...“Rhesus (RH) Incompatibility Disease” Sharon C. Clatterbuck Ottawa University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Proseminar Class Dr. Richard Kimberly. November 9, 2004 All the technology of our medical institutions and doctors do no good unless each female who becomes pregnant takes advantage of the prenatal care that is offered to them. According to the article titled “Routine ABO and RH Typing: An Introduction”, Phillip Levine and R.E. Stetson were the first scientists to discover the rhesus blood groups in 1939. Soon after their amazing discovery, Karl Landsteiner and A.S. Weiner discovered the ABO blood typing system in the late 1940’s, which ultimately lead to discovery of the Rh differences. Several medical studies and journals have concluded that the father is the basis of all fetal blood typing. The problem arises when the father’s blood type is positive and the mother’s blood type is negative, thus causes a condition called Rhesus (RH) Incompatibility or the RH Incompatibility Disease. (Mark-Maris) Women who receive proper treatment and testing during their first prenatal visit and subsequent visits can avoid most complications in their pregnancy, including the Rhesus Incompatibility. John M Bowman of the Canadian Medical Association states “the condition was first described as a medical problem in pregnancies in 1609, during the birth of a set of twins by a French midwife. The first twin had a severe case of Rh Incompatibility...
Words: 3248 - Pages: 13
...Cameron Todd Willingham Pour patterns Evidence of accelerant Personify Craged glass Flash over 10/7/2014 Blood type A/B/AB/O Most O+ 39% Least AB- 1% Antigens, usually proteins, are located on the surface of red cells and are responsible for blood-type characteristics. Plasma, which is the fluid portion of blood, is composed principally of water. Rh factor another antigen found on the surface of red blood cells 85% of human population is Rh+ Anibodies are Y-shaped proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to foreign antigens to destroy them. If you have blood type A, you have Antigens on your red blood cells, and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Those B antibodies will clump if mixed with B antigens. Genotype I(b) I(b) Phenotype Blood type B Heterozygous I(a) I (i) Homozygous I(a) I(a) Chapter 10 Serology is used to describe a broad scope of laboratory tests that use specific antigen and serum antibody reactions The concept of specific antigen-antibody reactions has been applied to immunology techniques for the reaction of drugs of abuse in blood and urine. Forensics of Blood The determination of blood is best made by means of a preliminary color test. A-B-O vs. DNA Seminal stains- sexual contact Blood spatter analyst at crime sense Transfer of blood Arterial spurting----splash of blood---dribble down on the wall Blood drip onto blood---surface Violence of event (energy) Very energetic event-----gun...
Words: 269 - Pages: 2
...June is being treated at the hospital for severe wounds after a car crash. Although June has Type B blood, she is given Type O blood. During transfusion, the blood of donor and recipient is categorized into following types: A, B, AB and O. This classification is based on the presence or absence of protein agglutinogens or antigens in the blood. In type A and type B blood, antigen A and B is present, respectively. In type AB both antigens A and B is present while, in type O blood, neither of these proteins exist. In the absence of antigen A, Red blood cells develop Anti-A antibodies known as agglutinins. Same happens in the type B as the absence of antigen B cause the production of Anti-B Antibodies in the plasma. In this case, Anti-A antibodies are present due to the lack of antigen A and presence of antigen B on the surface of red blood cells. Type O blood contains no antigens that is why it develops anti-A and anti-B agglutinins or antibodies. Finally type AB blood contains A and B antigens, so not any antibodies or agglutinins. Antibodies are gamma globulins produced by bone marrow and lymph gland cells that produce antibodies against any antigens. Most of the antibodies are IgM and IgG immunoglobulin molecules (Klein & Anstee, 2008). Infusion of blood with any group antigen like type-A in a recipient with blood group-B, as in the case of June, cause a typical immune response. This response against antigen A makes much stronger Anti-A antibodies and at a greater quantity...
