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Tavi 10 avTenturi lideroba avTenturi lideroba erT-erT yvelaze axal sferos warmoadgens liderobis kvlevebSi. avTenturi lideroba yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, ramdenad ,,realuri” da ramdenad WeSmaritia lideroba. saTauric amazeve miuTiTebs, rom igi liderobisa da lideris avTenturobazea orientirebuli. sxva Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic am saxelmZRvaneloSi ganvixileT, avTenturi liderobis Teoria jer kidev Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis fazaSia. amis gamo avTenturi liderobis Teoria unda ganvixiloT, rogorc pirobiTi: igi SeiZleba Seicvalos axali kvlevebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg. bolo dros, sazogadoebaSi momxdarma Zvrebma avTenturi liderobis didi moTxovnileba gamoiwvia. 11 seqtembris tragediis, Worldcom da Enron-is kompaniebSi korporaciuli skandalebis da sabanko sistemebis masiuri kraxis Semdeg, sazogadoebaSi SiSma da gaurkvevlobam daisadgura. xalxi SeSinebulia da safrTxis molodinSia, ris gamoc iseTi liderebi surT ixilon, romlebic patiosnebiT gamoirCevian da romelTac SeuZliaT endon. sando lideris moTxovnileba avTenturi liderobis Seswavlas droulsa da Rirebuls xdis. sazogadoebis interesis paralelurad, avTenturi lideroba garkveul intrigas warmoadgens mkvlevarebisTvis: igi raRac doziT ganxilulia transformaciul liderobaSi, magram sakmarisi yuradReba ar aqvs daTmobili (Bass, 1990; Bass & Steidlmeier, 1999; Burns, 1978; Howell & Avolio, 1993). garda amisa, praqtikaSi ganaviTares avTenturi liderobis is midgomebi, romlebic kvlvevebze ar iyo dafuZnebuli da Semdgom gamocdasa da testirebas saWiroebda. avTenturi liderobis ufro srulad gamokvlevis mizniT, mkvlevarebma gadawyvites avTenturi liderobis parametrebis identificireba da misi konceptualizacia, rac dRemde grZeldeba. am TavSi Cven aRvwerT avTenturi liderobis bunebas, vikvlevT mis safuZvlebs da varkvevT Tu rogor muSaobs igi. Tavdapirvelad, Sesabamis literaturaSi mocemul avTenturi liderobis gansazRvrebebiT daviwyebT. Semdeg ganvixilavT or midgomas: pirveli aris avTenturi liderobis praqtikuli midgoma, romelic realur magaliTebs efuZneba da meore, Teoriuli midgoma, romelic samecniero kvlevebs efuZneba. bolos, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva midgomis sust da Zlier mxareebs da SemogTavazebT Sejamebas.

avTenturi liderobis gansazRvreba erTi SexedviT, avTenturi liderobis gansazRvra sakmaod martivia, Tumca, realurad igi kompleqsur cnebas warmoadgens. liderobis mkvlevarebi ver SeTanxmdnen avTenturi liderobis erT ganmartebaze. arsebobs ramdenime ganmarteba, TiToeuli sxvadasxva perspeqtividan gansazRvravs avTentur liderobas da gansxvavebul faqtorebze akeTebs aqcents (Chan, 2005). momdevno seqciebSi SemogTavazebT avTenturi liderobis sam gansazRvrebas: intrapersonalurs, ganviTarebads da interpersonalurs. TiToeuli 194

gansazRvreba unikaluria gagebaSi gvexmareba.

da

avTenturi

liderobis

mniSvnelobis

ukeT

intrapersonaluri gansazRvreba intrapersonaluri perspeqtivis mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba yuradRebas amaxvilebs liderze da imaze, Tu ra xdeba Tavad lideris pirovnebis SigniT. igi moicavs lideris mier sakuTari Tavis codnas, TviTregulacias da TviTSefasebas. Samir da Eilam (2005) intrapersonaluri liderobis magaliTs gvTavazoben. isini avTentur liderobas aRweren imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor afaseben liderebi sakuTar Tavs da ra kavSirSia es TviTSefaseba lideris qmedebebTan. avtorebis mixedviT, aseTi liderebi WeSmarit liderobas avlenen, sakuTari rwmenebidan gamomdinare moqmedeben, originalurebi arian da ar baZaven sxvebs (ix. sqema 10.1). garda amisa, avtorebi amtkicebdnen, rom avTenturi lideroba mWidro kavSirSia liderebis cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebTan da imasTan, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben isini am gamocdilebebs. marTalia Samir da Eilam (2005) intrapersonalur gamocdilebebze akeTebdnen aqcents, magram amasTanave aRiarebdnen mimdevrebis rolis mniSvnelobas am procesSi. mimdevrebs TavianT liderze realisturi warmodgenebi unda hqondeT da isini unda aRiarebdnen liderisa da misi qcevis legitimurobas (Samir & Eilam, 2005, p.401). sqema 10.1 avTenturi liderobis maxasiaTeblebi intrapersonaluri perspeqtiva; avTenturi liderebi WeSmarit liderobas avlenen; avTenturi liderebi darwmunebulebi arian TavianT qmedebebSi; avTenturi liderebi originalurebi arian, isini ar imeoreben sxvebs; avTenturi liderebi maTi Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare moqmedeben. adaptirebulia Semdegi wyarodan: “What’s your story?” A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development,” by B. Shamir and G. Eilam, 2005, Leadership Quareterly. 6, 395-417.

gansazRvreba ganviTarebis perspeqtividan avTenturi lideroba SeiZleba ganvixiloT ganviTaris Teoriis perspeqtividan, romelic mocemulia Avolio-s da misi kolegebis mier (Avolio & Gardner, 2005; Gardner, Avolio, & Walumbwa, 2005; Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, & Peterson, 2008). am perspeqtivis mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba warmodgenilia ara rogorc fiqsirebuli Tviseba, aramed, rogorc iseTi ram, risi swavlac SeiZleba. avTenturi lideroba adamianebSi mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba da mas, SeiZleba biZgi misces mniSvnelovanma cxovrebiseulma Zvrebma, rogoricaa mZime daavadeba an axali samsaxuri. ganviTarebadi liderobis perspeqtividan Walumbwa–ma da sxvebma (2008) avTenturi lideroba ganixiles, rogorc lideris qceva, romelic saTaves iRebs lideris pozitiuri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebidan da maRali zneobidan. maTi naSromis mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba oTxi mkafio, magram amasTanave erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli komponentisagan Sedgeba: 195

TviT-gacnobiereba, gaTavisebuli moraluri perspeqtiva, balansi da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba (AAvolio,Walumbwa, & Weber, 2009). mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi avTenturi liderebi iviTareben am oTxi tipis qcevas.

interpersonaluri gansazRvreba avTentur liderobas aseve gansazRvraven interpersonalur WrilSi. am perspeqtivis mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba urTierTobebzea agebuli da liderebisa da mimdevrebis mier erToblivad iqmneba (Eagly, 2005). igi mxolod lideris Zalisxmevaze ar aris damokidebuli da mimdevrebis sapasuxo qmedebebsac moicavs. avTenturoba liderebsa da mimdevrebs Soris arsebuli interaqciiT miiRweva. igi ormxrivi procesia, vinaidan, liderebi gavlenas axdenen mimdevrebze da piriqiT. interpersonaluri perspeqtivis mixedviT, liderebis mier Rirebulebebis ganmtkiceba da sxvebisadmi zrunvis gamoxatva ar aris sakmarisi. imisaTvis, rom efeqturebi iyvnen, avTenturma liderebma maTi mimdevrebis ndoba da erTguleba unda moipovon. ganzraxuli Sedegi mxolod maSin miiRweva, rodesac mimdevrebi lideris Rirebulebebs aRiareben. liderebi cvlilebebs maSin axorcieleben, roca maTi ideebi morgebulia mimdevarTa rwmenebsa da Rirebulebebze. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avTentur liderobas sxvadasxvanairad ganmartaven, maT Soris, intrapersonaluri, interpersonaluri an ganviTarebis perspeqtividan. TiToeuli definicia mniSvnelovania avTenturi liderobis gagebisaTvis. Semdeg seqciebSi ganvixilavT avTenturi liderobis sxvadasxva midgomebs.

avTenturi liderobis midgomebi avTenturi liderobis formulireba, SeiZleba or nawilad gavyoT: 1) praqtikuli midgoma, romelic realuri cxovrebidan aRebuli magaliTebidan da treningisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis literaturaze dayrdnobiT ganviTarda, 2) Teoriuli midgoma, romelic socialuri mecnierebis kvlevebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. orive midgoma saintereso TvalTaxedvas gvTavazobs avTenturi liderobis kompleqsurobaze.

praqtikuli midgomebi dReisaTvis sakmaod popularulia wignebi da programebi avTenturi liderobis Sesaxeb. adamianebs ainteresebT am tipis liderobis safuZvlebi. ufro konkretulad, maT ainteresebT ,,rogor unda gaxde” avTenturi lideri. am seqciaSi, ganvixilavT avTenturi liderobis or praqtikul midgomas: 1) Robert Terry–is (1993) avTenturi liderobis midgoma da Bill George –is (2003) avTenturi liderobis midgoma. avTenturi liderobis praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT orive midgoma saintereso xedvas gvTavazobs. Robert Terry–is (1993) avTenturi liderobis midgoma. es midgoma praqtikazea orientirebuli da gvaswavlis rogor gavxdeT avTenturi lideri. realurad, midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebs liderobaze praqtikul situaciaSi - lideris qmedebebze, aseve gundze an organizaciaze. am 196

midgomas zneobrivi winapiroba udevs safuZvlad, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom liderma unda gaakeTos is, rac swori da samarTliania. am midgomis CarCo, aseTi qmedebebis gzamkvlevia. nebismier situaciaSi, sadac liderobaa saWiro, Terry–is mixedviT, or mTavar sakiTxs unda mieqces yuradReba. pirveli, ra xdeba realurad, xazs vusvamT - realurad? meore, risi gakeTebaa saWiro? avTenturi lideroba am kiTxvebze saTanado pasuxebis gacemas moicavs. igi gulisxmobs im qmedebebis ganxorcielebas, rac ,,namdvilia” (avTenturia) liderisaTvis, misi organizaciis da zogadad msofliosaTvis. lideris gamowveva isaa, rom man SeZlos avTenturi da araavTenturi qmedebebis garCeva da imoqmedos avTenturad. Tu liderma ar icis ra xdeba sinamdvileSi, maTi qmedebebi situaciisaTvis Seusabamo iqneba. avtorma aseve SeimuSava e.w. avTenturi qmedebis borbali (sqema 10.1), romelic organizaciaSi arsebuli problemebis diagnostirebaSi gvexmareba. borbali eqvsi komponentisgan Sedgeba. borblis TavSia mniSvneloba, misia da Zalaufleba. saaTis mimarTulebiT, boloSi, mocemulia struqtura, resursebi da arseboba. borblis centrs ewodeba ganxorcieleba da igi asrulebs process. Terry–is kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, saWiroa ori rama: 1) problemis dafiqsireba borbalze da 2) problemis mogvarebis gzis Sesabamisi strategiis SerCeva. pirveli nabiji, anu problemis dafiqsireba, xdeba TanamSromlebisa da maTi organizaciuli problemebis SefasebiT. am Sefasebis mixedviT, liderebs, organizaciis realuri problemebi, SeuZliaT borbalze daafiqsiron. magaliTad, Tu TanamSromlebi amboben, rom ,,dabneulebi varT” an ,,aravis araferi adardebs”, maTi problema am SemTxvevaSi misiasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tu TanamSromlebisgan aseTi frazebi modis ,,Zalian bevrs vmuSaobT”, an ,,savaraudod ver gavakeTebT imas, rasac gvTxoven”, maSin problema resursebs ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom jgufSi an organizaciaSi, sakiTxebis dausrulebeli CamonaTvali SeiZleba wamoiWras, avTenturi qmedebis borbali mainc gvawvdis struqturas, romelic liderebs TanamSromelTa sxvadasxva problemebis eqvs ZiriTad kategoriaSi moqcevis saSualebas aZlevs. meore nabijis ganxorcieleba, anu problemis mogvarebis Sesabamisi gzis povna, aseve avTenturi qmedebis borbalzea SesaZlebeli. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi borbals instruqciis xasiaTi eZleva da gvirCevs Tu ra qmedebaa gamarTlebuli. mas Semdeg, rac borbalis saSualebiT problemis identificireba moxdeba, liderebma unda ifiqron problemis alternatiul axsna-ganmartebebze da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT ipovon gamosavali. magaliTad, Tuki TanamSromlebi kargad ver arkveven realurad vis ekuTvnis Zalaufleba da vis xelSia maTi kontroli, liderebma yuradReba unda miaqcion organizaciis misiasa da TanamSromlebis miznebsa da amocanebs. amis msgavsad, Tuki TanamSromlebi kiTxvebs svamen konkretuli programis mniSvnelobaze, liderebma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon arsebobaze, radgan maTi problemebi SeiZleba modiodes im istoriidan, romelic safuZvlad daedo programas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qmedebis borbali gamoiyeneba problemis mogvarebis sxvadasxva alternativebis ganxilvisTvis da Semdeg im gzis SesarCevad, romelic yvelaze kargad gadaWris problemas. avTenturi liderebi cdiloben, rom realur problemas yvelaze Sesatyvisi gadawyveta mouZebnon.

