...Ownership and Disclosure A Review of Literature By BADRU Bazeet and Mousa Sharaf Adin Hezam Abstract This is a review of various literatures on ownership and disclosure which has been carried out by various researchers in different countries. So far majorities of the researchers shows that the extent of corporate disclosure is negatively associated with a higher management of ownership structure and the extent of corporate voluntary disclosures is positively related with a higher institutional ownership structure. But findings also show that the negative relationship is weaker if the firm has a higher proportion of independent non- executive directors. Introduction Ownership Structure is a mechanism that aligns the interest of Shareholders and Managers. Corporate governace is the capstone of the activities that can reduce agency costs. Corporate mangers disclosure policies are influenced by firm’s ownership and governance on the level of various types of information disclosure. This is a summary of literature review on ownership structure and corporate disclosure. Studies have shown that ownership structure can be state, legal, managerial and block holder depending on the countries and cultural environment. Blockholder ownership is the percentage of shares held by substancial shareholders( that is shareholdings of 5% or more). Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that substancial shareholders are expected to have both greater power and incentives to monitor management, as...
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...characteristics on corporate social responsibility disclosure by Islamic banks: evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council countries Abdullah Awadh Bukair and Azhar Abdul Rahman Abstract Corporate social activities have become major subjects because of their effects on the quality life of citizens, in particular, and on the society at large. Therefore, today, there is an increase awareness of social responsibility due to the challenges meeting the financial institutions (particularly, Islamic banking) around the world. This paper examines the influence of the board of directors’ characteristics, consisting of board size, board composition, and the separation roles of CEO and chairman, on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in 53 annual reports of Islamic banks of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries after controlling of bank size, financial performance and relevant public. Based on the framework of legitimacy theory, the findings show that CSR disclosure has a negative and insignificant relationship with board composition. On contrast, the study found insignificantly and positive association between CSR disclosure and other characteristics of board of directors (board size and the separation roles of CEO and chairman). With regards control variables, the study indicates that bank size and financial performance have a positive and significant influence on CSR disclosure, while relevant public has no effect. Therefore, the results indicate that corporate governance structure...
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...Balasubramanian in his book "Corporate Governance and Stewardship: An Overview", raised and discussed few pertinent questions about Good governance and whether it matters to the corporations. He says it is required to be studied that whether good governance creates sustainable value to companies and shareholders, does it mitigate their vulnerability to business risk and whether investors and stakeholders do care to see that their corporate connections are well governed or not? To answer these questions he referred some of the prior studies and suggested that the academic evidence and opinion on the relationship of good governance and good performance are mixed. He identified three categories of research i.e., opinion based research, focus...
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...The issue of corporate social responsibility has got a lot of attention in the business and political world since the early 1990’s and the major reason behind this was corporate scandals. Organizations had started to realize that the basis on which they were achieving economic growth was unsustainable and hence there was a need to develop a process which would intend at balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability and societal expectations. In fact the origin of corporate social responsibility can be found in the 1950s and 60s whereby successful companies were trying to link corporate social responsibility to the power that business holds in society. The theoretical progresses were subdivided in ethical and accountability and the stakeholder approach to strategic management. CSR can be distinguished from the three terms which are included in its designation phrase and these words are; ‘Corporate’, ‘social’ and ‘responsibility’. Hence CSR can be explained as being the responsibilities that a company undertakes for the society within which it carry out its operations. To be specific, CSR require a business to identify its stakeholders and include their needs and values in the tactical day to day decision making process of the company. Consequently the society within which a business function and which identify the number of stakeholder to which the organization owe a responsibility can be broad depending on the type industry within which it operate. The different...
