...the falling of ice crystals through the cloud B) formation of rain drops A) its size. C) deposition of water vapor on ice B) the temperature. D) net evaporation from supercooled water droplets C) its shape. D) its composition. 7) Raindrops fall because: 2) The collision-coalescence process: A) they are small compared to atmospheric molecules. A) explains the formation of snow better than it explains the formation of rain. B) they become large enough that gravity can pull them out of the sky. B) is most frequent in cold clouds. C) is dependent upon the different downward velocities of different-sized droplets. C) they roll down isentropic surfaces and can't be stopped. D) they are large compared to atmospheric molecules. D) is most common at high latitudes. 3) The process by which supercooled water droplets freeze onto falling ice crystals is called: 8) Aggregation: A) is the first step of the Bergeron process. B) is another term for riming. A) riming. C) is facilitated by a thin coating of water on ice crystals. B) aggregation. C) Bergeron bonding. D) works best when the cloud temperature is -10 degrees Celsius or colder. D) cold-cloud condensation. 4) Cloud droplet growth by condensation is very rapid for: 9) The largest form of precipitation is: A) drizzle. A) supercooled water droplets. B) snow. B) ice crystals. C) hail. C) large cloud droplets. D) graupel....
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...Clouds Jessica Pixley Weather and Climate Robert Morris University Clouds are an astonishing part of nature and help give us an idea of the current state of the weather. Clouds can vary dramatically in shape, size, color and position. Early in the nineteenth century French naturalist Jean-Baptitse Lamarck had started the first system to classify clouds which was polished by a naturalist named Luke Howard shortly after. Not until 1887 was Howards system finalized by Ralph Abercromby and Hugo Hildebrandson into the system we use today. This system entails four major cloud groups and ten basic types of clouds based on their appearance and position in the sky. The four groups are high clouds, middle clouds, low clouds, and clouds with vertical development. The first cloud in the high cloud group is the Cirrus cloud. Cirrus clouds are formed by the freezing of water droplets. They can be found normally above twenty thousand feet. These clouds generally appear white or light grey in color. Strong western winds blow these clouds into thin wispy strands known as “mares’ tails”. In my opinion, these clouds look like they are painted into the sky. When cirrus clouds are present expect a nice pleasant day ahead. The cirrocumulus is next in the high cloud group. These clouds generally are seen less than the cirrus cloud. These clouds are formed by ice crystals as well. They are also found above twenty thousand feet. If you hold you hand out and up at the sky these clouds will be...
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...of paradigm and methodology 22 3.3 Data Collection Methods 23 3.3.1 Questionnaires 23 3.3.2 Interview 24 3.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation 25 3.5 Ethical Considerations 25 3.6 Chapter Summary 26 4 Introduction 27 4.1 Presentation and Analysis of data 28 4.1.1 Quantitative data analysis 29 4.1.2 Demographic Questions: 29 4.2 Technical question 32 4.2.1 Quantitative analysis 46 4.3 Quantitative analysis 46 4.4 Chapter summary: 47 4.5 Recommendation and suggestions 48 5 Introduction 49 5.1 Security assurance in cloud computing 50 5.1.1 Confidentiality 51 5.1.2 Correctness Assurance 51 5.1.3 Availability 51 5.1.4 Data Integrity 52 5.2 Security guideline 52 5.2.1 Cloud Service Provider Agent (CSPA) 54 5.2.2 Cloud Data Confidentiality Agent 55 5.2.3 Cloud Data Correctness Agent (CDCorA) 55 5.2.4 Cloud Data Availability Agent (CDAA) 56 5.2.5 Cloud Data Integrity Agent (CDIA) 57 5.3 Testing the framework 58 5.3.1 Strengths: 58 5.3.2 Weakness: 58 5.3.3 Opportunities: 58 5.4 Summery 59 6 Introduction 60 6.1 Research limitation 60 6.2 Recommendation for...
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...is the primary difference between a cloud droplet and a raindrop? A typical cloud droplet is 100 times smaller than a raindrop. Clouds are composed of many small droplets. 2. Describe how the process of collision and coalescence produces precipitation. To produce the many collisions necessary to form a raindrop, some cloud droplets must be larger than others. Larger drops may form on large condensation nuclei, such as salt particles, or through random collisions of droplets. The amount of time a droplet spends in a cloud, the larger it will be. In warm clouds (above freezing at all levels) strong updrafts slow the rain drops down, which allows it to grow larger because it spends more time in the cloud. As the droplet grows to 1 mm, the pull of gravity suspends the particle against the updraft. It will eventually collide with other small droplets begin to descend slowly, picking up size and speed. As it falls faster it reaches a size of 5mm at which point it is a rain drop. 4. How does the ice-crystal (Bergeron) process produce precipitation? What is the main premise behind this process? The Bergeron Process proposes that ice crystals and liquid cloud droplets must co-exist in clouds at temperatures below freezing. This process of rain formation is extremely important in middle and high latitudes, where clouds are able to extend upwards into regions where air temperatures are below freezing. These are known as cold clouds. Above the freezing level, liquid water droplets...