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avTenturi qmedebis borblis gamoyenebis ilustraciisaTvis, dafiqrdiT Semdeg ambavze, romelic saSualo skolis beisbolis programas exeba: areuloba maSin daiwyo, rodesac mSoblebiTa da gulSematkivrebiT dakompleqtebulma beisbolis finansuri mxardaWeris klubis liderebma mwvrTnelis saqmis gamoZieba moiTxoves, radganac mas brals sdebdnen Tanxebis gaflangvaSi, favoritizmSi (mwvrTnelma sxvebis nacvlad Tavisi Svili airCia gundSi saTamaSod) da skolis politikis xelyofaSi (mwvrTnelma iseT mSobels darTo neba bavSvebi saxlSi manqaniT etarebina, romelic alkoholuri zemoqmedebis qveS manqanis tarebis gamo iyo manamde dajarimebuli). es ambavi male gaCnda adgilobrivi gazeTis pirvel gverdze, blogebi da redaqtoris svetebi ki avsebuli iyo mSoblebis, gundis yofili moTamaSeebis da Temis wevrebis gamoxmaurebebiT. am problemis gasaanalizeblad, liders unda daesva kiTxva ,,ra xdeba sinamdvileSi? ra realuri problemaa am situaciaSi?” pirveladi diagnozis Sedegad albaT davaskvnidiT, rom mwvrTnelis problemebi struqturas (mag. saskolo politika) exeboda. klubis liderebi Tvlidnen, rom mwvrTneli arRvevda saskolo politikas, maSin, roca mwvrTnels misi qmedebebi gonivrulad miaCnda da fiqrobda, rom klubis liderebi aWarbebdnen TavianT uflebamosilebas. klubis liderebsa da direqtors gansxvavebuli warmodgena qondaT imaze, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo beisbolis gundis marTva. avTenturi qmedebis borblis gamoyenebiT, lideri mixvdeboda, rom konfliqti Zalauflebas exeboda. realurad visi uflebamosileba iyo gadawyvetilebebis miReba Tanxebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, an gundis moTamaSeebis, an im mSoblis SerCevaze, vinc bavSvebs saxlSi Camoarigebda? 198

borblis gamoyenebiT, liders SeeZlo gamoekvlia, ramdenad iyo es konfliqti gamowveuli Zalauflebis sakiTxebiT. radgan es gamokvleuli ar yofila, verc konfliqtis gadaWra moxerxda. situacia kidev ufro daiZaba, rodesac direqtorma klubis ukmayofilo TanaTavmjdomareebi sxva mSoblebiT Caanacvla. daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avTenturi qmedebis borbali, liderTaTvis problemebis vizualuri diagnostirebis saSualebas iZleva. liderebi, mimdevrebTan erTad, problemas borbalze afiqsireben da Semdeg cdiloben am problemis strategiuli gadaWris gzis povnas. es midgoma individebs stimuls aZlevs ufro naTlad da sxva WrilSi Sexedon problebems. realurad, es midgoma liderebisgan moiTxovs Tavissave Tavis mimarT, organizaciisa da sxvaTa mimarT marTali da ,,namdvili” iyvnen da TavianTi qmedebebi aagon imaze, Tu ra xdeba sinamdvileSi. Bill George-is avTenturi liderobis midgoma. maSin roca Terry–is avTenturi qmedebis borbali problematur sakiTxebze akeTebs aqcents, George-is avTenturi liderobis midgoma (2003 George & Sims, 2007) avTenturi liderebis maxasiaTeblebs exeba. am midgomaSi, avtori avTenturi liderobis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT aRwers da imasac ganmartavs, Tu rogor unda ganaviTaro es maxasiaTeblebi, raTa avTenturi lideroba SeZlo. korporaciaSi aRmasrulebel direqtorad muSaobis ocdaaTwliani gamocdilebis mqone liderebTan da 125 warmatebul liderTan Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad George-ma daaskvna, rom avTentur liderebs WeSmaritad surT emsaxuron sxvebs, isini kargad icnoben sakuTar Tavs da maTi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT lideroben. ufro konkretulad, avTenturi liderebi avlenen Semdeg xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels: 1) maT esmiT sakuTari mizani, 2) kargad ician realurad ra aris gasakeTebeli 3) isini ndobiT savse urTierTobebs awyoben sxvebTan 4) isini disciplinirebuli adamianebi arian da sakuTari Rirebulebebis mixedviT moqmedeben da 5) emociurad arian ganwyobili sakuTari misiis mimarT (mag. guliT moqmedeben) (sqema 10.2; George, 2003). 10.2 sqema avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli avTenturi liderobis xuTi ganzomilebis ilustrirebas axdens: mizani, Rirebulebebi, urTierTobebi, TviT-disciplina da gulisxmiereba. sqema aseve aCvenebs Sesabamis maxasiaTeblebs: emocia, qceva, dakavSireba, Tanmimdevruloba da TanagrZnoba. es aris maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic unda ganiviTaron individebma avTenturi liderobisaTvis. sakuTar interviuebze dayrdnobiT, George-ma daaskvna, rom avTentur liderebs sakuTari miznis realuri SegrZneba aqvT. maT ician ra undaT da saiT midian. garda imisa, rom kargad esmiT sakuTari mizani, maT miznebTan dakavSirebuli Sinagani motivacia da STagonebac gaaCniaT. isini emociuri adamianebi arian da suliT da guliT erTvebian sakuTar saqmeSi. avTenturi lideris kargi magaliTia, teri foqsi, romelic simsivnur daavadebas gadaurCa. teris fexi mokveTes mas Semdeg, rac Zvlis simsivne daudgines. xelovnuri fexiT, terim sirbiliT gadakveTa kanada, atlantikidan wynar okeanamde, imisaTvis, rom simsivnis kvlevebisTvis meti Tanxa moegrovebina da xalxis informirebuloba gaezarda. marTalia, teri manam gardaicvala, sanam sakuTar garbens daasrulebda, magram misma simamacem da gabedulebam didi gavlena moaxdina milionobiT adamianze. man miaRwia sakuTar mizans, informirebulobac gazarda da am daavadebasTan 199

dakavSirebuli kvlevebisaTvis Tanxis Segrovebac moaxerxa. teri foqsis fondi dRiTidRe Zlierdeba da am momentisTvis fondSi 400 milioni kanaduri dolaria kvlevebisaTvis (http:www.terryfoxrun.org). 10.2 sqemaSi mocemuli ganzomilebebidan da maxasiaTeblebidan, teris aSkarad axasiaTebda miznis Zlieri SegrZneba da didi emocia. avTentur liderebs kargad esmiT sakuTari Rirebulebebi da sxvebs am Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT eqcevian. maT naTeli warmodgena aqvT imaze, Tu vin arian, saiT midian da risi gakeTebaa marTebuli. rTul situaciebSi, avTenturi liderebi ar Tmoben TavianT Rirebulebebs, piriqiT am situaciebs maTi Rirebulebebis gasaZliereblad iyeneben. Zlieri Rirebulebebis mqone avTenturi lideris magaliTia, nobelis premiis laureati nelson mandela. mandela uaRresad maRali zneobisa da moralis matarebeli adamiania. rodesac samxreT afrikaSi aparteidis gasauqmeblad ibrZoda, igi arasdros Ralatobda samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis principebs. roca daapatimres, mas Tavis ideebze uaris Tqmis fasad droze adre gaTavisufleba SesTavazes, magram man, sakuTari poziciis daTmobas, cixeSi jdoma arCia. nelson mandelam icoda vin iyo da risTvis ibrZoda. kargad esmoda misi Rirebulebebi da sakuTari liderobiT gamoxatavda kidec am Rirebulebebs. avTenturi liderobis Semdegi maxasiaTebelia Zlieri urTierTobebi. avTentur liderebs SeuZliaT iyvnen gaxsnilebi da sxvebTan kavSiri daamyaron. maT piradi ambebis gaziarebac SeuZliaT da sxvisi ambebis mosmenac. ormxrivi gaxsnilobiT, liderebi da mimdevrebi erTmaneTs ufro uaxlovdebian da erTmaneTis ndobas moipoveben. 200

