...Explanations and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a type of abnormal psychology. Abnormality can be defined in three ways as a deviation from statistical norm, a deviation from the social norms and cultural relativism. However there are problems with defining abnormalities in terms of a system that relies on subjective judgment of a person’s behaviour. For example, someone experiencing hallucinations in Puerto Rico would be attributed to external forces (e.g. Spiritual visitations). However in the western world, the same hallucinations would be considered abnormal (Berry et al 1992). Mental Disorders are classified today by using, The Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria 295.40 (Schizophrenia), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision(IDC-10) are used to aid in the psychiatric diagnosis of the disorder. Introduction The term ‘Schizophrenia’ was first used in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, and literally means ‘split mind’. He used the term to describe a general class of disorders that are characterised by a number of similar symptoms. These were: * Disorganised thought processes. * A split between intellect and emotion. * A split between intellect and external reality Schizophrenia typically begins in early adulthood; between the ages of 15 and 25. Men tend to get develop schizophrenia somewhat earlier than women; whereas most males...
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...An Analysis on How to Handle Dysfunctional Customers And how they affect on Food Servers in selected Restaurants at Eastwood City ------------------------------------------------- A Method of Research and Thesis Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Hotel and Restaurant Management Arellano University - Pasig ------------------------------------------------- In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree in Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management Presented By: Calinao, Loreinn G. Tierra, Alyssa Marie G. Encio, Mary Bless Estrada, Erik E. Romero, Jerry Arellano University – Pasig Pag-Asa St. Brgy. Caniogan Pasig City Approval Sheet In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management this Method of Research entitled “AN ANALYSIS ON HOW TO HANDLE DYSFUNCTIONAL CUSTOMERS AND HOW THEY AFFECT FOOD SERVERS IN SELECTED RESTAURANTS IN EASTWOOD CITY” was prepared and submitted to the College of Hotel and Restaurant Management. PROF. LOUIE REYES Adviser Approved by the members of panel on October 2014. With a grade of ____ ________________________________________ Chairman _______________ _______________ _______________ Member Member Member Accepted in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality and Restaurant Management PROF. KATHERINE GUEVARRA ...
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...Abnormal Psychology - Models of Abnormality Behavioral Model Taking over psychology in the first half of this century, particularly in the USA, the behavioural model focuses on the observable behaviour of a person. Its assumptions were that behaviour is primarily the result of the environment rather then genetic and so the behaviourists reject the view that abnormal behaviour has a biological basis. the focus is on reinforcing positive behaviors and not reinforcing maladaptive behaviors. Maladaptive behaviours can be un-learnt by changing the environment. Behaviourists have a deterministic view believe that our actions are based on life experience. This model is completely opposite to the biological model. Classical conditioning is behaviour learned through stimulus-response association. Stimulus being the environment and response being the reaction given. This is an early form of behaviourism pioneered by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov (1897) demonstrated classical conditioning by using dogs. the dogs would salivate every time meat was put before them he then rang a bell. Eventually the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell so when they heard the sound of the bell they would salivate even though there was no meat present. Watson and Rayner (1920) proposed that children learn phobias through paired associations. It is suggested that through classical conditioning people can learn to associate an unconditioned response with a neutral stimulus. Therefore resulting...