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...droplets in cloud are tiny, to light to fall, 1000’s must collide to form a heavy enough drop to fall DRIZZLE= Fine water droplets, 0.040-0.5mm Diameter RAIN= Consists of falling water droplets, 0.5-5mm Diameter, larger drops, break into pieces as they fall through the air FREEZING RAIN=When raindrops are close to freezing, strike a cold object near ground, the drops freeze instantly SNOW= Water vapor crystalizes on tiny particles of dust/smoke, forms when air/water vapor is below 0 degrees ICE PELLETS (SLEET)= When snow falls through warm layers of air, partially melts, then falls through layers of air below 0 degrees, results in beads of ice, hard enough to bounce on cold ground WET SNOW= When dry snow falls through warm air, melting all snow crystals, but are still water droplets on the snow, sticky PACKED SNOW= Best for igloos HAIL= frozen raindrops move up and down in active thunderclouds, grow larger each time an updraft raises them through cold water droplets, hailstone has 20 layers of ice FROST= when air temperature is below freezing, water molecules turn directly into a solid forming frost WEATHER SYSTEMS= Important to understand weather pattern in N. America AIR MASS= Large body of air, temperature/moisture is uniform, if air above ground/ocean does not move for a day, the air is influenced by that location CONTINENTAL POLOR AIR MASS= N. Canada, air mass above ocean is cold/dry MARITIME TROPICAL AIR MASS= California, air above ocean...
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...Authenticated Framework for Mobile Clouding VARRI MURALI KRISHNA(213CS1143) DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE 1. Abstract Cloud computing is creates many challenges in the information technology world every day. In present situations use of resources using mobile phones becomes one of the essential things for everybody. The demands of the user in internet increasing day by day. But every wireless hand held devices don't have that much of resource availability and required facility. So, cloud computing is a better solution to give support resource consuming applications. If the mobiles are integrated with the cloud then user can get more facilities with resources required and big storage space for storing his private data. With addition to the benefits of cloud, there is a chance to face the security and privacy issues of the user data. This paper discuss important concepts of cloud computing and general security issues happened in mobile side as well as cloud and also describes basic idea of Kerberos. The aim of this paper is to propose the strong authenticated framework when mobiles are connected to cloud. We have proposed the improvement in the mobile cloud based framework for better security and privacy. Keywords: mobile cloud computing applications, security of data, Kerberos 2. Introduction and literature survey Rapid development in the mobile devices and cloud computing has creating some attention to everyone in the IT industry. Consider the development of security in almost...
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...Difference between climate and weather? Weather is the description of conditions over a short period of time – a “snap shot” of the atmosphere at a particular time. Climate the some or synthesis of all the weather recorded over a long period of time. It tells us the average or most common conditions. What is oceanography? Also called oceanology or marine science. It is a branch of earth science, it is the study of the deep sea and shallow costal oceans. What is hydrology? The study of movement, distribution and quality of water on earth and other planets. What is metrology? The study of weather. What is demography? Statistical study of human populations and sub-populations. What is geomorphology? The study of the surface of a planet and those processes responsible for forming it. Four types of precipitation: Rain, snow sleet and hail. Synoptic chart Shows weather events occurring at one time throughout a large area such as a country or region. Hectopascals: Unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure. What is microclimate: Local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding areas. Ozone layers: Layer of earth’s atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone. The Troposphere The Stratosphere The Mesosphere The Thermosphere The exosphere. What is atmosphere The atmosphere is a layer of gases, which surrounds the entire Earth. It consists mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, as well...