George-is mixedviT, dRes adamianebs surT, axlos iyon liderebTan da liderebisganac maT mimarT gaxsnilobas moiTxoven. adamianebi liderebisagan moiTxoven gaxsnan maTTan misasvleli gzebi da ufro gamWirvaleebi gaxdnen. maT surT, rom liderebTan ndobiT savse urTierTobebi hqondeT. sanacvlod, erTgulebas hpirdebian. rogorc merve TavSi avRniSneT (liderisa da jgufis wevris urTierTkavSiris Teoria), efeqturi urTierTobebi lidersa da mimdevrebs Soris maRali donis komunikaciiT ganisazRvreba, romelSic liderebic da mimdevrebic erTmaneTisadmi ndobas, pativiscemas da valdebulebis grZnobas avlenen. liderebi da mimdevrebi erTmaneTTan produqtiuli TvalsazrisiT arian dakavSirebuli, rac scdeba ubralo xelmZRvanelisa da misdami daqvemdebarebuli piris urTierTobebs. aseTi damokidebuleba iwvevs Zlier urTierTobebs lidersa da mimdevrebs Soris, ufro met urTierTgagebas da met produqtiulobas. TviT-disciplina avTenturi liderobis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia da igi liderebs sakuTari miznebis miRwevaSi exmareba. TviT-disciplina liderebs koncentraciasa da gabedulebaSi exmareba. rodesac liderebi TavianT amocanebs da miRwevis standartebs gansazRvraven, isini am miznebs TviTdisciplinis saSualebiT aRweven da sxvebsac angariSvaldebuls xdian. garda amisa, TviT-disciplina energias matebs liderebs, maTi Rirebulebebis Sesabamisi saqmeebis gasakeTeblad. TviT-disciplina, avTentur liderebs, maraTonis morbenlebis msgavsad, koncentraciis saSualebas aZlevs. maT SeuZliaT sakuTar Sinagan kompass miendon da rTul situaciebSic ki win wavidnen. TviT-disciplina liderebs stresul garemoSi simSvidisa da Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebaSi exmareba. radganac disciplinebuli liderebi prognozirebadi arian, adamianebma ician ra aris mosalodneli maTgan da ufro advilad amyareben komunikacias. rodesac lideri sakuTar Tavs Tavad aZlevs mimarTulebas da am mimarTulebidan ar uxvevs, adamianebs usafrTxoebis SegrZneba uCndebaT. da bolos, avtori mniSvnelovan aspeqtebad gamoyofs TanagrZnobasa da TanagrZnoba gulisxmobs sxvisi gasaWiris mimarT gulisxmierebas. mgrZobiarobas, sxvebis mimarT gaxsnilobas da daxmarebisaTvis mzadyofnas. George-is mixedviT, rodesac liderebi TanagrZnobis unars gamoimuSaveben isini avTenturebi xdebian (2003, gv.40). liderebs es grZnoba uCndebaT sxvebis cxovrebiseuli ambebis gacnobiT, saTemo proeqtebis keTebiTa da sxva rasobriv Tu eTnikur jgufebTan muSaobiT an ganviTarebad qveynebSi mogzaurobiT (George, 2003). es aqtivobebi zrdian lideris sensitiurobas sxva kulturebis, gasxvavebuli warmomavlobisa da sacxovrebeli pirobebis mimarT. avTenturi lideris magaliTi, romelic aseTi TanagrZnobis unariT xasiaTdeba, aris greg mortersoni, sami finjani yavis Tanaavtori (Mortenson & Relin, 2006; ixileT situacia 10. 2, mTebs gadavdgamT ganaTlebisa da mSvidobisaTvis). Mortersonma, msoflios yvelaze rTul geografiul da politikur adgilebSi damoukideblad Cauyara safuZveli 55 skolis dafinansebas, mSeneblobasa da administrirebas. igi xalxisadmi udidesi TanagrZnobiTaa ganmsWvaluli da Tavdauzogavad exmareba maT. daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avTenturi liderobis midgoma avTenturi lideris xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze akeTebs aqvents. erTobliobaSi es maxasiaTeblebi warmoadgenen imis praqtikul magaliTs, Tu ra unda gaakeTon adamianebma, raTa avTenturi liderebi gaxdnen. 201

avTenturi lideroba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze viTardeba da TiToeuli individis cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba axdens gavlenas.

masze

Teoriuli midgoma marTalia, ganviTarebis jer kidev Canasaxovan fazaSi imyofeba, magram avTenturi liderobis Teoriuli midgoma ukve gamoCnda socialuri mecnierebebis literaturaSi. am seqciaSi Cven avRwerT avTenturi liderobis ZiriTad komponentebs da imas, Tu ra kavSirSia isini erTmaneTTan.

Teoriuli midgomis dasawyisi. miuxedavad imisa, rom interesi avTenturi liderobis mimarT didi xania gaCnda, avTentur liderobasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi sakmaod axalia. pirvelad, avTenturi lideroba 2003 wels daweril statiaSi gamoCnda. am kvlevas biZgi misca nebraskas universitetSi Catarebulma liderobis samitma. samits galafis liderobis institutma gauwia sponsoroba da igi avTentur liderobas mieZRvna. am samitis Semdeg ori publikacia gaCnda: 1) liderobis kvartaluri Jurnalis specialuri gamoSveba, 2005 wlis zafxulSi da 2) monografiebi liderobasa da menejmentSi, saxelwodebiT ,,avTenturi liderobis Teoria da procesebi: saTaveebi, efeqtebi da ganviTarebis fazebi”, romelic aseve 2005 wels gamoica. samitamde Luthans da Avolio –m (2003) gamoaqveynes statia avTenturi liderobis ganviTarebasa da pozitiur organizaciul kvlevebze. am statiam aseve ubiZga am kuTxiT kvlevebis gafarToebas. avTenturi liderobisadmi interesi maSin gaizarda, roca amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi didma sazogadoebrivma areulobam da arastabilurobam daisadgura. 11 seqtembris teroristulma aqtma, gavrcelebulma korporatiulma korufciam da ekonomikis daRmavlobam xalxSi gaurkvevloba da SfoTva gamoiwvia, maT Soris liderobis mimarTac. araeTikuri da araefeqturi liderobis faqtebidan gamomdinare, gaCnda ufro humanuri da konstruqciuli liderobis saWiroeba, romelic saerTo keTildReobisaken iqneboda mimarTuli (Fry & Whittington, 2005; Luthans & Avolio, 2003). garda amisa, mkvlevarebi grZnobdnen im Sromebis Bass(1990) da Bass da Steidlmeier –is (1999) gavrcobis saWiroebas, romlebic avTentur, transformaciul liderobas exeboda. avTenturi liderobis mniSvnelobis ukeT gansamartad Teoriuli CarCos Seqmnis aucileblobac gaCnda. avTenturi liderobis Teoriis SesamuSaveblad, mkvlevarebma liderobis Teoriebi, pozitiuri organizaciuli samecniero literatura da eTika moiSvelies (Cooper, Scandura, & Schriesheim, 2005; Gardner et al., 2005). Teoriis SemuSavebisas, mkvlevarTaTvis mTavar problemas am tipis liderobis ganmarteba da misi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda. rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ganvixileT, avTenturi lideroba bevrnairad aris ganmartebuli da TiToeuli ganmarteba procesis sxvadasxva aspeqtze akeTebs aqcents. am TavisTvis, Cven avirCieT ganmarteba, romelic Walumbwama da misma kolegebma (2008) SedarebiT axal statiaSi warmogvidgines. aq avTenturi lideroba gansazRvrulia, rogorc ,,lideris iseTi qceva, romelic efuZneba pozitiur fsiqologiur SesaZleblobebs da amasTanave xels uwyobs pozitiuri eTikuri klimatis Seqmnas, raTa lideris mxridan uzrunvelyos ukeTesi TviT-gacnobiereba, gaTavisebuli moraluri perspeqtiva, balansi da mimdevrebTan urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba, rac 202

xels uwyobs pozitiur TviT-ganviTarebas (gv. 94). marTalia, sakmaod kompleqsuri ganmartebaa, magram igi moicavs Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris avTenturi lideroba da rogor muSaobs igi. avTenturi liderobis ilustrirebisaTvis, samecniero literaturaSi, sxvadasxva modelebia mocemuli. GGardner da sxvebma (2005) Seqmnes modeli, romelic avTentur liderobas lideris ganviTarebis procesze, mimdevarTa TviT-gacnobierebasa da TviTregulaciaze dayrdnobiT agebs. Ilies, Morgenson da Nahrgang–ma (2005) Seqmnes mravalkomponentiani modeli, romelic ganixilavs lideris avTenturobis gavlenas liderisa da mimdevarTa bednierebis SegrZnebasa da keTildReobaze. amis sapirispirod Luthans da Avolio-m (2003) Camoayalibes modeli, romelic aRwers avTentur liderobas, rogorc ganviTarebad process. am TavSi warmogidgenT avTenturi liderobis sabaziso models, romelic im samecniero literaturidan modis, sadac avTenturi liderobis ZiriTad komponentebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT avTentur liderobaze, rogorc procesze.

avTenturi liderobis komponentebi. avTenturi liderobis ukeT gasagebad da imisTvis rom ganesazRvraT ra komponentebs moicavda avTenturi lideroba da moeZebnaT misi sando sazomi, Walumbwa–m da misma kolegebma (2008) yuradRebiT Seiswavles arsebuli literatura da interviuebi am sferoSi momuSave eqspertebisagan aiRes. am kvlevis Sedegad oTxi komponenti gamoiyo: TviT-gacnobiereba, Sinagani marali , balansi da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba (sqema 10.3). es oTxi komponenti erTobliobaSi avTenturi liderobis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens. TviT-gacnobiereba exeba lideris mier sakuTari Tavis Secnobas. es ar aris TviTmizani, aramed procesia, romelSic individebi cdiloben sakuTar Tavs gaugon, rac sxva faqtorebTan erTad gulisxmobs sakuTari susti da Zlieri mxareebis da im gavlenis gacnobierebas, rasac sxvebze axdenen. TviT-gacnobiereba moicavs refleqsias TqvenTvis Zvirfas Rirebulebebze, identobaze, emociebze, motivebze, miznebze. es niSnavs gaicno sakuTari Tavis yvelaze siRrmiseuli Sreebi (Kernis, 2003). roca liderebma sakuTari Tavi kargad ician da naTeli warmodgena aqvT vin arian da risTvis arian mowodebuli, maT TavianTi gadawyvetilebebisa da qmedebebis mtkiced dacva SeuZliaT (Gardner et al., 2005). sxva adamianebi, ufro avTenturebad miiCneven im liderebs, romlebsac kargad aqvT SecnobilisakuTari Tavi, Sinagani morali exeba TviT-regulaciis process, roca individebi Sinagani moraluri standartebisa da Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad iqcevian da ara gare faqtorebis zewolis Sedegad (mag. jgufuri da sazogadoebrivi zewola). es aris TviT-regulaciis procesi, vinaidan individebi Tavad akontroleben ra doziT moeqcevian sxvisi gavlenis qveS. sxvebisaTvis Sinagani moralis mqone individebi avTenturad miCnevian, radgan maTi qmedebebi SesabamisobaSia maT mier deklarirebul RirebulebebTan da SexedulebebTan. balansic TviT-regulaciuri qcevaa. igi exeba individis SesaZleblobas obieqturad gaaanalizos informacia da gadawyvetilebis miRebamde moisminos sxvebis azrebic. igi aseve moicavs favoritizmis aridebasa da miukerZoeblobas. balansi aseve moicavs raime qmedebis ganxorcielebamde im adamianebis yuradRebiT mosmenasac, visac sawinaaRmdego pozicia aqvs da 203

sqema 10.3 avTenturi lideroba

pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebia kritikuli cxovrebiseuli momentebi