Words: 664 - Pages: 3
...|AGGLUTINATION | Agglutination: • Is the clumping of antibody–antigen complex to form insoluble and visible aggregates. The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare, meaning "to glue to." Antigen: Antigen is any molecule that binds specifically to an antibody. Antibody: Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are proteins secreted by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects (antigens), such as bacteria and viruses. |Factors affecting the agglutination reaction in vitro: | 1) Antigen to antibody ratio: • The ratio between antigen and antibody influences the detection of antigen-antibody complexes. • Antigen or antibody excess make invisible reaction. Prozone phenomenon (antibody excess): • There are too many antibodies. • Antibodies saturating all antigen sites • No antibodies forming cross-linkages between cells or particles so, no agglutination appears (false-negative reactions). [pic] Zone of equivalence: • Antibodies and antigens are present in an optimum ratio. • This leads to cross-linkages between acells or particles, so agglutination appers (positive reaction). [pic] Post-zone phenomenon (Antigen excess): • There are too many antigens • Any agglutination is hidden by masses of unagglutinated antigens that gives false-negative reactions. [pic] | ...
Words: 1049 - Pages: 5
...procedure manual has been very beneficial to me. There's policy and procedures in the manual that walk you threw procedures step by step. A few of our blood bank policy and procedures are; Quality management plan for blood bank, this procedure has to do with quality management mostly telling you the proper way to do things starting with identifying the patient, how to label tubes, what tubes to draw, QC, recording results, it goes over preanalytical, analytical, post analytical steps . We also have procedures over trauma response by laboratory, blood bank documentation, ordering blood from OBI, routine blood inventory, quality control testing, resolving cross match incompatibilities, blood bank specimens, patient identification, ABO grouping, reaction codes, RH typing, antibody screens, and cross match procedure. Theses are just a few. I fell like this book is well organized, easy for me to review, and easy for me to find what I'm looking...
Words: 311 - Pages: 2
...Name _______________________________ Assignment #____ [pic][pic] A small pool of blood and a weapon was found near a garbage dumpster. After examining the area, the CSI on the scene discovered a body in the garbage dumpster and identified him as Earnest “One-Eyed” Earl. Earl had a wound to his chest that will be analyzed by the medical examiner. The CSI tested blood samples from the blood pool and the weapon at the crime scene. It was determined that it was human blood, but he needs to know the blood type to help identify if it was from the victim or the person who murdered him. He has come up with three suspects that either knew the victim or were seen in the area before the body was discovered. He would like to question them further while he waits for DNA test results. Follow your teacher’s directions to complete the lab. Remember to be careful to prevent cross-contamination of the blood samples! Record the results (+ or -) from each group in the trays below. 1. Fill in the following chart based on your knowledge of blood types. |Blood Type |Antigens Present |Antibodies produced |Can donate blood to |Can receive blood from | | | | | | ...
Words: 497 - Pages: 2
...DNA Role in Forensics Science At a crime scene there may be a lot DNA evidence left behind or none. DNA can identify victims and suspects. It can help solve cold case and give new leads to other cases. DNA is also use to determine kinship in a missing person case. It can also help exonerate someone from a crime that they were convicted of. When handling DNA such as blood at a crime scene it is important that it is properly documented, photographed, collected and stored. Besides blood, DNA can include: body fluid, hair and skin. Such DNA can be matched to an individual. DNA is the acronym for Deoxyribonucleic acid. According to Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, “The word nucleic is referring to “DNA location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cell.” (Page49). “DNA is genetic material that humans and other organisms inherit from their parents which consists of gain molecules” (Page 48). The shape of DNA is a double helix. Some would say it looks like a twisted ladder. “The double helix has four bases; (A) Adenine, (C) Cytosine, (G) Guanine and (T) Tyhmine. The bases have to be properly linked to their pair or else there will be a mutation in the gene. The following are the base pairs that bind:”Adenine with Tyhmine and Cystosine with Guanine” (Page 49). DNA testing began in the mid 1980’s. In the online article, DNA Factors states: Ever since the start of DNA testing in 1985, biological material has been a reliable physical evidence to help solve crimes (Williams)...
Words: 2568 - Pages: 11
...blood cells that attack the infection before other white blood cells. Eosinophils are white blood cells that protect the body by killing and swallowing bacteria. Monocytes help with immune defense and rebuild damaged tissue. Basophils increase in numbers when the body has an infection and accumulate at the site of the infection. They help to increase blood flow and decrease inflammation. Lymphocytes are mostly responsible for helping the body’s immune system. They consist of B and T cells. B cells release antibodies into the body’s fluids and T cells directly attack viruses. www.LabPaq.co m 14 ©Hands-On Labs, Inc. Experiment CardiovasCular system Blood Exercise 2: Blood Typing Questions A. Describe how the ABO blood typing system works. The ABO system is a classification system for human blood which identifies blood types based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B substances, on red blood cell membranes. B. Why is it...