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...What is depression? The word depression has been commonly used daily. Sometimes people even say "I" am depressed when in reality they mean, "I" am tired of the situation because I have had a bad day or even lost a job, etc.. These ups and downs in our everyday lifestyle is typical and is normal. Some people can adapt quite quickly while others cannot. Who gets depression? Statics says 5 in 100 adults will be diagnosed with depression on a daily basis. Sometimes depression can have a mild effect on a person that can last for a few weeks. Many person(s) will have two or more episodes of depression. It is severe enough that many need treatment that occurs in about 2 in 6 women and 2 in 13 men at any giving time in their lives. Symptoms of depression? Many people know when they are suffering from depression. Although, some don't realize when they are depressed because maybe not been diagnosed by a medical physician. Some know that they are not feeling right and not functioning well, but don't know why. While people think that they may have a physical illness - for example, if they lose weight. The symptoms most commonly often associated with depression. These are: Core symptoms: ✓ Sad or attitude change ✓ Lack of interest or participated in activities that you have enjoyed in the past Other common symptoms: ✓ Decreased in sleep pattern ✓ Change in appetite ✓ Tiredness or no energy exercise ✓ Agitations ✓ Lack of focus [pic]...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Definition of adolescence and adolescent depression 2 2. Adolescent depressive symptoms 4 3. Problems with diagnosis of depression in adolescents 4 4. Gender factors that may play a role in assessing depression 6 5. Contextual factors that may play a role in assessing depression 8 6. Suicide 9 ‘Like anyone else, I have always had times when I felt deeply depressed, but this was something altogether new in my experience – a despairing, unchanging paralysis of the spirit beyond anything I had ever known or imagined could exist.’ The author William Styron (1990). (Kring, Johnson, Davison & Neale 2012:132) 1. Definition of adolescence and adolescent depression Adolescence is the period of development marked at the beginning by the onset of puberty and at the end by the attainment of physiological or psychological maturity (Reber, Allen & Reber 2009). It is a period of transition from childhood into adulthood, involving changes in physical development, cognitive abilities, emotional adjustment and self esteem. Adolescence is a time of acute stress. It is a period of social sorting and identity formation. Erikson described development that occurs throughout the lifespan in his theory of psychosocial development. During the adolescent period, which Erikson called ‘Identity vs Role confusion’, adolescents need to develop a sense of self and personal identity...
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...Outline and Evaluate the Behavioural Approach to Psychopathology The behaviourist approach assumes that all behaviours are learnt. It suggests that there are three ways in which this learning can happen, these are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. The first method is classical conditioning this is when behaviour is learnt through association; via a stimulus and a response. This is an explanation for phobias, an abnormal behaviour can be learned by associating an environmental stimulus; a dog, with a biological response; fear and pain when bitten by the dog. Therefore, every time a person previously bitten by a dog sees a dog, they experience the same fear they felt when being bitten. Thus, the person would develop a phobia of dogs. Another example is, the fear of small spaces, this may develop if fear is felt in a situation involving a small space – an elevator for example. Therefore a past distressing event in the elevator may lead to associating fear with small spaces. The second way is operant conditioning, this is when behaviour is learnt through positive reinforcement; rewarded by a pleasant outcome or a negative reinforcement; rewarded by the removal of the unpleasant condition. This can be associated to abnormalities like anorexia for example. If a person is dieting and they then begin to gain compliments from the weight loss, these compliments act as a positive reinforcement and they will carry on behaving the same way. If this were to...
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...Definitions of Abnormality Defining a person or behaviour as ‘abnormal’ implies something undesirable and requiring change Therefore, we must be careful how we use the term Psychologists need methods for distinguishing ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’ Our definition of abnormality must be objective: * It must not depend on anyone’s opinion or point of view * It should produce the same results whoever applies it It must not be under or over-inclusive * It must not label as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ behaviours or traits that aren’t Three definitions are used to define abnormality: * Deviation from social norms * Failure to function adequately * Deviation from ideal mental health Deviation from social norms Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Their behaviour may: * Be incomprehensible to others * Make others feel threatened or uncomfortable With this definition, it is necessary to consider: * The degree to which a norm is violated, the importance of that norm and the value attached by the social group to different sorts of violation. * E.g. is the violation rude, eccentric, abnormal or criminal? Abnormality is defined in terms of behavior which goes against societies accepted standards Different societies have different standards Standards change over time Strengths Should be easy...