TviTgacnobiereba Sinagani morali avTenturi lideroba

balansi/gansja urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba

moraluri

adaptirebulia Semdegi wyarodan: Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. 2003. Authentic leadership development. In K.S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.). Positive organizational scholarship (pp.241-258). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2003: and W. L. Gardner, B. J. Avolio, F. Luthans, D. R. May, & F. O. Walumbva. 2005. “Can you see the real me!” A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 343-372. SeZlebisdagvarad am poziciebis gaTvaliswinebas. aseTi liderebi avTenturad miiCnevian, radgan isini Riad acxadeben sakuTar xedvas, magram aseve obieqturebi arian sxvisi xedvis mimarTac. urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba Riaobasa da patiosnebas gulisxmobs, gansakuTrebiT sxvebisTvis sakuTari Tavis wardgenisas. esec TviTregulirebis qcevaa, vinaidan individebi akontroleben TavianTi gamWvirvalobis xarisxs. gonivrul gamWvirvalobasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac individebi maT umTavres grZnobebs, motivebs da midrekilebebs sxvebs, saTanado formiT uziareben (Kernis, 2003). es moicavs individebis mier sxvebisaTvis rogorc Zlieri, aseve susti mxareebis Cvenebas. mokled, urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba niSnavs iyo sxvebTan urTierTobisas sakuTari Tavi, anu iseTi, rogoric realurad xar. fundamenturad, avTenturi lideroba zemoT mocemul oTxive faqtors moicavs – TviT-gacnobiereba, Sinagani morali, balansi da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba. es faqtorebi avTenturi liderobis safuZvels warmoadgens. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen avTentur liderobaze. arsebobs kidev sxva faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen avTentur liderobaze, magaliTad, pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebi, moraluri gansja da kritikuli cxovrebiseuli momentebi (sqema 10.3). oTxi ZiriTadi pozitiuri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli, arsebobs romelsac gavlena aqvs avTentur liderobaze: Tavdajerebuloba, imedi, optimizmi da moqniloba, rac pozitiuri fsiqologiidan da pozitiuri organizaciuli qcevis sferodan modis (sqema 10.3, Luthans & Avolio, 2003). pozitiuri maxasiaTeblebi winaswar gansazRvraven an aZliereben lideris SesaZleblobas wina seqciaSi ganxiluli avTenturi liderobis komponentebis gamosamuSaveblad. TiToeuli es maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebsac emsgavseba da mdgomareobasac. Tvisebebs emsgavseba imdenad, ramdenadac isini SeiZleba pirvnebis fiqsirebul aspeqts axasiaTebdes, rac mTeli sicocxlis manZilze vlindeba (mag. eqstravertuloba). mdgomareobas emsgavseba imdenad, ramdenadac treningiTa da wvrTniT individebs SeuZliaT ganaviTaron an Secvalon TavianTi maxasiaTeblebi. 204

sqema 10.2 pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebi Tavdajerebuloba imedi optimizmi moqniloba ___________________________________________________ wyaro: Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. 2003. Authentic leadership development. In K. S. Cameron, J. E.Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 241-258). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

Tavdajerebuloba moicavs TviTefeqtianobas - imis rwmenas, rom SegiZlia warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi saqmes. Tavdajerebul liderebs warmatebis miRwevis ufro didi Sansi aqvT, ufro did simtkices iCenen, rodesac dabrkolebebi warmoiqmneba da uyvarT gamowvevebi (Bandura, 1997; Luthans & Avolio 2003). imedi pozitiuri motivaciis momcemi mdgomareobaa, romelic nebisyofasa da miznebis dagegmvas efuZneba (Luthans & Avolio 2003). imedian avTentur liderebs iseTi miznebi aqvT, romelTac ician rom miaRweven; maTi imedi mimdevrebs maTdami ndobas da liderebis miznebisadmi rwmenas uCens. optimizmi exeba kognitur process, rodesac situaciebs pozitiurad uyureb da momavlis rwmena gaqvs. optimisti liderebi pozitiurad arian ganwyobili rogorc TavianTi SesaZleblobebis, aseve maTi miRwevebis mimarT. maTi cxovrebiseuli xedvis mixedviT, yvelaferi sakmarisia da ara piriqiT (Covey, 1990). moqniloba aris rTuli situaciidan advilad gamosvlis an Seguebis unari. igi moicavs SesaZleblobas pozitiurad SeZlo sxvadasxva saxis gaWirvebasTan adaptireba. rTul situaciebSi, moqnili adamianebi mdgomareobidanac gamodian da ufro Zlierad da mtkiced grZnoben Tavs (Sutcliffe & Vogus, 2003). moraluri gansja _ kidev erTi faqtoria, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos avTentur liderobaze (sqema 10.3). es aris unari, miiRo eTikuri gadawyvetilebebi da gansajo ra aris kargi da cudi. adamianebi moraluri gansjis unars mTeli sicocxlis manZilze iviTareben. maRal doneze ganviTarebuli moraluri gansjis mqone liderebi iseT gadawyvetilebebs iReben, romlebic adamianebs Soris arsebul individualur gansxvavebebs scdeba da adamianebs saerTo miznis misaRwevad razmavs. es saSualebas aZlevs liders Sors iyos egoizmisgan da jgufis, organizaciisa da TemisTvis sasargeblo gadawyvetilebebi miiRos. moraluri gansjis SesaZlebloba liderebs samarTlianobis da kargi saqmeebis keTebis saSualebas aZlevs.

romelic avTentur liderobas exeba, aris kritikuli cxovrebiseuli momentebi (sqema 10.3). aq igulisxmeba iseTi movlenebi, rasac adamianis cxovrebis Secvla SeuZlia. aseTi movlenebi SeiZleba pozitiuri iyos, magaliTad samsaxurebrivi dawinaureba, bavSvis SeZena, an raime mniSvnelovani wignis wakiTxva; Tumca SeiZleba iyos negatiuric: mZime daavadebis diagnozi, cudi Sefaseba wlis bolos, an sayvareli adamianis gardacvaleba. kritikuli cxovrebiseuli momentebi cvlilebebis katalizatoris rols asrulebs. Shamir da Eilam-is (2005) mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba metwilad im Sexedulebebs efuZneba, romlebic adamianebs sakuTari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare bolo faqtori, 205

uyalibdebaT. roca liderebi sakuTar cxovrebiseul ambebs yvebian, isini sakuTar Tavsac ukeT Seicnoben da maT rolsac ukeT acnobiereben. sakuTari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis kargad gaazrebiT, liderebi ufro avTenturebi xdebian. kritikuli cxovrebiseuli momentebi liderebis zrdas da ufro metad gaZlierebas uwyobs xels (Luthans & Avolio 2003). magaliTad, hovard Sulci (kompania starbaqsis damfuZnebeli) aseT ambavs yveba misi bavSvobidan: mamamisi kurieris mZRolad muSaobda, erTxelac daeca da daSavda. mamamiss arc janmrTelobis dazRveva hqonda, arc raime kompensacia ekuTvnoda. mamis gasaWiris gamocdilebis mqone hovardma, sakuTari kompaniis dafuZnebis Semdeg yvela misi TanamSromeli daazRvia, isinic, vinc kviraSi 20 saaTze naklebs muSaobdnen. hovardis liderobis stili misma bavSvobis gamocdilebam gansazRvra. avTenturi liderobis Teoriis ganviTarebasTan erTad, SesaZloa gamovlindes sxva faqtorebic, romlebic aseve mniSvnelovania avTenturi liderisaTvis. dReisaTvis ki es faqtorebi moicavs: pozitiur fsiqologiur SesaZleblobebs, moraluri gansjis unars da cxovrebiseul kritikul momentebs.

rogor muSaobs avTenturi liderobis Teoria? am TavSi, Cven ganvixileT avTenturi lideroba rogorc praqtikuli, aseve Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT. orive perspeqtivis mixedviT avTenturi lideroba ganviTarebadi procesia, romelic liderebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba. Tumca, es ori midgoma sxvadasxvagvarad aRwers avTenturi liderobis muSaobas. praqtikuli midgoma iZleva instruqciebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gavxdeT avTenturi lideri. magaliTad Terry-is (1993) midgomis mixedviT, liderebma sakiTxis ganxilvisas, pirvelad unda daadginon ra xdeba sinamdvileSi mocemul situaciaSi. avTenturi lideroba maSin muSaobs, roca liderebi da mimdevrebi erTiandebian da erTad gansazRvraven ra aris ,,realuri” problema, da rogoria am problemis gadaWris ,,swori” gza. avTenturi lideroba gansazRvravs realurad ra aris kargi liderisTvis, mimdevrebisaTvis da organizaciisTvis. avTenturi lideroba sxvanairad muSaobs George–is midgomis mixedviT. igi aqcents akeTebs xuT maxasiaTebelze, romelic liders avTenturobisaTvis esaWiroeba. ufro konkretulad, mkvlevari liderebs urCevs ufro mizandasaxulebi, Rirebulebebze da urTierTobebze orientirebulebi, TviT-disciplinebulni da TanamgrZnobni gaxdnen. avTenturi lideri ki is lideria, romelsac es xuTi maxasiaTebeli kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli. Teoriuli midgoma ar iZleva martiv instruqciebs, igi aRwers ra aris avTenturi lideroba da rogor muSaobs igi. am perspeqtividan, avTenturi lideroba muSaobs, radgan liderebi avlenen TviT-gacnobierebis unars,

Sinagan morals, poziciebis dabalansebis unars da gamWvirvalobas urTierTobebSi. liderebi am maxasiaTeblebs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze iviTareben da am procesSi maTze cxovrebiseuli kritikuli momentebic axdens gavlenas. garda amisa, samecniero literaturis mixedviT, avTentur liderobaze gavlenas axdens pozitiuri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da moraluri gansjis unari. 206

avTenturi lideroba kompleqsuri procesia. igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebaze, romelic liders exmareba mimdevrebis TvalSi ufro sando da damajerebeli iyos. lideris saqmea Seiswavlos da ganiviTaros es maxasiaTeblebi da gamoiyenos isini saerTo keTildReobisaTvis.

Zlieri mxareebi miuxedavad imisa, rom avTenturi liderobis Teoria ganviTarebis adreul fazaSia, mas ukve gaaCnia gamokveTilad dadebiTi mxareebi. pirveli is aris, rom igi sazogadoebaSi arsebul sando liderobis saWiroebas avsebs. bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorSi, liderebis warumateblobam adamianebSi undobloba gaaCina. avTenturi lideroba aris pasuxi im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic gaurkvevlobiT aRsavse samyaroSi jansaR da warmatebul liderobas moelian. meore, es Teoria vrcel instruqciebs sTavazobs im adamianebs, visac avTenturi lideroba surs. rogorc praqtikuli, aseve Teoriuli midgoma gviCvenebs Tu ra unda gaakeTon individebma, raTa avTenturi liderebi gaxdnen. magaliTad, Terry-is mixedviT, avTenturma liderebma mimdevrebTan erTad unda imuSaon, raTa gaarkvion ra xdeba sinamdvileSi da Semdeg moZebnon am situaciidan gamosavali. amis msgavsad, Sesabamis samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom avTenturobis misaRwevad liderebisaTvis mniSvnelovania TviT-gacnobiereba, Sinagani morali, poziciebis dabalanseba da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba. es midgomebi, erTad aRebuli, gvTavazobs garkveul gzamkvlevs Tu rogor gavxdeT avTenturi lideri. mesame _ transformaciuli da samsaxurebrivi liderobis msgavsad, avTentur liderobasac gamokveTili moraluri ganzomileba gaaCnia. rogorc praqtikuli, aseve Teoriuli midgoma xazs usvams imas, rom avTenturoba liderebisgan moiTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac ,,kargi” da ,,sworia” maTi mimdevrebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis. avTentur liderebs kargad esmiT sakuTari Rirebulebebi, mimdevrebis saWiroebebs TavianT saWiroebebze maRla ayeneben da mimdevrebTan erTad muSaoben sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo saqmeebze. meoTxe _ avTenturi liderobis Teoriis mixedviT, avTenturi Rirebulebebi da qcevebi liderebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavdeba. avTenturoba ar aris mxolod zogierTi adamianis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, igi yvelam SeiZleba gamoimuSaos. magaliTad, liderebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen ufro gamWvirvaleebi da ufro metad Seicnon sakuTari Tavi, daxvewon sxvebTan urTierTobebi da maT saWiroebebze gaakeTon aqcenti. maT, aseve SeuZliaT ganiviTaron moraluri gansjis SesaZleblobebi. garda amisa, Luthans da Avolio–s mixedviT liderebs SeuZliaT pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa Tavdajerebuloba, imedi, optimizmi da moqniloba. maTi gamoyeneba ki pozitiuri organizaciuli klimatis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas iZleva. am avtorebis mtkicebiT, uamravi gza arsebobs avTenturi liderobis Sesaswavlad. da bolos, avTenturi lideroba SeiZleba Sefasdes avTenturi liderobis kiTxvariT (ALQ). es kiTxvari validuri, Teoriaze dafuZnebuli instrumentia, igi 16 debulebas moicavs, romlebic avTenturi liderobis oTx faqtors zomavs (Avolio et al., 2009; Walumbwa et al., 2008). avTenturi liderobis Teoriis daxvewis paralelurad, aseTi tipis, Teoriaze 207

