...Land Reform* Reprinted from ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE Vol. 21,No. 4, Part I, July 1973 01973 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. Geraldo W. Sazama University of Connecticut Harlan Davis U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Brazil Land taxation frequently has been presented as a panacea for certain problems of agricultural development. More specifically, the land tax has been seen by many as aquick and easy substitute for land reform, especially in Latin America.' This type of thinking, unfortunately, can cloud the real and important contribution that land taxation can make to the develop ment process. Because of its ability to be relatively neutral in its economic effects on agriculture, land taxation isalmost unique among the many ways 2 available to convert surplus agricultural output into development capital. It is, however, no substitute for a direct land reform program; it merely complements a nation's direct efforts to improve the agricultural sector while it goes about its principal task of raising new public investment capital for the economy.3 This paper uses both theoretical and empirical analysis to examine the effectiveness ofa land tax as aregulatory tool. Weare particularly interested in evaluating land taxation as adevice to induce an increase in agricultural output and productivity and amore equitable and economic distribution of * The authors appreciate the comments of John Strasma and Dale Adams. Author...
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...broadening the Income Tax Base SUBMITTED TO Tanvir M H Arif, MIBM (UWL/TVU, UK); MBA (CU, BD) Assistant Professor, Department of Finance and Banking. University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ex-Asst. Professor, FBA, USTC ; Ex-Lecturer, AUB, Dhaka. And CEO, Corporate Trainer and Consultant (CTC), Chittagong, Bangladesh. UK Experiences: Adjunct Faculty of BRIT College, London Ambassador College and Nelson College. SUBMITTED BY GROUP D Group Profile| SERIAL NO.|NAME DETAILS|CLASS ID|E-MAIL ID| 01|SHAMIN JAHAN SHAWN|09303020|shahjahanh53@gmail.com[->0]| 02|JEWEL SHIL|09303036|takenfromlife@ymail.com[->1]| 03|TAMA SAHA|09303050|tama_cu@yahoo.com[->2]| 04|KUSHUM AKTER SOMA|09303056|Kushumsoma@yahoo.com[->3]| 05|DIPA BARUA|09303060|| 06|SHAMIM AKTHER|09303063|Shamim_cufb_17@yahoo.com| 07|HERO AKTER|09303085|hiruakter@gmail.com[->4]| 08| K. A.M. ATAUL ISLAM|09303111|hassanmrhridoy@ gmail.com| 09|MOHAMMAD JAMIR UDDIN |09303113|Jamir_cu@yahoo.com[->5]| 10|MEJBAH UDDIN AHMED|09303118|mejbah118@gmail.com[->6]| 11|BIBI JOYNUB CHOWDHURANI|09303126|| CONTENTS Chapter -1| Introductory Part| 1.1 Introduction1.2 Aims and Scope of the study1.3 Methodology of the study1.4 Vision of the study1.5 Limitations of the study| Chapter -2| Income Tax Background| 2.1 History of Income Tax2.2 Importance of Income Tax2.3 Drawback of Income Tax| Chapter -3| Tax System of Bangladesh| 3.1 Salient features of Bangladesh Tax system...
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...Brazil – Country Report Introduction The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries. Although struggling with social inequality and infrastructural deficits we think that Brazil is already a great world power. Also what attracted us to Brazil as a case study for this report is it’s exotic character. Not many people really know the extent of Brazil’s recent growth and improvements in social security and in overcoming poverty. We expect the labor force and operational costs to be low, like in the other emerging countries like China. However we take in to consideration higher costs involving security and bureaucracy. Chapter 1 – Short presentation of the country The Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in both South America and the Latin America Region. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population, with over 193 million people. It is the largest Lusophone country in the world, and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando...
