the percentage of people over the age of 15 years who are illiterate (1 mark); the percentage of children under the age of 5 years who are underweight (1 mark); the percentage of people without access to public and private services such as health care and...
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...this directly, through the formation of strategic alliances or through merger and takeover. It is clear then that businesses need to be aware of the global context of their markets. Having read this chapter you should be able to: G G G G Learning outcomes understand the difference between globalisation and internationalisation outline the main elements of globalisation illustrate the role of the multinational enterprise introduce the implications of globalisation for business Key terms Capital market flows Consortium Cross-subsidisation Customs union Emerging economies Foreign direct investment (FDI) Franchising Free trade area Globalisation Hyperglobalisation Internationalisation International trade Joint venture Licensing Multinational enterprise (MNE) Regionalism Regional trade agreements (RTAs) Strategic alliance Transfer pricing Transformationalism Globalisation versus internationalisation 39 Introduction Businesses operate in a global context: even if they do not trade directly with other countries, they might be affected by a domestic shortage of skilled labour or may be subject to developments on the global financial markets. There is a difference between globalisation and internationalisation in the business literature but both result in increased exposure to global forces. This means that businesses need an understanding of the process of globalisation. The nature of globalisation is changing; it used to mean the...
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...provides the potential to assess directly the extent to which financing gaps might occur in the capital markets on which SMEs rely. This is an important issue in practical terms, in terms of the role of public policy, and in terms of economic and finance theory. The SME FDI baseline survey data provides, for the first time internationally, a means of empirically testing Nobel prize-winning ideas related to information asymmetry and capital rationing. The data provides a means of providing yet better guidance for public policy with respect to addressing potential capital market imperfections that might constrain growth and economic development of SMEs. As designed, the research initiative can and will provide valuable information about these issues. In summary, the baseline survey undertaken as part of the SME FDI is a potentially invaluable resource with respect to the design, targeting, implementation, and follow-up assessment of public policy approaches to nurturing SME growth and viability. The outcomes of this research process could help Industry Canada and its partners to provide Canadian SMEs with substantial competitive advantage through policy measures that are yet more precisely targeted, effective, and efficient. It is therefore essential that this valuable resource be used with appropriate and careful study. Analysis of these data may allow for the resolution of several long-standing contentious issues with which policy makers, researchers, lobby groups, and, indeed, SME owners...
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...Differences Between the Businesses * Why businesses become international * How businesses meet their aims and objectives by being international | 5 | * 12.2- Research and Analysis of the Factors for Business having an International presence * Strategic Objectives * Theory of Comparative Advantage * Impact on host country when business is setting up and trading * Incentives by host country to business * Impact of business activities on competitors, customers, suppliers and business itself * Effectiveness of international business | 26 | * 12.3- Explore the dynamics of international organizations on one chosen business in a globally competitive environment * How EU and WTO affect the international business * Benefits of membership * Limitations of membership | 30 | * 12.4- Examine and evaluate the growth and influence of multi-national operations * Why business have become international * Impacts on developed and developing countries * How wealth of multi-nationals influence host countries | 39 | * Conclusion | 44 | * Bibliography | 45 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This was the most fun way of learning things and a wonderful experience according to my opinion on the Applied Business Assessment. This was a...
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...chapter two Strategic human resource management John Bratton If a global company is to function successfully, strategies at different levels need to inter-relate.1 Throughout the first half of our century and even into the early eighties, planning – with its inevitable companion, strategy – has always been a key word, the core, the near-ultimate weapon of ‘good’ and ‘true’ management. Yet, many firms, including Sony, Xerox, Texas Instruments, …have been remarkably successful… with minimal official, rational, and systematic planning.2 Chapter outline Introduction p. 38 Strategic management p. 38 Hierarchy of strategy p. 42 Strategic human resource management p. 46 HRM and organizational performance p. 60 Chapter objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of strategic management and give an overview of its conceptual framework. 2. Describe the three levels of strategy formulation and comment on the links between business strategy and human resource management. 3. Explain the two models of strategic HRM, the matching model and the resourcebased model. 4. Comment on the various strategic HRM themes of re-engineering, workplace learning, trade unions and leadership. 5. Explain the methodological difficulties of measuring the link between HRM practices and organizational performance. 38 The Nature of Human Resource Management Introduction In the first chapter we examined the theoretical debates on the nature and significance...
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...the euro-zone crisis – causes, the crisis and reformation policies (with special reference to greece) the euro-zone ‘The Eurozone’ is the nickname commonly used to describe the member states that use the EU’s single currency, the Euro. The idea of creating a single currency for the European Community was first mentioned in the 1970 Werner report, which led to the establishing of the European Monetary System (EMS), the forerunner of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The Maastricht Treaty (1992) made EMU a part of EU law and set out a plan to introduce the single currency (the Euro) by 1999. The Maastricht Treaty also established certain budgetary and monetary rules for countries wishing to join the EMU (known as the convergence criteria). In 1998, 11 member states (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Austria and Finland) undertook the final stage of EMU when they adopted a single exchange rate, which was set by the European Central Bank (Britain, Sweden and Denmark negotiated an opt-out from this final states of EMU). The new Euro notes and coins were launched on 1 January 2002. There are currently 16 EU states in the Eurozone. Greece joined the initial 11 members in 2001, Slovenia joined in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, and Slovakia joined in 2009. Estonia is due to join the Eurozone in 2011. All future members of the EU must adopt the Euro when they fulfil the convergence criteria. Economic and Monetary Union...
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...they want from shops, even though the shops are stocked full. If all items in shops were free, the shelves would soon be emptied! ( If we would all like more money, why does the government not print a lot more? Could it not thereby solve the problem of scarcity ‘at a stroke’? The problem of scarcity is one of a lack of production. Simply printing more money without producing more goods and services will merely lead to inflation. To the extent that firms cannot meet the extra demand (i.e. the extra consumer expenditure) by extra production, they will respond by putting up their prices. Without extra production, consumers will end up unable to buy any more than previously. 5 ( (Box 1.1) What is it that makes each one of the above news items an economics item? Each one of the items has something to do with production, consumption or exchange, and/or the money incomes and expenditures involved. 6 ( Which of the following are macroeconomic issues, which are microeconomic ones and which could be either depending on the context?...
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...mic AS ECONOMICS STUDY GUIDE UNIT ONE Markets: How They Work & Why They Fail For Edexcel Syllabus: updated 2010 CONTENTS Page Reading list 3 Syllabus 4 SECTION A – HOW THEY WORK 1. The Basic Economic Problem 8 2. Specialisation and the Division of Labour 10 3. Production Possibility Frontiers 12 4. Types of Economy 15 5. Positive & Normative Statements 18 6. Theory of Demand 19 7. Theory of Supply 21 8. Equilibrium/Market Clearing Price & Price Mechanism 23 9. Consumer and Producer Surplus 26 10. Price Elasticity of Demand 28 11. Price Elasticity of Demand and Revenue 30 12. Price Elasticity of Demand along Demand Curve 31 13. Cross Elasticity of Demand 32 14. Income Elasticity of Demand 33 15. Price Elasticity of Supply 34 16. Elasticity Summary 35 17. Indirect Taxes and Subsidies 38 18. Labour Markets 41 SECTION B – MARKET FAILURE 19. Market Failure 45 20. Externalities 46 21. Externalities Diagrams 47 22. Merit and Demerit Goods 49 23. Missing Market: Public Goods 51 24. Imperfect Market Information 53 25. Government Intervention to Correct Market Failure 55 26. Factor Immobility: Labour Market 60 27. Unstable Commodity...
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