dafuZnebuli instrumentis arseboba, romelsac avTenturi liderobis gazomva SeuZlia, sasargebloa samomavlo kvlevebisaTvis.kritika avTenturi liderobis Teoria jer kidev formirebis procesSia da Sesabamisad, jer kidev bevr kiTxvazea pasuxi gasacemi. pirveli _ is cnebebi da ideebi, romlebic praqtikul midgomaSia mocemuli (mag. George, 2003; Terry, 1993), ar aris safuZvlianad dasabuTebuli. marTalia, avTentur liderobasTan dakavSirebiT orive midgoma saintereso TvalTaxedvas gvTavazobs, magram arcerTi midgomas ar gaaCnia empiriuli safuZveli da arcerTi midgomis validuroba araa Semowmebuli. amitom avTenturi liderobis procesis aRwerisas, frTxilad unda viyoT praqtikul midgomebSi mocemul ideebTan. meore _ srulad ar aris aRwerili avTenturi liderobis moraluri komponenti. maSin, roca avTenturi liderobis mixedviT, liderebi maRali RirebulebebiT arian motivirebuli, rogoricaa samarTlianoba da erToba, gaugebaria, rogor axdenen es Rirebulebebi gavlenas avTentur liderobaze. magaliTad, rogor ukavSirdeba lideris Rirebulebebi lideris TviT-gacnobierebas? an, ra gziT da saSualebiT axdens moraluri Rirebulebebi gavlenas avTenturi liderobis sxva komponentebze? am etapze, avTenturi liderobis Teoria am kiTxvebze pasuxebs ar iZleva. mesame _ mkvlevarebi eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebi avTenturi liderobis erT-erTi komponentia. marTalia, socialur mecnierebebSi arsebobs pozitiuri adamianuri potencialis Seswavlis interesi (Cameron, Dutton, & Quinn, 2003), magram pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis CarTva avTenturi liderobis TeoriaSi dausabuTebelia. garda amisa, arsebobs argumenti, rom avTenturi liderobis midgomaSi lideris pozitiuri SesaZleblobebis CarTva, Zalian afarTovebs avTenturi liderobis sferos da mas rTulad gasazoms xdis (Cooper et al., 2005). ganviTarebis axlandel etapze, jer kidev dasazustebelia pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis roli avTentur liderobaSi. da bolos, ar aris naTeli, Tu rogor miiRweva avTenturi liderobiT pozitiuri organizaciuli Sedegebi. vinaidan Teoria SedarebiT axalia, moulodneli ar unda iyos is faqti, rom Sedegebze mcire monacemebi arsebobs, magram es monacemebi saWiroa Teoriis Rirebulebis dasasabuTeblad. marTalia, avTenturi lideroba, erTi SexedviT, sakmaod momxiblavia, magram jer kidev sakiTxavia, ramdenad efeqturia es midgoma, ra konteqstSia efeqturi da ramdenad moaqvs produqtiuli Sedegi. aseve, kvlevebis mixedviT naTeli ar aris, ramdenad sakmarisia avTenturi lideroba organizaciuli miznebis misaRwevad. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia Tu ara avTenturi lideri iyos efeqturi, Tuki igi mouwesrigebelia da ar gaaCnia teqnikuri kompetenciebi? avTenturoba mniSvnelovania kargi liderobisaTvis, magram rogor ukavSirdeba efeqturi lideroba avTenturobas, ar aris cnobili. aucilebelia Catardes kvlevebi, sadac gamokvleuli iqneba rogor ukavSirdeba avTenturi lideroba organizaciul Sedegebs.

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gamoyeneba vinaidan avTenturi lideroba axali Teoriaa, bevri kvleva ar aris Catarebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra strategiebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba avTenturi liderobis qcevebis gamosamuSaveblad. marTalia, praqtikuli midgoma garkveul instruqciebs iZleva, magram ramdenad ayalibebs an aumjobesebs es strategiebi avTenturi liderobis qcevas, amis mtkicebulebaTa ricxvi Zalian mcirea. kvlevebis aseTi naklovanebis miuxedavad, avTenturi liderobis Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura mainc gvawvdis informacias garkveul Tematur sakiTxebze, rac organizaciul da praqtikul konteqstSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. erTi sakiTxi, romelic avTenturi liderobis yvela formulirebaSi gvxvdeba, aris is, rom avTenturi liderobis swavla SesaZlebelia. TavianT pirvel naSromSi Luthans & Avolio–m avTenturi liderobis ganviTarebis modeli SeimuSaves. maTi argumentis mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba droTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba, igi warmoadgens swavlis process, mTeli sococxlis manZilze. es niSnavs, rom adamianuri resursebis departamentebs SeuZliaT avTenturi liderobis qcevebi gamoumuSaon im TanamSromlebs, romlebic lider poziciebze gadadian. meore Tematika, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas organizaciebSi, aris mizani _ akeTo kargi da ,,swori” saqme, iyo patiosani sxvebisa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT da imuSao saerTo keTildReobisaTvis. da bolos, avTenturi lideroba kritikuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebebiT formirdeba, rac lideris zrdasa da met avTenturobas uwyobs xels. am gamocdilebebis mimarT sensitiuroba da maTi gamoyeneba zrdisTvis, bevrisTvis, visac avTenturi lideroba surs, metad relevanturia.

situaciuri magaliTebi momdevno seqciaSi mocemulia sami situaciuri magaliTi ( situacia 10.1, 10.2 da 10.3) im individebis Sesaxeb, romlebic avlenen avTentur liderobas. pirveli situacia seli helgensenzea, igi avtoria wignisa ,,mdedrobiTi sqesis upiratesoba: qalTa gza liderobisken”. meore situacia greg mortensonze da misi misiis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, romelic skolebis xelSewyobis gziT pakistansa da avRaneTSi mSvidobis damyarebas emsaxureba. bolo situacia ki beti fords, amerikis yofil pirvel ledis exeba, beti sainformacio kampanias awarmoebda mkerdis simsivnis Sesaxeb da medikamentebisa da alkoholis borotad gamoyenebisagan gankurnebis kampaniaSic iyo CarTuli. TiToeuli magaliTis bolos, mocemulia kiTxvebi, romlebic situaciis analizSi dagexmarebaT.

situacia 10.1 namdvilad var Tu ara lideri? seli helgeseni minesotas Statis patara qalaq sent klaudSi daibada. dedamisi diasaxlisi iyo da Tan inglisuris maswavlebeli, mama ki kolejis profesori, logopedi gaxldaT. seli adgilobriv kolejSi swavlobda, inglisuri enisa da SedarebiTi religiis specialobiT. kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg, klasikad qceuli filmis ,,sauzme tifanisTan” naxviT STagonebuli niu iorkSi gadavida. 209

selim jer sareklamo saagentoSi daiwyo muSaoba, Semdeg ki im droisTvis cnobil gazeTSi ,,vilij voisSi” sagazeTo svetis avtoris TanaSemwed gagrZela moRvaweoba. igi sxva JurnalebisTvisac werda statiebs, rogorebicaa ,,harperi,’’ ,,glamuri’’, ,,vogi’’, ,,fortuni’’ da ,,insaid sporti.’’ igi swavlasac daubrunda da hanteris kolejSi klasikis ganxriT aiRo diplomi. amasTanave doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad muSaobda SedarebiT religiaSi, risTvisac enebs eufleboda enebis centrSi. mas momavalSi Tavisi Tavi kolejis profesorad warmoedgina, Tumca JurnalebisTvisac siamovnebiT werda. masSi erTmaneTs ebrZoda ,,mSvidi mecnieri” da ,,Tavisufali meocnebe”. es konfliqti awuxebda da ar icoda ra eqna. wera rom ganegrZo da Tavi mwerlad waredgina, es sakmaod grandiozuli, saSiSi da sarisko iniciativa iqneboda. erT mSvenier dRes, wvimaSi niu iorkis quCebSi miseirnobda, rodesac mis gverdiT Savi kata dainaxa. am katam holis kata gaaxsena filmidan ,,sauzme tifanisTan”, romelic filmSi holis meocnebe temperamentis da daudgromlobis simbolos warmoadgens. aman gaaxsena, ramden Tavisuflebas da damoukideblobas aZlevda misi ,,droebiTi” mwerlis kariera da ramdenad Seesabameboda igi mis temperaments. selim katas uTxra, rom igi mwerali iyo, aseTi ram pirvelad warmoTqva. Semdeg isic daamata, rom mis karieras weras miuZRvnida, yovel SemTxvevaSi garkveuli drois manZilze mainc. rogorc ki saSualeba mieca, texasSi, fort uorTSi momxdari gaxmaurebuli mkvlelobis sasamarTlos saqmeze daewera, maSinve daTanxmda. sasamarTloze werisas, seli texasis kulturiT moixibla da gadawyvita daewera wigni damoukidebeli navTobmwarmoeblebis rolze Statis formirebis procesSi. es iniciativa bevr dros da finansebs moiTxovda. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, seli faqtiurad Tavis manqanaSi cxovrobda, mTeli texasis masStabiT mogzaurobda da Rames megobrebTan aTevda. sakmaod rTuli iyo marto aseTi ramis gakeTeba, magram selis bolomde undoda mieyvana Tavisi wamowyeba. rodesac misi wigni ,,saZiebo burRvis brigadis wevrebi” gamovida, mas didi mowoneba ar xvda wilad, Tumca selis TviTrwmena wignis dasrulebis Semdeg Zalian gaizarda. mas ukve sjeroda, rom cudi Tu kargi, igi mwerali iyo. seli niu iorkSi dabrunda da statiebis wera ganagrZo, garda amisa axal wignzec fiqrobda. amasTan erTad, kompania ,,fortun 500”-is aRmasrulebeli direqtorisTvis moxsenebebis werac daiwyo. mas moswonda Tavisi saqme, gansakuTrebiT ki organizaciebis politikaze mimoxilviTi moxsenebebis wera, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT nawilad Tavi ver warmoedgina. selis Tavi warmoedgina ,,auTsaiderad, romelic Sida saqmeebSi ixedeba”, rac mas ufro profesionalad aqcevda da ara TaRliTad. moxsenebebis werisas, seli kompaniis uamrav TanamSromelTan iRebda intervius maTi samuSaos Sesaxeb. am interviuebisas misTvis cxadi gaxda, rom qalebi da kacebi sruliad gansxvavebulad udgebodnen saqmes. igi darwmunda, rom is unarebi da damokidebuleba, romlebiTac qalebi samuSao adgilebze modiodnen, ufro da ufro Sesaferisi xdeboda organizaciebSi mimdinare cvlilebebisTvis. Sedegad, qalebs aSkara upiratesoba gaaCndaT. man aseve SeamCnia, rom qalebis Rirebul ideebs direqtorebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. arada, albaT kompaniebi met sargebels miiRebdnen qalebisTvis rom moesminaT. am dakvirvebebma selis kidev erTi wignis dawera STaagona. 1998 wels, erTerT gamomcemelTan xeli moawera kontraqts, romlis mixedviTac seli dawerda wigns, sadac aRwerili iqneboda, rogor SeuZliaT qalebs daexmaron organizaciebs warmatebis miRwevaSi. manmade, rac ki qalebze 210