Words: 534 - Pages: 3
...Student Sheet Name: Paulette Woods Date: 11/30/14 Instructor’s Name: Joanna Kroon Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 3 Lab Report Title: Lab to Determine the Outcome of Heredity Instructions: You will fill out the Punnett squares and answer a set of questions for each exercise. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. Using what you learned on the lab animation (and the images below), you will fill in the following Punnett squares and answer the questions that follow: Exercise 1: Color Blindness Choose the parental gametes, and align these in the correct positions around the Punnett square. (Type in the correct gametes. Pink are the female gametes, and blue are the male gametes. XC is the gene for normal vision, and Xc is the gene for color blindness.) Choose the correct genotype of the progeny to fill in the Punnett square. (Type the correct genotypes in the boxes.) ______ ______ ______ ______ |Question |Answer | |What is the genotype of the mother? | XCXc | |What is the genotype of the father? | XcY | |What are the possible phenotypes of their children? ...
Words: 774 - Pages: 4
...In professional cycling “blood doping” was reportedly performed by some of the athletes. Blood doping is the transfusion of one’s own blood back to oneself, when it is not needed. Thinking about the normal red blood cells, why would an individual do this procedure? What is the danger? Another method a cyclist might use is the administration of erythropoietin (EPO). Why would they use this as a medication? Red blood cells are the essential carrier of oxygen in the blood stream. When there is an abundance of red blood cells in the body, there is an increase in the supply of oxygen that can be delivered to muscle cells and tissues. When this occurs, the muscles can perform at a higher rate of efficiency and deliver power and strength. Because blood can come from the athlete themselves or from another person, there is a risk factor. If an athlete uses his or her own blood, they must undergo a blood withdraw, resulting in a potential shortage of blood, thus causing anemia. In the event that the blood comes from a third-party, communicable diseases and incompatibility can occur. Erythropoietin (EPO) is used by athletes to increase red blood cell counts as well. Erythropoietin is a type of protein that stimulates the production of red blood cells. EPO is a protein hormone produced by the kidneys. After being released into the bloodstream it binds with receptors in the bone marrow, where it stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Using erythropoietin removes...
Words: 760 - Pages: 4
...BIOLOGY 105 - INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY DOCUMENTATION OF COMPETENCY GENERAL: Enter all assigned DOC sections into a bound notebook. The DOC, which is your own personal handwritten work, is due before each examination. You need to draw in almost all areas of the DOCs. You can trace or just make a rough drawing but you are not allowed to duplicate/print pictures. You must label the parts of the pictures on your own. Submit the DOC on time to get credit. DOC #1 Objective: Describe the classification and common characteristics of living organisms. I. Describe and give an example of each level of organization from atoms to ecosystems. For tissues please list and draw a diagram of one example of the 4 major types and list function for each. For organ systems please diagram and label the digestive system and list one major function for each organ. Define and/or diagram (your choice – demonstrate your understanding): a. metabolism b. homeostasis c. interaction with the environment d. flow of energy from sun to autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers e. cycling of carbon using concepts of respiration and photosynthesis (use equations) f. reproduction g. DNA and genes h. evolution - mutations, diversity, adaptive trait, natural selection, extinction i. unity and diversity of life and the usefulness of the theory of evolution in explaining both the...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...A 37 year old woman was visiting her OB/gynecologist for her 8 weeks prenatal care and during this visit physician ordered prenatal tests that included CBC with differential, Hepatitis B surface antigen, RPR, HIV screening, Rubella titers, ABO Rh type and antibody screening. The CBC and rest of the immunology test were normal. The antibody screening performed on Echo (solid phase) was negative. Immucor Echo (blood bank automated instrument) was not able to determine the ABO type. The following results were obtained from Echo. |Mono control |Anti-A |Anti-B |Anti-D |Anti-D |A1 cell |B cell | | | | |Series 4 |Series 5 | | | |0 |4+ |4+ |3+ |2+ |2+ |2+ | After looking at initial results from the instrument, technologist repeats the ABO/Rh typing using the tube method. The following results were obtained at immediate spin. |Anti-A |Anti-B |Anti-D |Mono Control |A1 Cell |B Cell | | | |Series 4 |(D control) | | | |4+ |4+ |4+ ...