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...Uncertain Supply Chain Management 2 (2014) 61–72 Contents lists available at GrowingScience Uncertain Supply Chain Management homepage: www.GrowingScience.com/uscm Sustainable accounting reporting practices of Indian cement industry: An exploratory study Shagufta Khana , Vineet Chouhanb*, Bibhas Chandrac and Shubham Goswamib a Research Scholar, School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur-India Assistant Professor, School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Bhatewar, Udaipur-India, 313601 c Associate Professor, School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Bhatewar, Udaipur-India, 313601 b CHRONICLE Article history: Received September 10, 2013 Received in revised format 10 December 2013 Accepted February 25 2014 Available online February 27 2014 Keywords: Cement Industry Sustainability Financial Information Environment Accounting Reporting Sustainable Reporting Practices ABSTRACT Cement is the single most important and profitable product in the building material sector. With the economic boom, in India, Indian cement industry is a market of opportunities waiting to be tapped. However, at the same time cement industry is also experiencing a surge in demand. Production of Cement will always release carbon dioxide and change in the climate of the earth that is why despite its profitability, the cement industry faces many challenges regarding environmental concerns and sustainability issues. In order to minimize the impact of all...
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...The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting Ioannis Ioannou London Business School George Serafeim Harvard Business School Abstract We examine the effect of mandatory sustainability reporting on several measures of socially responsible management practices. Using data for 58 countries, we show that after the adoption of mandatory sustainability reporting laws and regulations, the social responsibility of business leaders increases. We also document that both sustainable development and employee training become a higher priority for companies, and that corporate governance improves. Furthermore, we find that companies implement more ethical practices, reduce bribery and corruption, and that managerial credibility increases. These effects are larger for countries with stronger law enforcement and more widespread assurance of sustainability reports. We conclude with thoughts about mandatory sustainability and integrated reporting. Keywords: sustainability reporting, mandatory reporting, corporate social responsibility, integrated reporting Assistant Professor of Strategic and International Management, London Business School, Regent’s Park, NW1 4SA, London, United Kingdom. Email: iioannou@london.edu, Ph: +44 20 7000 8748, Fx: +44 20 7000 7001. Assistant Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, Soldiers’ Field Road, Morgan Hall 381, 02163 Boston, MA, USA. Email:gserafeim@hbs.edu, Ph: +1 617 495 6548, Fx: +1 617 496 7387 (contact...
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...Business Ethics (2009) 88:351–366 DOI 10.1007/s10551-008-9968-9 Ó Springer 2008 Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Ratings by Spanish Listed Firms Carmelo Reverte ABSTRACT. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether a number of firm and industry characteristics, as well as media exposure, are potential determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure practices by Spanish listed firms. Empirical studies have shown that CSR disclosure activism varies across companies, industries, and time (Gray et al., Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 8(2), 47–77, 1995; Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 28(3/4), 327–356, 2001; Hackston and Milne, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 9(1), 77–108, 1996; Cormier and Magnan, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting 1(2), 171–195, 2003; Cormier et al., European Accounting Review 14(1), 3–39, 2005), which is usually justified by reference to several theoretical constructs, such as the legitimacy, stakeholder, and agency theories. Our findings evidence that firms with higher CSR ratings present a statistically significant larger size and a higher media exposure, and belong to more environmentally sensitive industries, as compared to firms with lower CSR ratings. However, neither profitability nor leverage seem to explain differences in CSR disclosure practices between Spanish listed firms. The most influential variable for explaining firms’ variation in CSR ratings...
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...Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchanges Working Paper Series Dr. Shahira Abdel Shahid September 2001 Corporate Governance is becoming a global pursuit: what could be done in Egypt? 1 Corporate Governance is becoming a global pursuit: what could be done in Egypt? Abstract: The paper defines corporate governance and explains the reasons for its becoming an important issue pursued by many countries in the last decade. Following, the various codes of corporate governance, used as a guidance for countries, which are set by international organizations such as World Bank, IMF and OECD are summarized. Next, the paper reviews corporate governance experiences in nine diverse, countries including both developed and emerging markets. Finally, the paper assesses corporate governance practices in Egypt, identifying existing problems and proposing recommendations in order to enhance corporate governance practices in Egypt. Acknowledgements: The Research & Markets Development Department at CASE is very pleased to present its first series of research papers that addresses an issue of both local and international importance, which is broadly examined by experts and researchers in both practice and academia. The author would like first to thank Dr. Sameh El Torgoman, Chairman of CASE, for his great support and encouragement. Dr. El Torgoman insisted that corporate governance becomes the first research working series paper to be written by Research & Markets Development, given the worldwide...