dawerila, yvelgan aqcenti imaze keTdeboda, Tu rogor unda Seicvalon qalebi da moergon arsebul kulturas. seli darwmunebuli iyo, rom Tu qalebi aqcents uaryofiTze gaakeTebdnen, isini dakargavdnen istoriul Sanss daxmarebodnen organizaciebs cvlilebebis periodSi. misi gzavnilisaTvis Sesaferisi dro iyo. ,,mdedrobiTi sqesis upiratesoba: qalTa gza liderobisken” Zalze popularuli gaxda da 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoicemoda. wignis popularobam, selis uamravi moxsenebebis da konsultaciebisken gauxsna gza. selim mTeli msoflios masStabiT daiwyo mogzauroba, kiTxulobda leqciebs da konsultacias utarebda klientebs. aseTi aRiareba da cnobadoba selis raRacnair uxerxulobas uqmnida. marTalia, kargad esmoda, ramdenad Rirebuli iyo wigni, magram isic icoda, rom es ar iyo Teoriuli safuZvlebis mqone mecnieruli naSromi. igi Tavs ufro mwerlad miiCnevda da ara eqspertad. is kiTxvebi, rac misi karieris dasawyisSi TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebiT awuxebda, isev gauCnda, oRond sxva formiT. marTla avTenturi iyo Tu ara igi? SeeZlo Tu ara lideris mantia moesxa da yvelafrisTvis mzad yofiliyo? mokled, ainteresebda, SeeZlo Tu ara iseTi lideroba, rasac xalxi misgan moeloda. am kiTxvaze pasuxad selim aseTi gza airCia: igi Tavs imad waradgenda, vinc sinamdvileSi iyo. sinamdvileSi ki igi seli helgeseni iyo, auTsaideri, romelic Sida samzareuloSi ixedeboda, Tanamedrove sakiTxebSi gamocdili da farTo warmosaxvis mqone mimomxilveli. selisaTvis liderobisken gza ar iyo nabij-nabiji procesi. selis lideroba daiwyo mogzaurobiT sakuTari Tavis Sesacnobad da sakuTari avTenturobis miRebiTa da aRiarebiT. sakuTari Tavis Secnobis gziT, man sakuTari Tavis, rogorc mwerlis ndobac moipova. igi iyo adamiani, visac organizaciuli cxovrebis Tanamderove sakiTxebze kargad uWrida Tvali. seli dResac saerTaSoriso doneze cnobadi konsultantia, mas ukve 5 wigni aqvs gamoqveynebuli. man jer kidev ar icis, daamTavrebs Tu ara doqtoranturas SedarebiT religiaSi da gaxdeba Tu ara kolejis profesori. yovelTvis axsovs 1950ian da 1960-ian wlebSi gavleniani politikuri mimomxilvelis - stounis karieris istoria, romelic universitetSi, klasikis ganxriT xarisxis mosapoveblad 75 wlis asakSi dabrunda. kiTxvebi 1. sakuTari Tavis Secnoba, erT erTi ZiriTadi nabijia avTenturi liderobisaTvis? ra roli iTamaSa sakuTari Tavis Secnobam selis SemTxvevaSi? 2. rogor AaRwerdiT selis liderobis avTenturobas? 3. situaciis bolos aRwerilia Tu rogor moisxa selim ,,liderobis mantia”. mniSvnelovani iyo es selis liderobisaTvis? rogor ukavSirdeba liderobis mantiis mosxma lideris avTenturobas? rogor fiqrobT, yvela liders aqvs mis karieraSi raRac momenti, rodesac lideris rolis morgeba aucilebeli xdeba?

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situacia 10.2 mTebs gadavdgamT ganaTlebisa da mSvidobisaTvis
1993 wels baltoros myinvarze, msoflios sididiT meore mTis K2-s ZirSi mTamsvleli greg mortensoni daikarga. 7 dRe dakargulad iTvleboda. 35 wlis amerikeli or Tveze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda ,,veluri pikis” dapyrobas. amas misi umcrosi dis, kristas xsovnisaTvis akeTebda, romelic 23 wlis, dabadebis dReze, krunCxvebis Semdeg gardaicvala. wvervalamde 600 metriRa aSorebda, magram xeli aiRo ganzraxvaze, raTa mewyvile mTamsvleli gadaerCina, romelic Zalian avad iyo. mTidan Camosvlisas, mas Semdeg, rac megobari gadarCa, gregi jgufs CamorCa da gza aebna. arc saWmeli hqonda, arc wyali da arc TavSesafari. araqaTgamoclili da dezorientirebuli gregi, pakistanis patara sofel korfSi moxvda. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi igi saswrafo daxmarebis medZmad muSaobda, magram axla ukve pacientis rolSi iyo, romelis janmrTelobazec ucxo adamianebi zrunavdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva rwmenis iyo, soflelebi gregs pativiscemiT epyrobodnen. man Tavisi xelobiTa da im medikamentebiT gadauxada sofels madloba, romelic Tan hqonda, gregma sofelSi ,,eqimi gregis” saxeli daimkvidra. erTxelac, bavSvebi SeamCnia, romlebic talaxSi amoganglulebi gakveTilebs amzadebdnen. gregs uTxres, rom skola ar qondaT, radgan maswavlebels dReSi 1 dolaris odenobis anazRaurebasac ki ver uxdidnen. gregi soflis Tavs dahpirda rom dabrundeboda da skolas aaSenebda. am danapirebis Sesruleba bevr problemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, sirTuliT arc mis bolo mwvervalis dalaSqvras Camouvardeboda, magram msgavs rTul situaciebSi gregi adrec yofila. igi minesotas StatSi daibada, magram dabadebidan maleve misi mSoblebi samxreT afrikaSi gaemgzavrnen, sadac maswavleblebad muSaobdnen. tanzaniaSi mamamisi kilimanjaros qristianuli samedicino centris TanadamfuZnebeli iyo, saavadmyofoSi aswavlidnen kidec. dedamisma ki saerTaSoriso skola daarsa. swored aq Seuyvarda gregs mTamsvleloba, roca 11 wlis asakSi kilimanjaroze avida. misi gaTvlebiT sofel korfSi skolis asaSeneblad 12 000 dolari iyo saWiro. gregma 580 werili miswera cnobil adamianebs, romelTac daxmarebas sTxovda. Sedegad, mxolod 100 dolari Seagrova. gregma yvelaferi gayida, maT Soris manqanac, romelSic faqtiurad cxovrobda da mTaze asasvleli mowyobilobebic. dedamisma, romelic skolis direqtori iyo, spontanuri kampania moawyo saxelwodebiT ,,ramdenime pensi pakistanisTvis” da 623.45 dolari Seagrova. yvelaze metad, gregs amerikul-himalauri fondis gazeTSi gamoqveynebulma statiam uSvela. doqtor jin hoerni, silikonis Cipis gamomgonebeli, romelic mTamsvlelic iyo megobris saSualebiT, daukavSirda gregs. erTi kviris Semdeg gregi am SesaniSnav da amasTanave eqscentrul mecniers telefoniT esaubra da male 12 000 dolaris odenobis Cekic miiRo warweriT ,,araferi SegeSalos. keTili survilebiT, j.h.” gregi Tavisi dafinansebiT pakistanSi Cavida, Tumca iq axali problemebi daxvda. imisaTvis rom samSeneblo masalebi sofel korfamde miezidaT, 284 futis sigrZis xidi unda aeSenebinaT 60 futis simaRleze braldus mdinaris Tavze. jer erTi saeWvo biznesmeni dahpirda, rom konstruqciisaTvis gankuTvnil samSeneblo masalebs daicavda, magram amis nacvlad moipara. mere korfis soflis Tavi iZulebuli gaxda maTdami mtrulad ganwyobili tomis liderisaTvis, romelic skolis agebis 212

SemTxvevaSi soflis awiokebiT daimuqra, 12 cxvari gadaexada, rac sakmaod Zviri siamovneba iyo patara soflisaTvis _ amdenma dayovnebam da dabrkolebam gregis motivaciazec imoqmeda, SeSfoTeba Semdeg soflelebsac gadaedoT da mTeli proeqtis mimarT pesimisturad ganewyvnen. Tumca, soflis lideris, haji alis sibrZnem mas mTeli cxovrebis gakveTili Cautara. man gregi sofelSi yvelaze maRal adgilas aiyvana da uTxra, “greg, mTebi didi xania aq dganan, iseve rogorc Cven. Tu ginda rom baltistanSi gadarCe, Cvens adaT-wesebs pativi unda sce.” Semdeg man gregis iaraRebi da sabuRaltro wigni aiRo da seifSi Caketa. “im dRes, haji alim Cemi cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gakveTili maswavla”, ambobs gregi. “Cven, amerikelebs gvgonia, rom yvelaferi swrafad unda gaakeTo... man maswavla, rom nel-nela memoqmeda da urTierTobebis agebazec iseve mezruna, rogorc Senobis agebaze. man miTxra, rom imasTan SedarebiT, risi swavlebac me SemiZlia maTTvis, gacilebiT bevri SemiZlia viswavlo im adamianebisgan, visTan erTadac vmuSaob (Mortenson & Relin, 2006, p. 150). 3 weli dasWirda skolis dasrulebas. am periodis ganmavlobaSi, gregma Camoayaliba centraluri aziis instituti, aramomgebiani organizacia, romlis misiasac pakistanis da avRaneTis Soreul regionebSi Temze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis mxardaWera warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT gogonebisaTvis. gregi institutis direqtori gaxda da mas misi saxlis sardafidan marTavda, romelic qalaq bozmanSi, montanis StatSi mdebareobda. 4 futi da 6 inCi simaRlis gregi, romelic, yofili kolejis fexburTelicaa sakmaod STambeWdavi figuraa, misma Tavazianma da mokrZalebulma manerebma islamis religiur liderebs, samxedro komandorebs, saxelmwifo moxeleebsa da tomis belads Soris, pakistanSic avRaneTSic, ndoba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad amisa, misi yvelaze da mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi mainc Cveulebrivi adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac yoveldRiurad taqsSi, benzingasamarT sadgurze da mezobel soflebSi vizitisas xvdeboda. gregis gabedulebam da guluxvobam moxibla es adamianebi. Tavis mxriv maT SeaZlebines gregs. transportirebis sakiTxis mogvarebis, politikur da religiur liderebdTan gzis gakafvis saSualebiT warmatebisTvis mieRwia. an sulac, aswavlidnen ,,marTebulad” rogor unda miemarTa daxmarebisaTvis maTTvis, visi daxmarebac sWirdeboda. ,,Zalian gakvirvebuli davrCi, roca bolos da bolos gregs Sevxvdi”, ambobs mohamed aslam xani, pakistanis sofel huSes Tavi, sadac gregis institutis daxmarebiT 1998 wels skola aSenda. ,,megona, rom xvewna momiwevda ... magram igi ZmasaviT mesaubra. Zalian keTili, gulTbili da marTlac sasiamovno adamiania. SeiZleba iTqvas erTi naxviT moigo Cemi guli... misdami siyvaruli Cems bavSvebs da soflis sxva ojaxebsac gadaedo” (Mortenson & Relin, 2006, p. 206). Tumca, gregis ZalisxmeviT yvela ar iyo aRfrTovanebuli. gregi moitaces da daatyveves, ganrisxebulma islamistma molebma orjer wauyenes braldebebi, mis institutSi gamoZiebebi daiwyo da sikvdiliTac ki emuqrebodnen. regioni ZiriTadad fundamenturi religiuri da politikuri moZraobis-Talibebis kontrolis qveS iyo, romelTa wevrebic islamis kanonis mkacri interpretaciiT iyvnen cnobili da qalebze bevri SezRudvebi hqondaT dawesebuli. Talibebis wesebis mixedviT, qalebs ekrZalebodaT raime saganmanaTleblo aqtivobaSi CarTva. gregis daJinebam, 213