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...PYC4802/101/0/2015 Tutorial letter 101/0/2015 Psychopathology PYC4802 Year module Department of Psychology IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information about your module. CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Turorial material ....................................................................................................... 4 2. PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ......................................... 4 2.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Outcomes ................................................................................................................ 4 3. LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS ............................................................ 6 3.1 Lecturer(s) ............................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Department .............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 University ................................................................................................................. 7 4. MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ....................................................................... 7 4.1 Prescribed book.....
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...PERSONALITY Personality is an individual that refers to our characteristics, behaviour, and thought .It is also the sum of all traits and characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from another person. Personality is taken from Latin term PERSONA meaning ‘’masks’’ which were first used in drama, and later adopted by the Roman players. TYPE OF PERSONALITY Introvert - person who seldom/shy to talk. He prefers to keep quite and think and meditate .Therefore he talk only if there someone who talk to him. Extrovert – this is a person that find enjoyment and he want to talk without tiring .He is aggressive and inclined toward action. The two type of personality , the introvert and extrovert is came from Carl Jung. BEHAVIORAL DISORDER/ABNORMAL DISORDER According to Morgan behavioural disorder, mental disorder, mental disorder, and abnormal behaviour are all the same. Mental disorder – is any serious adjustment that is disabling in its effect. The dis order maybe psychogenic or organic in origin and includes both psychotic and more serious neurotic reaction. DISORDER TYPE OF PERSONALITY 1.Paranoid-distrust and suspicious people around them. 2.Schizoid-did not interested for sexual and love . 3.Schizotypal-his thinking is distorted and exhibit acentric (werd) 4.Antisocial-do not respect the right of other. 5.Borderline-confuse about them selves and they attempt suicide...
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...Mental Health 1. Panic attack Abrupt experience of intense fear and discomfort, consumer feels a sudden elevation of fear, may occur anytime. Consumer having the attack show’s physical symptoms such as dizzines and palpitation. How it relates to or affects my clinical practice: If the consumer is having panic attack the nurse can calm the consumer and the nurse can assisst the consumer through out the episode of the attack. Refrences: Barlow, D. And Durand, M. (2008). Abnormal psychologyan integrative aprouch. (Fifth edition., 121-124). Canada: Wadsworth. Sims, A. (2003). Symptoms in the mind., An introduction to descriptive psychopathology. (Third edition.,328). New England: Saundres. 2. Phobia Consumer shows unreasonable and unexplained fear of a certain animal, insect, place, situation. Some people may feel an extreme fear of riding a bus or a train. Some shows excessive fear towards a large crowd. How it relates to or affects my clinical practice: A nurse understand that a certain people has fears, everybody has a phobia, understanding the consumer’s feeling will be helpfull and will promote an open communication to discuss such fear inorder to resolve it. Refrences: Nevid, J. And Rathus, S. (2006)...
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...IS IT BETTER TO BE MAD OR BAD.1 This essay will discuss normal and abnormal behaviour and how the definition of psychologists differentiates although defining normal and abnormal behaviour can be problematic because there is no single definition. It will also look at the current treatment of mental health and how to tackle these issues in the future. There are many ways that normal and abnormal behaviour can be defined for instant one concept is based on statistical for example something which is unusual to the society. Statistically: In this definition of abnormality behaviors which are seen as statistically rare are considered to be abnormal. In terms of statistics, abnormal behaviour involves any behaviour that is significantly different from the norm. for instance some one who is very clever is considered normal in terms of cleverness average on the other hand if some one is less or below the average he or she is considered abnormal. Therefore in the statistical impression, strange behavior improper behaviour could be classified as abnormal. Deviation from Social Norms defines the change or deviation of an individual, from society's traditional acts for example in some cultural backgrounds when couple are getting married women is responsible for every thing while others give the responsibility to the man and they thing other except from their tradition cultural believes is abnormal and they think if some does something different that he or she is deviated from cultural...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy April Gressett, Michelle Baker, Celia Mikhael, Nick Mccullough Psychology 300 University of Phoenix Betsy Ferronato July 11th, 2013 Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Introduction Normal vs. Abnormal Psychology In the scientific world, psychology is best described as the “scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011)The question; what is the difference between normal psychology and that of abnormal psychology? To answer this particular question, one must know the parameters of each individual thought of study. Normal psychology is the study of metal processes and behaviors within a range generally accepted behaviors. Abnormal psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviors the reach outside the parameters of the norm, and is thus considered abnormal. So who decides what is normal and abnormal? There are cultural differences in this area of thought; what may be considered as normal to an American citizen may be construed as abnormal in another country. This train of thought goes both ways, behaviors that are deemed normal in Russia, or the Middle East, may in fact be considered abnormal to a visiting foreigner. So it is with this thought, that the line between normal and abnormal may in fact be somewhat subjective. (Kowalski & Westen, 2011) Abnormal psychology is the study of behaviors found to be outside the scope of the norm, and is generally found in people that exhibit psychological...