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...SCOPE OF GOVERNANCE A. Meaning of corporate governance According to Sir Adrian Cadbury, “Corporate Governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. The corporate governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally to require accountability for the stewardship of those resources. The aim is to align as nearly as possible the interests of individuals, corporations and society. Corporate governance is therefore about what the board of a company does and how it sets the values of the company, and is to be distinguished from the day to day operational management of the company by full-time executives. Corporate Governance is to conduct the business in accordance with owner or shareholders’ desires, which generally will be to maximize shareholders wealth, while conforming to the basic rules of the society embodied in law and local customs” ( laureate Milton friedman) According to OECD( organization for economic cooperation and development) Corporate Governance is a set of relationship between the company ‘s directors, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set and the means of obtaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined. NOTE THAT: there is a difference between corporate governance and management, the latter refers to day-to-day running of a business , while the former refers to rules, regulations and best practices. The...
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...Abstract The present paper aims at reviewing the various developments in Corporate Governance in India. Corporate Governance has gained a lot of importance and momentum the world over. The objective of any corporate governance system is to simultaneously improve corporate performance and accountability as a means of attracting financial and human resources on the best possible terms and of preventing corporate failure. In short Corporate Governance is about promoting corporate fairness, transparency and accountability. Keywords: Corporate Governance (CG) Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Stakeholders Clause 49 OECD principles Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Prelude Corporate governance (CG) has emerged as a very important ideal. The reason is, today companies are substantially contributing to the overall growth and development, particularly in emerging economies such as India and a healthy investment environment is vital. The corporate form of business has succeeded gradually and expanded worldwide. However, not all companies are managed successfully. There has been a spree of corporate frauds worldwide, e.g., Enron in the United States and Satyam Computers in India. The latter had accounting and auditing flaws apart from lack of accountability and oversight by Independent Directors at Board meetings. There was no whistle-blowing in case of Satyam Computers unlike Enron. The Satyam Computers revelation was an outcome of a takeover...
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...Corporate governance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed. The principal stakeholders are the shareholders, management, and the board of directors. Other stakeholders include labor(employees), customers, creditors (e.g., banks, bond holders), suppliers, regulators, and the community at large. Corporate governance is a multi-faceted subject.[1] An important theme of corporate governance is to ensure the accountability of certain individuals in an organization through mechanisms that try to reduce or eliminate the principal-agent problem. A related but separate thread of discussions focuses on the impact of a corporate governance system in economic efficiency, with a strong emphasis shareholders' welfare. There are yet other aspects to the corporate governance subject, such as the stakeholder view and the corporate governance models around the world (see section 9 below). There has been renewed interest in the corporate governance practices of modern corporations since 2001, particularly due to the high-profile collapses of a number of large U.S. firms such as Enron Corporation and Worldcom. In 2002, the U.S. federal government passed the Sarbanes-Oxley...
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...CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN TURBULENT TIMES ABSTRACT The last few years we have seen some major scams and corporate collapse across the globe. In India, the major example is Satyam which is one of the largest IT companies in India. All these events have made stake holders realize the urgency and importance of good corporate governance. Before investing money in any company people are quite concerned how companies are being managed. International organizations like IMF, WTO and World Bank are also insisting on transparency. All this has made Corporate Governance and transparency up the public agenda. Good Corporate Governance makes for good business sense. It increases confidence of shareholders in the company. This leads to better stock prices. Good disclosure practices lead to a more liquid market for the company. This lowers cost of debt for the company. Thus the CEOs of today, there is a clear business case for complying with principle of good Corporate Governance. In the era of Globalization & Liberalization market forces plays a crucial role. We know that liberalization in emerging economy has made access to foreign funds easier. Availability of foreign funds will lower the cost of capital. It is quite understood. All companies will like this to happen, but the international lenders will be careful. They will expect that the companies they lend to follow good Corporate Governance. These lenders will demand...