rom gogonebisTvis ganaTleba miecaT, TalibTa filosofiis mimdevrebi ganarisxa. amas isic daemata, rom 11 seqtemris teroristuli aqtis Semdeg, rodesac al qaedam niu iorkSi msoflio savaWro centris tyupi Senobebi aafeTqa, gregma uamravi siZulviliT savse werili miiRo misi samSoblodan imis gamo, rom musulman bavSvebs exmareboda. Tumca, teroristuli aqtebi gregis ZalisxmevisTvis axali katalizatori gaxda. ,,terorizmis damarcxeba erTaderTi gziT SeiZleba: Tuki am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi xalxi, amerikelebis dafasebas iswavlis, Cven ki am xalxis dafasebasa da siyvaruls”, aseTi gancxadeba gaakeTa gregma avRanel reportiorTan teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg. ,,ra ganasxvavebs teroristsa da adgilobriv produqtiul moqalaqes? me vfiqrob, ganaTleba (Mortenson & Relin, 2006, p. 268). miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis mTavrobas samxedro konfliqti hqonda avRaneTsa da eraySi, am sityvebis Semdeg gregi ufro pozitiuri kuTxiT ipyrobda amerikelTa yuradRebas. wlebis win misi dedis spontanuri kampaniis msgavsad, gregis institutmac wamoiwyo kampania ,,ramdenime pensi mSvidobisaTvis”. es iyo saganmanaTleblo programa amerikeli moswavleebisTvis, romelic avRaneTisa da pakistanis Sesaxeb kombinirebul saswavlo gegmas da aseve ,,ramdenime pensis” kampaniebs moicavda. gregi uamrav moxsenebebs akeTebda, raTa misi saqmianobisadmi xalxis yuradReba miepyro. man TanamSromloba daiwyo Jurnalist devid oliver relinTan, romelic gregis institutis saqmianobaze werda wigns sami finjani Cai: erTi kacis samSvidobo misia... jer erTi skola, mere meore. wigni bestseleri gaxda da Semosavlis nawili gregis instituts xmardeboda. 2008 wlisTvis, institutma 78 skola daafuZna avRaneTisa da pakistanis Soreul soflebSi da jamSi 28,000 bavSvs misca ganaTlebis saSualeba, romelTaganac 18,000 gogo iyo (centraluri aziis instituti, 2008). ,,ra aris Cemi motivacia”? kiTxulobs gregi. ,,pasuxi martivia: roca avRaneTSi da pakistanSi bavSvebs TvalebSi vuyureb, Cemi Svilebis gaocebul Tvalebs vxedav da imis imedi meZleva, rom TiToeuli Cvengani Cvens wil saqmes gavakeTebT, rom maT mSvidoba vaCuqoT da ara Zaladoba, omi, terorizmi, rasizmi, Zalis borotad gamoyeneba da fanatizmi, rac jer kidev dasaZlevi gvaqvs” (Mortenson & Relin, 2006, p. 335). kiTxvebi 1) ra mamoZravebeli Zalebi dgas gregis liderobis ukan? George–is mixedviT avTenturi liderobis ra maxasiaTeblebs avlens gregi? 2) am TavSi Cven ganvixileT avTenturi liderobis komponentebi, rogoricaa gamWvirvaloba da moraluri gansja. ramdenad aris TiToeuli es komponenti gregis liderobis nawili? 3) misi miznis ganxorcielebis gzaze, pakistansa da avRaneTSi skolebis mSeneblobis dros, gregs uamravi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. ra roli iTamaSa gregis avTenturma liderobam am winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvaSi? yovelTvis dadebiTi gavlena hqonda avTentur liderobas mis saqmianobaze?

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situacia 10.3 pirveli ledi survilis sawinaaRmdegod beti fordi aRiarebs, rom 1974 wlis 9 agvisto, anu is dRe, roca misma meuRlem, rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 38-e prezidentma, fici dado ,,yvelaze naRvliani dRe iyo mis cxovrebaSi” (Ford, 1978, p.1). 1978 wels, elisabed blumer fordi ukve mraval rols asrulebda: igi yofili profesionali mocekvave da cekvis maswavlebeli iyo, 4 ukve wamozrdili Svilis deda da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis me-13 mowvevis kongresmenis, jerald, igive jeri, r. fordis meuRle. beti meuRlis pensiaSi gasvlas mouTmenlad eloda, qveynis pirveli ledis rolSi ki misi Tavi arasdros warmoedgina. im droidan, roca misma meuRlem xelSi biblia daiWira da saprezidento fici dado, betom kidev bevri roli SeiZina: mkerdis simsivnes gadarCenili qalis, qalTa uflebebis damcvelis, sasmelisa da medikamentebis borotad momxmarebelTa mkurnalis, beti fordis centris prezidentis da TanadamfuZneblis. es centri alkoholisa da medikamentebis momxmarebelTa samkurnalo dawesebuleba iyo. fordis gza TeTri saxlisken 1973 wels iwyeba, rodesac jerim maSindeli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis vice prezidenti Spiro agnu Secvala, am ukanasknelis Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis gamo. 9 Tvis Semdeg, roca niqsoni uotergeitis skandalis gamo posts datovebs, jeri amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti gaxdeba, pirvelive dReebidan, roca beti pirveli ledi gaxda, xalxi misi RiaobiTa da gulwrfelobiT moixibla. es is periodia, roca qalebi aqtiurad ibrZodnen sakuTari uflebebisaTvis samuSao adgilebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi. maSin amerikeli qalebis naxevarze naklebi iyo dasaqmebuli saxlis gareT da qalebi maTi mamrobiTi sqesis kolegebis xelfasis mxolod 38%s iRebdnen (Spraggins, 2005). rodesac betim, preskonferenciaze pirvelad isaubra abortis uflebaze, qalebze politikaSi da Tanaswori uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis cvlilebebze, uamravi adamianis gakvirveba gamoiwvia. erTi Tvec ar iyo gasuli, rac betim TeTr saxlSi daido bina, rom betis mkerdis simsivnis diagnozi dausves. igi amjeradac ar daemorCila sociumSi arsebul tradiciebs da misi daavadebis Sesaxeb xmamaRla gamoacxada, aseve sazogadod ganixilavda am daavadebisgan gankurnebis sakiTxebs. misi TanamSromlobiT Newsweek–Si daibeWda betis operaciis da mkurnalobis detalebi, rac mkerdis mokveTasac moicavda. misma Riaobam gazarda mkerdis simsivnis Sesaxeb informirebuloba da msgavsi seniT daavadebuli sxva qalebisaTvis mxardamWeri da komfortuli garemo Seqmna. ,,saavadmyofoSi yofnis dros, roca vfiqrobdi im qalebze, romlebic simsivnis profilaqtikisTvis eqimTan Cems gamo midiodnen, mivxvdi ra Zalaufleba aqvs qals TeTr saxlSi” _ ambobs beti mis pirvel avtobiografiul wignSi ,,Cemi cxovreba”. “es ar iyo Cemi Zalaufleba, es iyo Cemi poziciidan gamomdinare Zalaufleba , romelic xalxis dasaxmareblad SeiZleba gamoiyeno” (Ford, 1978, p. 194). misi gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg, betim kargad gamoiyena sakuTar TavSi aRmoCenili es Zalaufleba. igi Riad uWerda mxars da lobirebda Tanaswori uflebebis cvlilebas. es iyo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac 215

,,amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi Tanasworuflebianoba misi sqesis gamo kanoniT ar unda SeezRudos aravis” 1. (FFrancis, 2009). gadacema 60 wuTisTvis micemuli intervius gamo, rodesac Riad isaubra mis Sexedulebebze abortTan, qorwinebamde seqsTan da marixuanas gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, betim bevri konservatuli Sexedulebebis adamianis gabrazeba gamoiwvia,. am intervius Semdeg misi reitingi daeca, magram popularoba maleve aRidgina. sul ramdenime TveSi, misma reitingma 75%s miaRwia. amis paralelurad, beti pirveli ledis movaleobebiTac iyo dakavebuli. magaliTad, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebidan miRebuli delegaciebi da qveynis pirveli pirebi unda mieRo. 1975 wels, misi qmrisaTvis metad aqtiuri kampania wamoiwyo 1976 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis, gaakeTa gulsabnevebi, romlebzec ewera: ,,xma mieci betis meuRles”. fordma arCevnebi jimi karterTan brZolaSi waago da vinaidan laringiti awuxebda, misi prezidentobidan wasvlis moxseneba betim waikiTxa da karters prezidentoba miuloca. beti 1977 wlis ianvari\dan pirveli ledi aRar iyo da fordebma kaliforniaSi TavianT ranCo - miraJSi da koloradoSi, vailSi gadainacvles. erTi wlis Semdeg, 60 wlis asakSi, betim axali pirovnuli brZola daiwyo. alkoholizmi da medikamentebze damokidebuleba unda daeZlia. beti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi iRebda tkivilgamayuCeblebs qronikuli yelis spazmebis, arTritis da moSlili nervebisaTvis, magram ar undoda eRiarebina rom alkoholzec iyo damokidebuli. mas Semdeg, rac long biCis sazRvao hospitalSi alkoholisa da medikamentebisagan reabilitaciis servisSi Caewera, isev ipova Zala sakuTar TavSi da isev sajaro gancxadebebi gaakeTa am yvelafris Sesaxeb. ,,me aRmovaCine, rom marto im wamlebze ki ar maqvs damokidebuleba, romelsac arTritis gamo viRebdi, aramed alkoholzec”, wers beti mis sajaro gancxadebaSi. ,,vfiqrob es mkurnaloba Cems problemebs bolos mouRebs. me mkurnalobas vitareb ara mxolod CemTvis, aramed yvela sxva adamianisTvis vinc aq aris, da vinc unda SemogvierTdes” (Ford,1987, p.285). betis mkurnaloba gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi imiTac iyo, rom im periodSi aseTi samkurnalo centrebi ZiriTadad mamakacebisTvis iyo gaxsnili. ,,qal alkoholikebs ufro meti emociuri, janmrTelobis da mSoblis rolTan dakavSirebuli problemebi aqvT, mamakacebTan SedarebiT isini ufro xSirad cdiloben TviTkvlelobiT daasrulon sicocxle,” _ ganmartavs beti mis meore avtobiografiaSi: ,,beti, mxiaruli gamoRviZeba” (Ford,1987, p.129) 1982 wels ranCo miraJSi betim aramomgebiani organizacia beti fordis centri daaarsa. centrSi iReben qal da mamakac pacientebs, magram mkurnaloba sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. damokidebulebisgan gansakurn specialur programebSi mTeli ojaxia CarTuli. centris warmatebebma Cveulebriv adamianebTan erTad,
1

kanoni, romelic 1972 wels waradgines misaRebad ar iqna ratificirebuli. igi xelmeored waradgines 1982 wels da mas Semdeg yoveli kongresis sesiaze waradgenen. kanoni rom gavides saWiroa, kongresis orive palataSi xmebis ori mesamedis mopoveba da 38 Statis mier ratificireba. am saxelmZRvanelos werisas, kanons kidev sami Statis ratificireba aklia sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi cvlilebad Seva.