Words: 374 - Pages: 2
...Name _____________________________________ Section ______ BLOOD LABORATORY PART 1: Blood Laboratory Applications Questions Read the blood laboratory exercise posted on D2L and answer the Applications questions below (these are the same questions as within the exercise document). (1) What is a normal hematocrit range for you? (2) What could cause a low hematocrit? (3) What could cause a high hematocrit? (4) What is the importance of heparin or EDTA in the blood-collection tube? (5) If a clot forms in a vessel and blocks blood flow, what would happen to oxygen delivery to the tissues supplied by that vessel? Why? (6) Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation. How would this inhibit clotting? (7) Coumadin inhibits synthesis of some clotting factors. How would this inhibit clotting? (8) If you have B- blood, which antigens are on the surface of your red blood cells? (9) Which antibodies should you not be able to produce due to immune tolerance? (10) Which antibodies would your body produce? (11) Which blood types could you receive in a transfusion? (12) Which blood types would you not want to receive in a transfusion? (13) Can a woman with A blood mate with a man with B blood and have children with O blood? (14) What would be the genotypes of the man and woman in the example in the question above? (15) If a woman is Rh negative, will she be able to produce anti-Rh antibodies? (16) There was a crisis situation. You have two...
Words: 1058 - Pages: 5
...Canadian blood services Problem statements The demand for blood products, especially red blood cells was increasing at a rate of two percent per year, driven by the decrease of wait times in local hospitals, increased use or requirements of an aging population. This requires the blood supply keeping up to meet the growing demand. There is also a problem with the variable demand and blood could not be stored indefinitely. Peak demand seasons such as summer and winter holiday season coincide with low supply seasons. CBS needs to understand the consumer decision process, examine segments, determine a target segment and develop communications to increase both the absolute number of donors and the repeat donations of identified donors. Company objectives, background, and forecast CBS is a not-for-profit, charitable organization and funded by the health ministries of the province and territories (except Quebec) in 1998 as a result of “commission of inquiry on the blood system in Canada”. CBS’s operating principles included maintenance of a safe, sufficient, voluntary, national supply of blood and blood products. In the past several years, CBS advertised and conducted regular market research to determine public attitudes toward the current management of blood supply. This helps CBS to establish trust and confidence in the blood system. Collection grew to more than 900K units in 2011 from 685K units in 2011 while the number hovered around 400K throughout the year 1998-2011 ...
Words: 393 - Pages: 2
...Birth Name: Kim Sung Gyu Stage Name: Sunggyu Date of Birth: April 28, 1989 Height: 178 cm Position: Leader & Main Vocalist Blood Type: A Birth Name: Jang Dong Woo Hometown : Jeonju Shirt Size/Shoe Size: L/270 Favorite Color: White, Black, Black and White Nickname : granpa, hamster , honey sunggyu Weak heart, can’t mad longer. Stage Name: Dongwoo Date of Birth: November 22, 1990 Height: 175 cm Position: Rapper Blood Type: A Hometown : Gyeonggi Shirt Size/Shoe Size: ? 100/265 Favorite Color: Green Nickname : monkey boy, dinasour, mother of inf, gummed angel, smile man Love to write journal Birth Name: Nam Woo Hyun Stage Name: Woohyun Date of Birth: February 8, 1991 Height: 176 cm Position: Main Vocalist Blood Type: B Shirt Size/Shoe Size: M, 95/260 Favorite Color: Leopard, Dark, Red Nickname : Namstar Hometown : Seoul “chef” Habit to lie Birth Name: Lee Ho Won Stage Name: Hoya Date of Birth: March 28, 1991 Height: 178 cm Position: Rapper, Vocalist & Main Dancer Blood Type: AB Hometown : Busan Shirt Size/Shoe Size: M/260 Favorite Color: Purple Nickname : Hobaby, dance machine Practices important than playing Taekwondo Dance in his sleep sometimes Birth Name: Lee Seong Yeol Stage Name: Sungyeol Date of Birth: August 27, 1991 Height: 183 cm Position: Vocalist Blood Type: B Hometown : Gyeonggi Shirt Size/Shoe Size: L/265 Favorite Color: “Everything except yellow (I personally like red the best ♥)” Nickname : Choding, kindergarten boy Emotional Light sleeper Birth Name: Kim...
Words: 345 - Pages: 2