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...LECTURE OUTLINE I. Stakeholders Define Ethical Issues in Business A. Stakeholders In a business context, customers, investors and shareholders, employees, suppliers, government agencies, communities, and others who have a “stake” or claim in some aspect of a company’s products, operations, markets, industry, and outcomes are known as stakeholders. 1. Stakeholders are influenced by business, but they also have the ability to affect businesses. 2. They apply their values and standards to many diverse issues—for example, working conditions, consumer rights, environmental conservation, product safety, and proper information disclosure—which may or may not directly affect an individual stakeholder’s own welfare. 3. They provide both tangible and intangible resources that are more or less critical to a firm’s long-term success. 4. Individual stakeholders that share similar expectations about desirable business conduct may choose to establish or join formal communities to advocate their values and expectations. 5. Stakeholders’ ability to withdraw—or to threaten to withdraw—valuable needed resources gives them power over businesses. B. Identifying Stakeholders 1. Stakeholders can be divided into two categories. a) Primary stakeholders are those whose continued association is absolutely necessary for a firm’s survival; these include employees, customers, investors, and stockholders, as well as the governments...
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...CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The need for corporate governance is not something typical to our country or economy .even in countries where regulatory mechanism are more demanding in their content and more vigilant in its implementation. Flagrant violation under the corporate veil have generated the demand for better governance . The advent of information age has created an awakened shareholders , vigilant public and almost predatory journalistic fervour. Depending upon the model of corporate disclosure followed by different legal framework, right to information has forced corporation to divulge more than they ever did. Corporate governance is derived from Latin term ‘corpus’ which means ‘body’. governance means administering the process and system placed for satisfying stakeholders expectations . when the two terms are combined it together brings out set of system procedures , policies , practices , standards put in place by a corporate to ensure that relationship with various stakeholders is maintained in transparent and honest manner. One of the basic feature of corporate governance is that there is a separation of ownership and management. The board of directors work and operate as trustee and agent of shareholders and they have to safeguard the interest of shareholders and other stakeholders It may also be considered as a network of legal provisions , regulations, practices to bring accountability and transparcy in functioning of the body corporate. It specifies the distributions...
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...ownership | 2 | c. Voluntary practices | 3 | a. Advertising | 4 | a. Monetary Policy | 5 | c. That portion of bank’s total cash reserves which they are statutorily required to hold with the RBI. | 6 | b. The Greenbury Committee, 1995 | 7 | b. Bank | 8 | d. Harshad Mehta scam, 1992 | 9 | b. Diffused Debt | 10 | a. Director | 11 | b. De Facto | 12 | b. Independent auditors | 13 | a. Ganguly Group | 14 | c. Bribery | 15 | c. The Pluralistic Model | 16 | a. The National Environment Policy, 2004 | 17 | b. Dhanuka Committee | 18 | a. It lays down the framework for creating long-term trust between companies & the external provides of capital | 19 | d. He has to ensure that his work involves exercise of judgment. | 20 | b. Stewardship Theory | Section B: Short Notes | Question | Answer | 11(continued)1(continued) | Clause 49The term ‘Clause 49’ refers to clause number 49 of the Listing Agreement between a company and the Stock Exchanges on which it is listed. The Listing Agreement is identical for all Indian Stock Exchanges, including the NSE and BSE. This clause is a recent addition to the Listing Agreement and was inserted as late as 2000 consequent to the recommendations of the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee on CG constituted by SEBI in 1999. Clause 49, when it was first added, was intended to introduce some basic CG practices in Indian companies and brought in a number of key changes in governance and disclosures (many of which we take...
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