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...including key assumptions. • Biological approach regards abnormality as an illness or disease. • Assumes all mental disorders are related to some change in the body. • Mental disorders are related to the physical structure and functioning of the brain. • Seen people with psychological abnormality as ‘patients’ who are ‘ill’ and require ‘treatment’ to ‘cure’ them of disease. • Four possible factors that cause abnmormality: 1. Genetic Factors 2. Biochemistry 3. Infection 4. Brain Damage PARAGRAPH 2- AO1/2: Explain one cause of abnormality according to the biological approach and give supporting evidence. Brain damage. • Suggests that mental illnesses are caused by abnormal brain structure due to genes, development, illness or trauma. • Damage to the structure of the brain can lead to abnormal behaviour. • Once brain damage has caused mental illness there is little to be done to stop it. Examples • Alzheimer- a type of dementia caused by the malformation and loss of cells in a number of areas of the nervous system. • Alcohol and drugs can also damage the brain, which may result in korsakoffs syndrome – prefound impairment of memory most commonly caused by alcohol. Evidence. • Lawrie showed that an average schizophrenic lateral ventricle were 40% bigger than controls. This suggests that brain damage has caused schizophrenia. PARAGRAPH 3 – AO1/2: Explain another cause of abnormality and give supporting evidence. Infection • Bacteria or viruses can give rise...
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...The Influences that Impact the Perception of Mental Illness in China and Australia. Mental Illness is depicted as an individual’s tendency to exhibit emotions, thoughts and behaviours that do not coincide with what are considered to be the societal norms (Manderscheid et al., 2010). Moreover, throughout history the perception has been that those with mental illnesses should be categorised as dangerous and unstable individuals. Undoubtedly, due to the negative connotations associated with these phrases, society has ignited a severe stigma leading to the “devaluing, disgracing, and disfavouring by the general public”(Abdullah & Brown, 2011) of individuals with these conditions. Although, this has been a long standing prominent issue all around...
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...Disorders Mental disorders have become remarkably common in the modern day world. They have become common to the extent that some people fail to know that they have mental disorders. Other people tend to cover it up, when they understand that they have mental disorders. Mental disorders have existed in the world for many years. However, the understanding of mental disorders has been improving as new medical technologies, diagnosis, testing and interventions continue to be discovered. Mental disorders refer to health conditions that interfere with a person’s thinking, mood, feeling and ability to relate to other people, in his or her daily functioning. They are psychological patterns that are reflected in people’s behaviours that are considered as abnormal development. Mental disorders are health conditions that cause diminished capacity for copying with basic demands of life. The causes of mental disorders vary from person to person. The causes depend on varied factors that are related to specific disorders, social issues and environmental issues. Mental disorders are usually caused by combinations of biological, genetic and environmental factors. The use of substances and drugs can also play a role in causing mental illnesses (Farrell and Solomon 4). There are different types of illnesses that are considered as mental disorders. Anxiety disorders are manifested in severe anxiety and fear that are associated with certain objects, events, people or situations. Most...
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