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...Brazil’s Government Bond Market: A liquidity mechanism or crowding-out effect? It is the country that leads the infamous BRICs, coined by Jim O’Neill, Brazil. The 5th largest country in the world now also boasts an almost corresponding, 6th largest economy in the world, recently overtaking the once economic powerhouse, the UK. As far as Latin America is concerned, Brazil is the flesh and blood proof that success stories can come out of a perpetually hopeless case that is Latin America. As recently as November 2011 Standard & Poor’s upgraded sovereign dollar-denominated foreign debts to BBB from BBB- and government’s local currency debt from BBB+ to A- . Renewed hope in the last decade and a half in Brazil’s strong macroeconomic fundamentals and a commitment by it’s three previous and current governments has signaled with enough longevity to the market that Brazil is a good place to investment. With foreign financial managers constantly in the hunt for higher returns, Brazil is a paradise for high returns with relatively lower risk as far as emerging market countries are concerned. The confidence in the market for Brazilian securities has allowed the government to galvanize this huge source of funding for their gargantuan financing needs. With a stable level of over $350 billion in foreign currency reserves, a weakening yet stable economy and strong leadership on the monetary and fiscal side of politics, the Brazilian government has been able to issue huge amounts of bonds...
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...Volume - I No.2 August 2013 Challenging to Change - Sustainability Issues In India!! Social Networking Sites and Social Science Special Interview with Prof. Daniel Miller Macroeconomic Effect in Brazil due to upcoming FIFA World Cup and Olympics Street protests: an EPS perspective Too Many Too Little Debtanu Dutta Surbhi Verma EPS Co-ordinators (Batch 2012-14) eps@iimk.ac.in Manjunatha Belgere Ajinkya Lokare Faculty Advisory Board Prof. Kausik Gangopadhyay Prof. Subhasis Dey Prof. A. F. Mathew Prof. Sthanu Nair Prof. Venkat Raman Prof. Rudra Sensarma Editorial Board Biswa Prateem Das Debtanu Dutta Manjunatha Belgere Presented by Economics Politics & Social Sciences Interest Group Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode Editorial After an inspiring success of the inaugural edition, we are very happy to present you the second volume of “Pragati”, magazine from Economics, Politics and Social sciences (EPS) Interest Group of IIM Kozhikode. This time it is much inclusive and much bigger. We received articles from students of the esteemed colleges of India and published the best among them. This is a result of tireless effort and dedication from the student members of the group and endless inspiration and help from the faculty members of our “Faculty Advisory Board”. EPS Interest Group is a cohort of enthusiasts on economic, political and social issues. Main aim of this group is to create awareness about recent related issues and sensitize...
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...AFF FRAMEWORK (meow) Herbert Croly, intellectual and influential leader of the progressive movement in 20th century America who aided in the development of president Roosevelt’s New deal, once profoundly declared, “The American economic, political, and social organization has given to its citizens the benefit of material prosperity, political liberty, and a wholesome of natural equality, and this achievement is a gain, not only to Americans, but to the world and to civilization.” The political organization Croly speaks of is democracy, which influences both the economic and social structures of regions that utilize. Because of Herbert’s quote, it is evident that democracy is a worthwhile venture—one that must be spread. It is because I agree with the legendary Herbert that I affirm today’s resolution: Resolved: The United States ought to promote democracy in the Middle East. We value a democracy” in the resolution contextualizing it as a question with the ideals of democracy presupposed. The Oxford Dictionary defines democracy as “A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives” Prefer the Oxford dictionary because They come from the most reliable sources The most commonly used and most useful definition of a word comes first and we have used the first definitions of democracy in these dictionaries They match the definition of democracy that normal citizens would associate with the word Our...
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...Public Disclosure Authorized ... ........ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.- ..........~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ .... ~ ~ . :~ .......... ..... :. s~: ... - Public Disclosure Authorized a ........ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~. ................. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .... - ........ ........... _ - Public Disclosure Authorized .... .... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... -,// ... ..... ...... 1 I ... . .... .. ..... I 9~~~~~~~... . . .. .. .. . .. A ~~ ~~~~...... Public Disclosure Authorized ..... The WorldBankis committed knowledgesharingwhichinvolvesnot only the Bank's to communities practiceand their partners,but the entire development of community. processof A knowledge management essentialto makesense out of and act upon the vast quantitiesof is information available today.Still in the earlystagesof implementation, knowledge management is expectedto changethe internaloperationof the WorldBankand transformthe organization's relationships with externalclients,partnersand stakeholders, becominga key way of doing businessin the 21stCentury. Giventhe speedof globalchangeand the value of learningfromongoingactivities, Urban the Development Divisionand GlobalUrbanPartnership the WorldBankare committed of to communicating resultsof the Bank'surbanworkto the development the communityas quickly and clearlyas possible. Towardthat end, this informalor...
