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BOOK REVIEWS

PAKISTAN’S BOMB Mission Unstoppable
Mark Hibbs # 2008

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise, by David Armstrong and Joseph Trento. Steerforth Press, 2007. 292 pages, $24.95. Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons, by Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark. Walker & Company, 2007. 586 pages, $28.95. The Nuclear Jihadist: The True Story of the Man Who Sold the World’s Most Dangerous Secrets . . . and How We Could Have Stopped Him, by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins. Twelve, 2007. 413 pages, $25.
KEYWORDS: Nuclear proliferation; A.Q. Khan; Pakistan; United States; United Kingdom

During the fall of 1994, with preparations under way toward holding a bilateral summit meeting sometime early in the coming year, I spoke with senior Pakistani officials to learn whether Benazir Bhutto would heed long-standing U.S. urgings and prevent Pakistan’s nuclear program from enriching large amounts of uranium to weapon-grade and then building atomic bombs. Bhutto’s resurfacing as Pakistan’s prime minister in late 1993 was seen by some U.S. officials as an opportunity to move Pakistan in directions Washington favored. The administration of President Bill Clinton was freshly staffed with personalities who for years had advocated upgrading the U.S. nonproliferation profile, and the Cold War was rapidly becoming a memory. It appeared that a window of opportunity might open for Clinton and Bhutto to effectively address concerns voiced by some U.S. lawmakers and policy specialists that Pakistan was marching unflinchingly toward possession of nuclear arms. The biggest open question was whether Bhutto had the freedom of action to rein in Pakistan’s nuclear development. I did not get a clear answer in discussions I had with senior Pakistani officials in 1994. Bhutto had herself said*in a comment that was expressly

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