216

romelTa Soris saSualo klasis dedebi, xelmZRvanelebi, kolejis studentebi da muSebi iyvnen, cnobili adamianebis yuradRebac miipyro. 1991 wels betim, am adamianebis gajansaRebis saqmeSi aqtiurobisTvis prezidentis Tavisuflebis medali, xolo 1999 wels kongresis sapatio medali daimsaxura, beti fordis centris yofil pacientebTan Sexvedraze, beti sityviT gamovida da ganacxada: _ ,,Zalian vamayob am centriT. madlobeli var Cemi sakuTari gamojamrTelebisTvisac, ramac momca Zala sxva adamianebsac davxmarebodi maTi mavne Cvevebisagan gaTavisuflebaSi. ar vici cxovrebaSi Tu arsebobs imaze ukeTesi ram, rasac sxva adamianebis daxmareba hqvia (Ford, 1987, p.217). kiTxvebi 1. rogor aRwerdiT avTenturi? 2. ra roli iTamaSa liderobaSi? betis liderobas? ra iyo mis liderobaSi

kritikulma

cxovrebiseulma

momentebma

mis

3. aqvs Tu ara betis liderobas gamokveTili moraluri sazomi? ra saxiT gulisxmobs betis lideroba saerTo keTildReobisaTvis zrunvas? imsjeleT. 4. rogorc am TavSi ganvixileT, TviT-gacnobiereba da gamWvirvaloba avTentur liderobasTana asocirdeba. rogor avlens beti am or maxasiaTebels?

liderobis instrumenti miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoria ganviTarebis adreul fazaSia, avTenturi liderobis kiTxvari (ALQ) ukve SemuSavebulia Walumbwa–s da misi kolegebis (2008) mier. kiTxvari 16 debulebas moicavs da avTenturi liderobis oTx faqtors zomavs: TviTgacnobiereba, Sinagani morali, balansi da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba. CineTSi, keniasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamocdis Semdeg, Walumbwa–ma da misma kolegebma (2008) instrumentis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis validuroba gamocades. maT daaskvnes rom kiTxvari validuria da dadebiTadaa asocirebuli iseT SedegebTan, rogoricaa organizaciuli moqalaqeoba, organizaciuli erTguleba da xelmZRvaneliTa da sakuTari saqmiT kmayofileba. es instrumenti SegiZliaT moipovoT Semdeg misamarTze: Mind Garden, Inc., Menlo Park, California, or www.mindgarden.com. am seqciaSi gTavazobT avTenturi liderobis TviT-Sefasebis kiTxvars, romelic dagexmarebaT gaarkvioT, Tu ramdenad avTenturi lideri xarT. kiTxvari, aseve, warmodgenas SegiqmniT Tu rogor izomeba avTenturi lideroba. aq 16 kiTxvaa mocemuli, romelic am TavSi ganxiluli avTenturi liderobis oTx ZiriTad 217

komponents afasebs: TviTgacnobiereba, Sinagani morali, balansi da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba. Tqvens mier miRebuli qulebi warmodgenas SegiqmniT Tqvens avTentur liderobaze TiToeuli am komponentis gaTvaliswinebiT. kiTxvari praqtikuli gamoyenebisTvisaa gamiznuli da avTenturi liderobis kompleqsurobis gagebaSi gexmarebaT. igi ar gamodgeba kvleviTi miznebisTvis.

avTenturi liderobis TviT-Sefasebis kiTxvari instruqcia: es kiTxvari moicavs debulebebs avTenturi liderobis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebze. ar arsebobs swori an araswori pasuxebi, amitom gTxovT upasuxoT gulwrfelad. gamoiyeneT qvemoT mocemuli skala da upasuxeT kiTxvebs skalaze Sesabamisi cifris aRniSvniT. gasaRebi: 1=absoluturad ar veTanxmebi 2=ar veTanxmebi 3=neitraluri var 4= veTanxmebi 5=absoluturad veTanxmebi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. SemiZlia CamogiTvaloT Cemi sami yvelaze didi sisuste Cemi qmedebebi Cemi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis gamoxatulebaa gadawyvetilebis miRebamde sxvebis azrebs vismen Cems grZnobebs Riad vuziareb sxvebs 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4

SemiZlia CamogiTvaloT 3 yvelaze mniSvnelovani Cemi Zlieri mxare 5 jgufs zewolis da Cemze zemoqmedebis saSualebas ar vaZlev yuradRebiT vusmen maT ideebs, vinc ar meTanxmeba sxvebs vagebineb vin var realurad, rogorc pirovneba msurs miviRo ukukavSiri, rom ukeT Seviswavlo sakuTari Tavi

6. 7. 8. 9.

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

10. sxvebma ician ra pozicia maqvs sakamaTo sakiTxebze

11. ar vcdilob sxvisi Tvalsazrisis ignorirebiT sakuTari ideebis warmoCenas 1 2 3 4 5 12. iSviaTad warvudgebi sxvebs niRbiT 13. Cemi warmodgena sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, CemTvis misaRebia 14. Cemi, rogorc lideris saqmianobas, Cemi zneoba gansazRvravs 15. Cems Secdomebs sxvebTanac vaRiareb 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

qulebis miniWeba
1. SekribeT Semdegi debulebebis pasuxebi: 1, 5, 9, da 13 (TviTgacnobiereba)

218

2. SekribeT Semdegi debulebebis pasuxebi: 2, 6, 10 da 14 (Sinagani morali) 3. SekribeT Semdegi debulebebis (dabalansebuli pozicia) 4. SekribeT Semdegi debulebebis (urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba) pasuxebi: 3, 7, 11 da 15

pasuxebi:

4,

8,

12

da

16

5. SekribeT yvela debulebis pasuxi (avTenturi lideroba)

jamuri qulebi
TviT-gacnobiereba ___ Sinagani morali --balansi --urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba __ avTenturi lideroba___

qulebis interpretacia
TviT-Sefasebis es kiTxvari zomavs Tqvens avTentur liderobas oTxi komponentis Sefasebis gziT: TviTgacnobiereba, Sinagani morali, balansi da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba. TiToeul komponentSi miRebuli qulebis SedarebiT erTmaneTTan da Tqvens jamur avTenturi liderobis qulasTan, SegiZliaT warmodgena SeiqmnaT QTqvens avTentur liderobasTan dakavSirebul Zlier da sust mxareebze. Tqveni qulebis interpretirebisas Semdegi sqema dagexmarebaT: Zalian maRali = 64-80, maRali = 48-64. dabali = 32-48 da Zalian dabali = 16-32. SedarebiT maRali qulebi avTenturi liderobis maRal xarisxze, dabali qulebi ki aseTi liderobis sisusteze miuTiTebs.

Sejameba avTenturi lideroba, bolo dros sazogadoebis moTxovnilebis paralelurad gamoCnda, rac ZiriTadad saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorSi liderobis uamravma warumatebelma magaliTma ganapiroba. avTenturi lideroba niSnavs, gamWvirvale, zneobriv liderobas, romelic xalxis saWiroebebze da maT Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom avTenturi lideroba ganviTarebis adreul fazaSia, misi Seswavla drouli da Rirebulia. amasTan, xalxs, romelic didi xania WeSmariti liderobis molodinSia, imeds usaxavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs avTenturi liderobis erTi dadgenili ganmarteba, mas xSirad warmosaxaven intrapersonaluri, interpersonaluri da ganviTarebis kuTxiT. intrapersonaluri xedvis mixedviT, yuradRebis centrSia lideri da misi codna, TviTregulacia da TviTSefaseba. ganviTarebis perspeqtiva avTenturi liderobis ZiriTad komponentebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romlebic sicocxlis manZilze yalibdeba da razec mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli momentebi axdens gavlenas. interpersonaluri xedvis mixedviT, avTenturi lideroba koleqtiuri procesia, romelic liderebisa da mimdevrebis mier erToblivad iqmneba. 219

avTenturi liderobis ori praqtikuli midgoma arsebobs, romelic gvTavazobs instruqciebs rogor gavxdeT avTenturi lideri. Terry –is (1993) midgoma aRwers Tu rogor iyeneben liderebi avTenturi qmedebis borbals, raTa gaarkvion realurad ra xdeba mocemul situaciaSi da SearCion problemis gadaWris gza, romelic realurad sasargebloa, rogorc lideris, aseve mimdevrebisa da organizaciisaTvis. George –is (2003) midgomis mixedviT, imisTvis, rom avTenturi lideri gaxde, saWiroa avTenturi liderobis xuTi ZiriTadi ganzomilebisa da Sesabamisi qcevis maxasiaTeblebis SemuSaveba. samecniero literaturaSi avTenturi liderobis Teoriuli midgomac gamoCnda. liderobis Teoriis, pozitiuri organizaciuli kvlevebisa da eTikis gamoyenebiT, mkvlevarebma liderobis oTxi ZiriTadi komponenti gamoyves: TviTgacnobiereba, Sinagani morali, dabalansebuli pozicia da urTierTobebis gamWvirvaloba. garda amisa, mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom avTentur liderobaze gavlenas axdens pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebi, moraluri gansja da kritikuli cxovrebiseuli momentebi. avTentur liderobas ramdenime dadebiTi mxare aqvs. pirveli _ igi xalxis moTxovnis gamoZaxilia, romlebic gaurkvevlobiT savse samyaroSi jansaR liderobas elian. meore _ avTenturi lideroba instruqciebs iZleva imis Sesaxeb, rogor gaxde aseTi lideri. mesame _ mas gamokveTili moraluri ganzomileba aqvs. Teoriis mixedviT, liderebma ,,kargi” da ,,swori” saqmeebi unda akeTon sazogadoebisa da mimdevrebisTvis. meoTxe _ igi warmodgenilia rogorc procesi, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi viTardeba da ara rogorc fiqsirebuli Tviseba. da bolos, avTenturi lideroba SeiZleba gaizomos Teoriaze dafuZnebuli instrumentis saSualebiT. avTentur liderobas misi uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. pirveli _ TeoriaSi mocemul ideebs frTxilad unda movekidoT, radgan isini kvlevebiT ar aris safuZvelgamagrebuli. meore _ avTenturi liderobis moraluri ganzomileba bolomde axsnili ar aris. magaliTad, ar aris aRwerili Tu rogor ukavSirdeba iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa samarTlianoba da erToba avTentur liderobas. mesame _ avTenturi liderobis ganuyofel nawilad pozitiuri fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis warmoCena, ar aris kargad dasabuTebuli. da bolos, ar arsebobs mtkicebulebebi avTenturi liderobis efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT, ar viciT, rogor ukavSirdeba igi organizaciis dadebiT Sedegebs. daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avTenturi lideroba saintereso axali sakvlevi mimarTulebaa, romelic bevrs gvpirdeba. rac ufro meti kvleva Catardeba avTentur liderobaze, ufro naTeli suraTi gveqneba im principebis Sesaxeb, romelic TeoriaSia mocemuli.

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bibliografia

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...“Much Ado About Nothing” is a comical play centered around scandals, love, and witty jokes. The antagonist of the play, Don John, schemes to make other characters suffer because of his on mishaps of being a bastard. As for the other characters, they play matchmaker to create happy relationships.Although “Much Ado About Nothing is depicted as a comical play, aspects of star-crossed lovers and deception  reveal relevance to the moral of the story. In “Much Ado About Nothing,” deception, with the inherently evil connotation, reveals to have both negative and positive outcomes. Don Pedro disguises as Claudio in Act I  and confesses his love to Hero at the mask ball because he feels that the two would make a perfect couple. Don John decides to...

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