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...1) Which of the six colors of the rainbow is refracted the greatest? Out of the 7 colors of the rainbow, Violet is refracted the greatest. 2) What is a mirage and why does it always disappear as the observer gets closer? A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. Mirages appear at very low viewing angles, when you are far away. As you approach, the viewing angle increases and the mirage disappears, or moves farther away. The reflection of heat dissipates in the human eye causing the mirage or blur to vanish. 3) If you were looking for a rainbow in the morning, which direction (N, S, E, W) would you face and why? It is best to look towards the west. Rainbows always appear in the opposite side of the sky away from the sun. 4) What is a halo? A Halo is a burst of light produced by ice crystals creating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky. Many are near the sun or moon but others are elsewhere and even in the opposite part of the sky. They can also form around artificial lights in very cold weather when ice crystals called diamond dust are floating in the nearby air. 5) Why is the sky blue? The sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light on a cloudless day. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colors because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line...
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...Sector Paper – Cloud Computing analysis July 28, 2013 Sector Paper – Cloud Computing analysis July 28, 2013 Table of Contents Overview of Cloud Computing 2 I. Cloud Market Rivalry 3 II. Threats of New Entrants 7 III. Bargaining Power of Clients (and Customers) 8 IV. Threats of Substitutes 9 V. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 10 Works Cited 11 Overview of Cloud Computing National Institute of Standards and Technology defines Cloud computing as the ability for users to have on-demand access to a shared pool of compute resources called the cloud infrastructure. The cloud infrastructure can be viewed as containing both a physical layer and an abstraction layer. The physical layer consists of the hardware resources that are necessary to support the cloud services being provided, and typically includes server, storage and network components. The abstraction layer consists of the software deployed across the physical layer, which manifests the essential cloud characteristics. Conceptually the abstraction layer sits above the physical layer (NIST, 2011). The graphic above from NIST defines the Essential Characters, Service Models, and Deployment Models for Cloud Computing. Using Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model (Schilling, p. 74-76), we can examine the challenges that impact Cloud Computing from 5 perspectives as detailed in the sections below. * Rivalry among existing competitors * Threats of New Entrants * Bargaining...
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...Clouds are formed by the accumulation of water vapor in the air, and they bring moisture to the various regions of the globe. Have you ever wondered what the various kinds of clouds are, and what kind of weather they appear in? There are actually over 100 different kinds of clouds, but for the sake of simplicity most of them can be grouped into ten different categories. These ten categories of clouds include low level clouds, middle level clouds, high level clouds, and cumulonimbus clouds which move across the various levels of the atmosphere. Low Level Clouds Starting with the clouds found closest to the ground, low level clouds include stratus clouds, cumulus clouds and stratocumulus clouds. These are the clouds which form beneath 6600 ft, or two kilometers from the ground and are made out of droplets of water....
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...In the above figure, sender Alice will encrypt all the files before uploading it to the cloud. Here in our example, we are taking Dropbox.While encrypting the files sender will encrypt with public key and also with ciphertext identifier called class. This ciphertext are further classified into different classes. Here Alice (Key Owner) will hold private key called master secret key, which extract secret key from different classes. The receiver Bob interested in few files(2,3,6,8) among the set of many ( 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8) files which was uploaded by Alice in cloud. When request from Bob will reach to Alice, sender Alice will generate aggregate key (single key) for all the files which was requested by Bob. With the help of master secret key, aggregate key will be generated and send it to receiver Bob. With the help of single aggregate key, Bob will decrypt the content of files....
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...produce hail? Sleet forms when there is a layer of above freezing temperatures below cloud base but the temperatures at the surface are below freezing. A snowflake falling out of the cloud will melt in the above freezing layer producing a rain drop. The below freezing surface layer must be thick and cold enough to refreeze the raindrop before reaching the ground. Hail is produced inside a cumulonimbus cloud by accretion of super-cooled liquid water onto a large frozen embryo caught in a strong updraft. Continuous cycles through areas of super-cooled liquid water will cause the hailstone to increase in size until it can overcome the upward vertical velocity and eventually fall to the earth’s surface. What is the difference between freezing rain and sleet? Freezing rain is liquid (super-cooled) that will freeze on contact with objects that are below freezing on the surface. The determining factor between sleet and freezing rain as a precipitation type, is the depth and coldness of the subfreezing layer near the surface. Sleet is usually a transparent or translucent ice ball around .2 inches or less in diameter. When it hits the ground it can bounce. The formation of sleet was discussed in the previous question. Describe how hail might form in a cumulonimbus cloud? Hail is formed when clouds, specifically cumulonimbus clouds, have both high altitudes and powerful updrafts within the condensation layer of the cloud. As rain droplets form, they are frozen and then carried...