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...Journal of Management Studies ••:•• 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01044.x Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid: A Recipe for Inclusive Growth or Social Exclusion? joms_1044 1..28 Jeremy Hall, Stelvia Matos, Lorn Sheehan and Bruno Silvestre Simon Fraser University; Simon Fraser University; Dalhousie University; University of Winnipeg abstract Policy makers often see entrepreneurship as a panacea for inclusive growth in underdeveloped ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, but it may also lead to unanticipated negative outcomes such as crime and social exclusion. Our objective is to improve the understanding of how entrepreneurship policies can lead to socially inclusive growth at the BOP. Drawing on data collected from Brazilian tourism destinations with varying entrepreneurship, innovation, and social inclusion policies, we argue that weak institutions coupled with alert entrepreneurs encourage destructive outcomes, especially if entrepreneurship policies are based solely on economic indicators. Policies addressing both economic and social perspectives may foster more productive entrepreneurial outcomes, albeit at a more constrained economic pace. The study extends the related BOP, entrepreneurship, global value chain, and sustainable tourism literatures by examining the poor as entrepreneurs, the role of local innovation, and how entrepreneurship policies generate different social impacts within poor communities. Keywords:...
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...Corruption is efforts to secure wealth or power through illegal means for private gain at public expense; or a misuse of public power for privat e benefit. Corruption like cockroaches has co- existed with human society for a long time and remains as one of the problems in many of the world’s developing economies with devastating consequences. Corruption as a phenomenon, is a global problem, and exists in varying degrees in different countries (Agbu, 2001). Corruption is not only found in democratic and dictatorial politic s, but also in feudal, capitalist and socialist economies. Christian, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist cultures are equally be deviled by corruption Corruption in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Political corruption | Concepts | * Bribery * Cronyism * Kleptocracy * Economics of corruption * Electoral fraud * Nepotism * Slush fund * Plutocracy * Political scandal | Corruption by country | | Europe | * Albania * Armenia * Belgium * Bosnia * Denmark * Finland * France * Germany * Croatia * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Georgia * Greece * Iceland * Ireland * Italy * Kosovo * Latvia * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macedonia * Moldova * Montenegro * Netherlands * Poland * Portugal * Romania * Serbia * Slovakia * Slovenia * Spain * Sweden * Switzerland * Ukraine | Asia | * Afghanistan * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Cambodia * China...
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...Doing Business in Brazil ERNST & YOUNG DOING BUSINESS IN BRAZIL CONTENT SUMMARY B7 - Essential Industries .................................................. 13 B8 - Energy and Natural Resources ............................. 13 A B9 - Foreign Trade ............................................................... 13 Trade Balance ............................................................... 13 Exports and Imports ..................................................... 13 Trading Partners ........................................................... 14 A1 - Regulatory Constraints and Relief ........................ 6 Regional and International Trading Associations ........ 14 Exchange Background ................................................... 6 Exchange Controls ........................................................ 6 Foreign Ownership of Business .................................... 6 Foreign Ownership of Real State .................................. 6 A2 - Government Attitude and Incentives ................... 7 C Government Attitude to Foreign Investment ................. 7 Foreign Investment Government Financial Incentives .................................. 7 A3 - Tax System ..................................................................... 7 C1 - Exchange Controls .................................................... 14 Remittance of Dividends and Profits ........................... 14 Corporate Income Tax Rates ...........