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...Cloud Computing Yolanda Knox MIS 323 APRIL 15, 2012 Outline Abstract Introduction Overview of Cloud Computing Anatomy of the Cloud History of Cloud Computing Traditional computing and cloud computing Characteristic of cloud computing Types of Cloud Computing I. Public Cloud II. Private Cloud III. Hybrid Cloud Cloud Computing Services * Software as a Service (SaaS) * Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) * Platform as a Service (PaaS) * Computer as a Service (CaaS) * Storage as a Service (DaaS) Managing the Cloud Cloud Organization Standard Benefits of Cloud Computing Issues and Challenges/Limitations of implementing cloud computing Conclusion References Appendix Abstract Over the recent times, Cloud computing has been a growing concept not just for IT (Information Technology) specialists, but also for scholars and researchers in other genres like business (Muglia, 2009, p. 2-4). Amrhein and Quint (2009) state that this is majorly based on the increased relevance of cloud computing in a wide range of organizations. According to Kontio (2009), big companies like IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon are amongst the pioneers front-line the list of people, companies, and individuals who embrace the importance of cloud computing in accentuating their endeavors. In spite of this pronounced success and ever growing dominance in the world of technologies; Otey (2010) points out that there has also been some slowly—but...
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...What is Cloud? The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is something which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over network i.e. on public networks or on private networks i.e. WAN, LAN or VPN. Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM), all run in cloud. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online. It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application. We need not to install a piece of software on our local PC and this is how, the cloud computing overcomes platform dependency issues. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business application mobile and collaborative. Cloud Computing Technologies There are certain technologies that are working behind the cloud computing platforms making cloud computing flexible, reliable, usable. These technologies are listed below: * Virtualization * Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) * Grid Computing * Utility Computing Virtualization Virtualization is a technique which allows to share single physical instance of an application or resource among multiple organizations or tenants(customers). It does so by assigning a logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded. The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants and therefore, the organizations...
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...Cloud Software for Spa Business Management 1. ประวัติของการประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆ (Cloud Computing) การใช้งานคอมพิวเตอร์และอินเทอร์เน็ตเกิดขึ้นครั้งแรกในทศวรรษ พ.ศ. 2493 ตั้งแต่มีคอมพิวเตอร์ขนาดใหญ่สำหรับใช้งานในองค์กรขนาดใหญ่ แล้วมีวิวัฒนาการต่อเนื่องมาเรื่อยๆจนมีคอมพิวเตอร์ขนาดเล็กเหมาะสำหรับใช้งานในองค์กรขนาดเล็กและบุคคลทั่วไป และมีระบบเครือข่ายที่เชื่อมโยงคอมพิวเตอร์ได้ทั่วโลก การพัฒนาระบบไอทีมาใช้เทคโนโลยีการประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆ ได้มีวิวัฒนาการดังนี้ บริษัท Salesforce.com (2557) ได้กล่าวถึงประวัติของการประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆไว้ดังนี้ * ในทศวรรษ พ.ศ. 2493 คอมพิวเตอร์ได้รับการพัฒนาให้สามารถคำนวณระบบได้ซับซ้อนมากขึ้น เริ่มมีการพัฒนาโปรแกรมสำหรับใช้งานทางธุรกิจ * ในปี พ.ศ. 2504 John McCarthy ศาสตราจารย์กิตติมศักดิ์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์คอมพิวเตอร์มหาวิทยาลัยสแตนฟอร์ดได้แนะนำแนวคิด “การประมวลผลจะมีการให้บริการเป็นแบบสาธารณูปโภค” เป็นวิสัยทัศน์สำหรับเครือข่ายทั่วโลกและรูปแบบธุรกิจแบบสาธารณูปโภค ซึ่งหลักการนี้ผลักดันอยู่เบื้องหลังการประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆ (Cloud Computing) และการเข้าถึงอินเทอร์เน็ต * ในปี พ.ศ. 2507 คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วนบุคคลและอินเทอร์เน็ตเป็นที่รู้จักโดยทั่วไป * ในปี พ.ศ. 2512 J.C.R. Licklider นักวิทยาศาสตร์คอมพิวเตอร์ชาวอเมริกัน อาจจะเป็นผู้สนับสนุนที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในประวัติศาสตร์ของการประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆในทศวรรษ พ.ศ. 2503 ซึ่ง J.C.R. Licklider เป็นผู้พัฒนาโครงการวิจัยขั้นสูงของหน่วยงานเครือข่าย (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, ARPANET) ซึ่งเป็นผู้บุกเบิกอินเทอร์เน็ต และ J.C.R. Licklider ยังแนะนำว่าต่อไปจะมีเครือข่ายคอมพิวเตอร์ทั่วโลก (intergalactic computer...
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