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...the most vital facts of a country. Overall development of a country largely depends on economic policy design & its proper implementation. Every country has its own economic policies & specific way of their implementation. But some policies are same for all countries such as Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, etc. Philippines, as a developing country has set various economic policies & strategies over time with a view to seeking development. In course of time it has adopted a wide variety of economic policies, many of which had long term effects (both positive and negative impacts) on the lives of its people. The crucial policies that the government of the country adopted over time are – Fiscal policy, Monetary policy, Income distribution strategy, Government policy, Tax policy, Trade policy, etc. The impacts of these policies have had widespread effects on various macroeconomic variables of the country. Various surveys and reports show that the economic growth has not been as expected. Growth of the variables has gone at a slow pace. GDP increases over time but with a high fluctuating rate. Rate of educated people, standard of health care, standard of living have improved but it is still poor in comparison with other countries of the region. It is one of the countries whose economy is based on agriculture. A huge portion of the country’s GDP comes from agriculture. But yet it has some major constraints due to what it is still facing some problems and fails to have that much development...
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...Lien Centre for Social Innovation Social Insight Research Series Inequality, Poverty and Unmet Social Needs in Singapore A Handbook on A Handbook on Inequality, Poverty and Unmet Social Needs in Singapore Lien Centre for Social Innovation CATHERINE J. SMITH (Additional research and writing by John Donaldson, Sanushka Mudaliar, Mumtaz Md Kadir and Yeoh Lam Keong) As this handbook is intended to provide an overview of the arguments of others, the role of the authors largely consisted of compiling, arranging, and contextualizing. Further, the ideas expressed herein, which are various and often contradictory, do not necessarily represent the views of the handbook’s authors, or of the staff and Board of the Lien Centre for Social Innovation. Copyright © March, 2015 by Lien Centre for Social Innovation. All rights reserved. Published by the Lien Centre for Social Innovation Singapore Management University, Administration Building, 81 Victoria Street, Singapore 188065 www.lcsi.smu.edu.sg No part nor entirety of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without the prior written permission of the Lien Centre. Readers should be aware that internet websites offered as citations and/ or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it was read. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors...
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...both within and outside the United Nations. Accordingly, the editorial board of the Review extends its readers an open invitation to submit for publication articles analysing various aspects of economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The opinions expressed in the signed articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organization. The designations employed and the way in which data are presented do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. A subscription to the CEPAL Review in Spanish costs US$ 30 for one year (three...
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...high rates of growth, and they’re not going to be importing the way they had been historically. So, that formula isn’t going to be as successful going forward as it has been. China needs to shift away from an export-driven economy to more of a consumption model. It needs to be mindful about funding its state-owned enterprises, about subsidizing state-owned companies. It needs to lessen its reliance on low-end manufacturing and move up the value chain. By the way, these aren’t my observations; these are observations by Chinese leadership. If you follow any Chinese leader’s speech on China’s economic transformation, these are the points he’ll make. We would call that market rationalism or just normal evolution as a country rises to middle-income status. But there are also some countervailing impulses. There’s a strong streak of economic nationalism; there is a desire to promote national champions; there are protectionist impulses; and investment barriers—the policies called indigenous innovation, where China looks for ways to highlight or promote local companies at the expense of international competition. The fundamental economic question is: Will market rationalism prevail over these kinds of distortions, whether you call them...
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... Contents 1. Introduction to BRICs 2. Brazil 3. Russia 4. India 5. China BRICS • In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. • The acronym was coined by Jim O'Neill in a 2001 paper entitled "Building Better Global Economic BRICs" • It is typically rendered as "the BRICs" or "the BRIC countries" or "the BRIC economies" or alternatively as the "Big Four". • It has been replaced by BRICS since the 2010 inclusion of South Africa in the bloc. • In 2010, however, while the four BRIC countries accounted for over a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population. • Projections on the future power of the BRIC economies vary widely. Some sources suggest that they might overtake the G7 economies by 2027. • According to a paper published in 2005, Mexico and South Korea were the only other countries comparable to the BRICs, but their economies were excluded initially because they were considered already more developed, as they were already members of the OECD. Current leader Brazil - Dilma Rousseff, President China - Xi Jinping, President India - Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister `Russia - Vladimir Putin, President BRAZIL Brazil has the sixth largest economy by nominal GDP in the world...
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